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The  American  Jew 


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Patriot,  Soldier  and  Citizen 


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THE 

AMERICAN  JEW 

AS 

Patriot,  Soldier  and  Citizen 

BY 

SIMON    WOLF 


LOUIS  EDWARD  LEVY 


PHILADELPHIA 

THE  LEVYTYPE  COMPANY 

PUBLISHERS 

NEW   YORK— CHICAGO— WASHINGTON 

BRENTANO'S 

1895 


-\ 


3^6 


F\8 


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Copyright   1895. 

The  Levytype  Company, 

philadelphia. 


"Bno  J^e  sball  know  tbe  Grutb  ano  tbe  Grutb  sball  mafee 
sou  frce.M-5obn,  Wit,  32. 


To  All 

Who  Love  and  Seek  the  Truth 

This  Work  is  Dedicated 

BY 

The  Author. 


217019 


Editor's    Preface. 


It  were  an  error  to  suppose  that  prejudice  is  always  the  off- 
spring of  ignorance,  inasmuch  as  the  reverse  is  very  frequently 
true.  Not  seldom  is  ignorance  the  result  of  prejudice,  through 
a  willful  refusal  to  recognize  such  facts  as  run  counter  to  the 
latter.  A  more  accurate  simile  would,  therefore,  be  the  liken- 
ing of  prejudice  and  ignorance  to  twins,  of  whom  either 
may  be  the  precursor  of  the  other,  and  either  one  the 
stronger  of  the  two.  The  prejudices  which  follow  ordinary 
ignorance  give  way  readily  before  increasing  knowledge  of  the 
truth,  but  where  prejudice  is  the  elder  of  the  twin  vices,  it  is 
usually  the  most  obstinate  as  well.  "None  so  blind  as  those 
who  will  not  see"  is  an  old  aphorism  whose  truth  is  universally 
recognized.  This  obstinate  kind  of  prejudice  is  usually  but  a 
form  of  self-conceit,  as  the  latter,  in  turn,  is  but  another  form  of 
ignorance. 

To  combat  one  of  the  most  obstinate  of  all  obstinate  pre- 
judices, and  to  promote  enlightenment  on  a  subject  whereof 
ignorance  has  become  unpardonable,  has  been  undertaken 
by  Hon.  Simon  Wolf  in  the  work  before  us.  His  impelling 
motive  has  been  to  enforce  a  recognition  of  the  Jewish  people 
as  a  militant  factor  in  the  upbuilding  of  the  State,  and  of  Judaism 
as  a  primal  force  in  the  furtherance  of  civilization,  and  he  has 
chosen  as  his  weapons  the  simple  truth  of  history  and  the  testi- 
mony of  leaders  among  men. 

A  notable  French  writer  remarks  that    ' '  La  vSrite  historique 

(vii) 


viii  editor's  preface. 

devrait  etre  non  moins  sacree  que  la  religion."*  His  words 
are  just;  the  truth  of  history  should,  indeed,  be  no  less  sacred 
than  that  of  religion.  If  this  is  true,  and  few  or  none  will  be 
found  to  dispute  the  proposition,  then  the  records  of  historic 
truth  may  be  regarded  as  part  of  the  gospel  of  humanity.  Such 
they  are,  in  fact;  as  the  truths  of  history  become  disentangled 
from  the  maze  of  sophistry  and  falsehood  in  which  the  passions 
and  follies  of  mankind  envelop  them,  they  teach  us  first  of  all 
the  lesson  of  charity  and  good- will  to  men. 

The  light  of  historic  truth  has  been  concentrated  by  Mr. 
Wolf  on  the  part  taken  by  his  co-religionists  in  the  development 
of  our  great  republic.  He  shows  us  that  the  Jewish  people  of 
the  New  World,  like  their  ancestors  and  brethren  of  the  Old, 
have  been  unfailing  in  their  devotion  to  their  country's  cause; 
that  they  have  performed  an  ample  part  in  the  conquest  of  our 
liberties  and  have  fully  shared  in  the  struggles  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  our  institutions.  He  proves  beyond  cavil  that  from  an 
early  stage  of  our  history  down  to  the  present  day,  men  of  the 
Hebrew  race  and  faith  have  been  counted  in  the  van  of  the 
country's  progress  and  in  the  forefront  of  its  defense,  and  hav- 
ing proved  this  fact  by  historic  records  and  a  demonstration  of 
the  truth,  his  task  is  done. 

That  this  task  was  self-imposed  but  adds  to  the  debt  which 
the  American  Jewish  community  owes  to  Mr.  Wolf  for  its  ac- 
complishment. It  was  undertaken  in  the  spirit  which  has  ani- 
mated him  throughout  a  long  career  of  public  usefulness,  a 
spirit  of  loyalty  to  the  faith  that  is  in  him,  to  his  fellow- Israelites 
and  to  the  land  of  his  adoption.  It  has  been  done  with  all  the 
thoroughness  that  an  earnest  purpose  could  impart  to  it,  with  a 
comprehensiveness  in  keeping  with  that  purpose,  and  withal, 
in  a  spirit  free  from  any  shadow  of  sordidness  or  motive  of  self- 
interest.     Mr.  Wolf  seeks  no  pecuniary  profit  from  the  unstinted 

*  Histoire  de  Jules  Cesar,  par  Napoleon  III,  Preface. 


editor's  preface.  ix 

labors  he  has  given  to  this  cause,  not  even  the  return  of  the 
sums  expended  by  him  in  the  tedious  and  often  costly  collection 
of  his  data.     Whatever  of  monetary  reward  may  inure  to  his 
work  has  been  dedicated  by  him  to  the  orphaned  wards  of  the 
B'nai  B'rith,  whose  asylum  in  Atlanta  he  helped  to  found,  and 
of  which  he  has  long  been  the  directing  spirit  and  official  head. 
The  work  of  gathering  the  material  for  this  book  having  been 
accomplished  by  Mr.  Wolf,  the  less  onerous  task  of  editing  and 
collating  it  has  been  entrusted  by  him  to  the  present  writer. 
In  the  execution  of  the  work  thus  outlined  for  me  I  have  been 
guided  by  the  spirit  with  which  the  author  had  imbued  it,  and 
in  my  introductory  references  to  the  successive  subjects  of  the 
volume,  I  have  sought  to  briefly  elucidate  the  author's  theme. 
In  common  with  him,   I  have  to  express  my  regret  that  the 
army  lists  compiled  herein  remain  incomplete   notwithstand- 
ing his  unsparing  efforts  to  perfect  them.     On  the  other  hand, 
the   more   general   subject,    the   place   of   the  Jewish   people 
in   the   history    of  mankind,   their    influence   on  the   current 
of  affairs,  their  attitude  before  the  world  and  towards  it,  are 
demonstrated  by  a  consensus  of  many- voiced  opinion,  gathered 
from  unquestionable  sources,  in  such  abundance  and  of   such 
extent  that  only  its  necessary  curtailment  afforded  difficulty. 
This  varied  material  has  been  subjected  to  a  careful  reconsider- 
ation, and  in  eliminating  some  portions  and  including  others,  I 
have  sought  to  render  the  whole  in  harmony  with  the  key-note 

which  Mr.  Wolf  had  sounded. 

Louis  Edward  Levy. 

Philadelphia,  October,  1895. 


Table  of  Contents. 


PAGE 

Dedication V 

Editor's  Preface VII 

Introduction    ........  i-ii 

Jewish  Patriots  of   the   Revolutionary  Period 

(Introductory)       ......  12-13 

A  Sketch  of  Haym  Salomon          ....  14-26 

Other    Jewish    Contributors   to   the   Colonial 

Treasury 26 

Incidents  Illustrative  of  American  Jewish  Pa- 
triotism ........  27-43 

Jewish    Soldiers    in    the  Continental    Armies  44-52 

Correspondence  between    George   Washington 

and  Hebrew  Citizens,  etc.  .        .        .        .  53-61 

11  Exegi  Monumentum  Aere  Perennius  "     .        .  62-66 

Jewish  Soldiers    in   the  War   of  18 12  and  the 

Mexican  War 67-75 

United  States  Regular  Army       ....  76-80 

United  States  Navy 81-86 

(xi) 


Xll  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

A  Page  from  the  Secret  History  of  the  Civil 

War  (Introductory)      .....     87-90 

A  Remarkable  Episode        .....         91-97 
Jewish  Soldiers  in  the  Civil  War  (Introduc- 
tory)           98-105 

Medals  of  Honor         ......     106-108 

Families  of  ' '  Brothers-in-Arms  "  .  .  .  109-111 
Jewish  Staff  Officers  in  the  Union  Army  .  n  2-1 13 
Jewish   Staff  Officers   in  the   Confederate 

Army 114-115 

Jewish  Officers  in  the  Confederate  Navy    .  116 

Lists  of  Jewish  Soldiers  in  the    Union   and 

Confederate  Armies  during  the    Civil 

War,  Classified  according  to  States  and 

Alphabetically  arranged        .         .         .     117-409 

Soldiers  of  the  Civil  War,   Unclassified  as 

to  Commands 410-422 

Addenda  to  Lists  of  Soldiers  .        .        .  423 

Statistical  Data 424 

Jewish  Patriotism  in  Civil  Life        .         .         .     425-441 
Jews  in  Latin- American  Settlements  (Intro- 
ductory)         442 

Sketches  of  Jewish  Loyalty,  Bravery  and  Pa- 
triotism in  the  South  American  Colo- 
nies and  the  West  Indies        .        .        .    443-484 
Jews  in  the  Armies  of  Europe  .        .         .     485-487 

The  Jewish  People  before  the  World    .        .    488-522 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS.  Xlil 

PAGE 

Russia's  Crime  against  the  Jews  and  Civiliza- 
tion (Introductory)  ....     523~527 

Official  Report  of  Ambassador  White  to  Sec- 
retary of  State  Gresham,  with  Notes    .     527~543 

The  Russian  Jewish  Refugees  in  America,  Con- 
sidered in  Connection  with  the  Gen- 
eral Subject  of  Immigration  in  its  His- 
torical and  Economic  Aspects  .        .        .     544-5°4 

Conclusion 565-566 

Index 567-576 

Errata xv 


ERRATA. 

t Of  the  various  errors  inevitably  incident  to  a  work  of  this  character,  the  follow- 
ing are  noted  as  especially  requiring  correction  ] 


Page  4,  line  20,  instead  of  "  Charles  RAUM,"  read  "Charles 
BAUM." 

Page  26,  line  14  from  bottom  of  page,  instead  of  "Isaac 
MORRIS,"  read,  "Isaac  MOSES." 

Page  200,  line  2,  instead  of  "WASHINGTON,"  read 
"  BALTIMORE. " 

Page  424,  under  "STATISTICAL,"  "Other  Soldiers  (in- 
dicated in  Addenda) , ' '  should  be  "  13"  instead  of  "12," 
making    the  total  "8258,"  instead  of  "8257." 

Page  428,  line  25,  instead  of  "  1872  "  read  "  1870." 


B'NAI  B'RITH   ORPHANS'  HOMH,  ATLANTA,  GA. 


The  Orphan  Home  of  the  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith  at  Atlanta, 
Ga.,  for  the  benefit  of  which  Mr.  Wolf  has  devoted  the  net  in- 
come of  the  present  publication,  was  instituted  in  1876,  under  the 
auspices  of  District  Grand  Lodge  No.  5,  comprising  the  States 
of  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
and  the  District  of  Columbia.  The  present  building  was  dedi- 
cated in  1 889.  Its  benefits  are  not  restricted  to  the  membership 
of  the  Order  which  maintains  it,  children  of  all  Jews  residing 
within  the  territory  named  being  admitted  to  its  shelter.  There 
are  now  sixty  children  cared  for  in  the  institution,  and  a  large 
number  are  waiting  to  be  admitted  when  the  new  wing  now  in 
course  of  erection  is  completed.  This  addition  is  calculated  to 
cost  some  $25,000,  and  when  finished  will  enable  this  Home  to 
adequately  meet  the  existing  requirements  and  bring  it  to  a 
foremost  rank  with  institutions  of  this  character.  It  is  managed 
by  a  Board  of  Control  consisting  of  thirteen  members,  of  which 
Mr.  Wolf,  to  whose  efforts  the  existence  of  the  Home  is  prima- 
rily due,  has  been  chairman  since  its  foundation.  The  admin- 
istration of  the  Home  is  supervised  by  a  local  Board  of  Mana- 
gers, of  which  Hon.  Joseph  Hirsch  is  Chairman. 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  December,  1891,  there  was  printed  in  the  North  American 
Review  a  letter  in  reply  to  certain  statements  of  a  contributor  to 
a  previous  number  of  the  same  magazine  regarding  the  services 
of  American  Jewish  citizens  as  soldiers  in  the  Civil  War. 
Under  the  caption  "Jewish  Soldiers  in  the  Union  Army,"  the 
writer,  after  denying  the  statement  that  Generals  Rosecrans 
and  Lyon  were  of  Jewish  birth,  proceeds  as  follows  :  — 

' '  I  had  served  in  the  field  about  eighteen  months  before 
being  permanently  disabled  in  action,  and  was  quite  familiar 
with  several  regiments  ;  was  then  transferred  to  two  different 
recruiting  stations,  but  I  cannot  remember  meeting  one  Jew  in 
uniform,  or  hearing  of  any  Jewish  soldier.  After  the  war,  for 
twenty-five  years,  I  was  constantly  engaged  in  traveling,  always 
among  old  soldiers,  but  never  found  any  who  remembered  serv- 
ing with  Jews.  I  learned  of  no  place,  where  they  stood, 
shoulder  to  shoulder,  except  in  General  Sherman's  department, 
and  he  promptly  ordered  them  out  of  it  for  speculating  in  cotton 
and  carrying  information  to  the  Confederates.  If  so  many  Jews 
fought  so  bravely  for  their  adopted  country,  surely  their 
champion  ought  to  be  able  to  give  the  names  of  the  regiments 
they  condescended  to  accept  service  in,"  etc.,  etc. 

A  statement  of  this  nature,  logically  inconclusive  and 
practically  absurd  as  it  is,  might  well,  under  ordinary  con- 
ditions have  been  left  unnoticed.  Under  ordinary  conditions  a 
reply  of  any  kind  to  such  a  tissue  of  misstatements,  would  but 
have  dignified  it  beyond  reason,  and  but  helped,  perhaps,  to 
save  it  and  its  author  from  oblivion.     But  the  conditions  were 


2  THE  A  ME  RICA  N  JEW  AS 

not  ordinary,  but  most  unfortunately,  otherwise.  It  was  at  a 
time  when  the  public  mind  throughout  the  civilized  world  was 
wrought  to  a  high  pitch  of  excitement  by  the  flaunting  villainy 
of  the  Russian  government  in  the  outrageous  persecution  of  its 
Jewish  subjects,  when  the  wave  of  anti-Semitism  was  at  flood- 
tide  in  Germany,  and  was  flowing  high  in  France,  and  when 
bigots  like  Stoecker,  fools  like  Ahlwardt,  and  knaves  like  Dru- 
mont,  were  finding  imitators  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  Here 
in  our  country,  public  attention  was  being  centered  on  the  Jewish 
refugees  from  Russia,  and  the  Jewish  people  throughout  the  land 
were  massing  their  strength  to  cope  with  the  problems  which 
Muscovite  tyranny  had  set  before  them.  In  the  midst  of  this 
agitation,  the  magazine  article  referred  to,  slurring  the  Jewish 
people  as  it  did,  attracted  unusual  attention,  and  being  widely 
quoted  and  commented  on  by  the  newspaper  press,  it  attained 
a  degree  of  publicity  out  of  all  proportion  to  its  merits  or  its 
authorship. 

Under  these  circumstances  I  felt  myself  impelled  to  reply  to 
the  writer  in  the  North  American  Review,  and  at  once  sent  to 
that  magazine  a  letter  embodying  a  statement  of  a  few  indispu- 
table facts  bearing  on  the  subject.  This  statement  the  pub- 
lishers of  the  magazine  declined  to  print  on  the  ground  that 
they  had  received  so  many  articles  on  the  subject  that  they 
could  not  undertake  to  discriminate  in  favor  of  any  one  of  them, 
and  that  they  would  therefore  publish  none.  My  cursorily 
compiled  citations  were,  however,  published  at  the  time  in  the 
Washington  Post,  and  as  germane  to  my  present  subject  I 
reprint  them  in  the  main,  as  follows  : — 

"Has  this  much-traveled  and  keen  observer,  Mr.  Rogers, 
ever  heard  of  General  Edward  S.  Salomon,  who  enlisted  as 
Lieu  tenant-  Colonel  of  the  82d  Illinois  ?  He  became  Colonel  of 
the  regiment  after  Colonel  Frederick  Hecker's  retirement,  was 
made  Brigadier-General,  was  subsequently  appointed  by 
General  Grant  governor  of  Washington  Territory,  and,  at 
present   residing    in    San    Francisco,     has    been     Department 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  3 

Commander  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and  is  recognized 
as  one  of  the  bravest  and  most  gallant  officers  that  ever  sat  in 
saddle.  This  encomium  I  have  from  the  lips  of  General  Grant 
himself,  and  it  will  be  cheerfully  endorsed  by  General  O.  O. 
Howard,  or  by  any  of  the  officers  yet  living  who  served  with 
him.  In  the  same  regiment,  as  I  have  learned  from  General 
Salomon,  were  more  than  one  hundred  private  soldiers  and 
subalterns  of  Jewish  faith.  General  L.  C.  Newman,  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  who  was  fatally  wounded  in  the  first  battle  of 
the  Rebellion,  died  in  the  city  of  Washington,  while  President 
Lincoln,  who  had  brought  Newman's  commission  as  Brevet 
Brigadier- General,  was  with  him  at  his  bedside.  General 
Leopold  Blumenberg,  of  Baltimore,  who,  as  Major  of  his 
regiment,  was  severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Antietam,  and 
crippled  for  life  and  who  was  subsequently  brevetted  for  his 
meritorious  services,  was  one  of  the  most  loyal  and  brave  of 
officers.  Colonel  M.  M.  Spiegel,  of  the  120th  Ohio,  who  was 
severely  wounded  before  Vicksburg,  was  entreated  to  retire 
from  the  army,  but  continued  in  the  service  and  was  killed  in 
the  campaign  of  General  Banks,  in  Louisiana.  Lieutenant 
Sachs,  of  the  32d  Indiana,  in  command  of  a  company  of  his 
regiment  at  Green  River,  in  1862,  stood  single-handed  and 
alone  against  a  company  of  Texas  Rangers,  and  after  killing 
and  wounding  eight  of  his  assailants,  fell  riddled  to  death. 
His  heroism  and  bravery  had  meanwhile  given  the  command 
time  to  rally,  and  they  thereupon  dispersed  the  enemy. 
Captain  A.  Hart,  of  the  73d  Pennsylvania,  now  of  this  city, 
who  was  Adjutant  of  his  regiment,  was  severely  wounded  in 
the  early  part  of  the  war,  and  is  now  a  pensioner  of  the  United 
States.  Lieutenant  Henry  Franc,  of  the  Kansas  Volunteers, 
living  in  this  city  to-day,  did  splendid  service.  Judge.  P.  J. 
Joachimson,  Lieutenant- Colonel  of  the  59th  New  York;  Isidore 
Pinkson,  Henry  Pinkson  and  Moses  Landauer,  of  the  110th 
New  York  ;  Captain  Lyon  and  Lieutenant  Ababot,  of  the  5th 
New  York  Cavalry  ;  Theodore  Wise,  of  the  same  regiment ; 
Herman  White,  and  A.  T.  Gross,  of  the  2d  Maryland,  and  I. 
Feldstein,  now  a  member  of  Koltes  Post,  New  York,  acquitted 
themselves  with  ample  credit  in  their  respective  spheres.  The 
1  ith  New  York  was  more  than  half  composed  of  men  of  Jewish 
faith.  In  the  2d  Pennsylvania  Artillery,  serving  under  Captain 
R.  M.  Goundy,  who  lives  in  this  city,  there  were  three  Jewish 
soldiers  ;  Lieutenant  Liebschutz,  who  served  throughout  the 
war  and  was  promoted  for  gallantry  on  the  field,  now  living  in 
this  city  to-day  ;  Leo  Karpeles,  who  is  now  a  clerk  in  the  Post 
Office  Department,  to  whom  a  special  medal  was  awarded  by 
Congress  for  bravery  and  for  the  capture  with  his  own  hands 
of  rebel  flags  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  Simon  Stern,  who  died 


4  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

lately  in  this  city  and  whose  widow  has  been  granted  a  pension. 
George  Stern,  who  died  from  disease  contracted  in  the  service, 
also  left  a  widow,  now  pensioned.  Dr.  A.  Behrend,  of  this  city, 
who  served  in  our  army  with  great  ability,  not  only  as  a  hospital 
steward,  but  as  an  officer  in  the  field,  tells  me  that  in  1863  a 
general  order  was  issued  permitting  Jews  to  be  furloughed  over 
their  Holy  Days,  and  that  at  Fairfax  Seminary  he  furloughed 
eleven  on  that  occasion.  Dr.  Herman  Bendall,  of  Albany,  a 
prominent  citizen  of  that  city,  was  promoted  to  the  grade  of  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel in  recognition  of  his  meritorious  services  and  was 
subsequently  appointed  by  General  Grant  superintendent  of 
Indian  affairs  of  Arizona.  Jacob  Hirsch,  of  this  city,  died 
from  disease  contracted  in  the  service  and  his  orphan  children 
are  now  receiving  a  pension  for  their  father's  sacrifice  ;  Captain 
Cohn,  of  New  York  City,  now  connected  with  the  Baron  de 
Hirsch  Trust  Fund,  was  as  brave  an  officer  as  ever  did  duty. 
M.  L.  Peixotto,  of  the  103- Ohio  (a  brother  of  the  well-known 
Benjamin  F.  Peixotto),  died  last  year  in  consequence  of  wounds 
received  and  disease  contracted  in  the  service.  Mr.  Bruckheimer, 
now  a  practicing  physician  in  this  city,  Charles  Raum,  one  of 
our  leading  merchants,  Mr.  Hoffa,  Sol  Livingston,  M.  Erdman, 
M.  Augenstein,  and  S.  Goodman,  all  of  this  city,  Edward  S. 
Woog,  a  clerk  in  the  Interior  Department ;  Morris  Cohen,  clerk 
in  the  War  Department;  Henry  Blondheim ,  of  Alexandria,  Va., 
were  soldiers  in  the  late  war.  Captain  Morris  Lewis,  of  the 
1 8th  New  York  Cavalry,  now  living  in  this  city,  served  on 
General  Kearney's  staff  ;  he  receives  a  special  pension,  having 
been  shot  through  the  body  and  paralyzed  in  his  lower  limbs. 
August  Bruckner  was  killed  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run. 
Colonel  M.  Einstein  and  Colonel  M.  Friedman,  both  of  Phila- 
delphia, commanded  regiments  ;  Uriah  P.  Levy  was  Commo- 
dore of  the  United  States  Navy.  Jacob  Hayes,  of  the  city  of 
New  York,  Mr.  Phillips,  son  of  the  sexton  of  the  Portuguese 
congregation  of  that  city,  E.  J.  Russell,  of  the  19th  Indiana,  a 
resident  of  this  city,  and  so  severely  wounded  as  to  render  him 
almost  incapable  of  work  ;  L.  Myers,  of  the  same  regiment, 
and  Julius  Steinmeyer,  of  the  7th  United  States  Infantry  "stood 
shoulder  to  shoulder  ' '  at  the  front.  General  William  Meyer, 
editor  of  several  New  York  papers,  served  with  credit  and 
distinction  during  the  draft  riots  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and 
has  in  his  possession  an  autograph  letter  from  President  Lincoln 
thanking  him  for  his  eminent  services  during  those  hours  of  dark- 
ness. William  Durst,  of  Philadelphia,  is  one  of  the  few  survivors 
of  the  memorable  fight  between  the  Monitor  and  the  Merrimac  ; 
when  volunteers  were  called  for  he  went  to  his  duty  with  death 
staring  him  in  the  face,  and  Admiral  Worden  himself  told  me 
some   months   ago   that   Durst   was    a   man   of   distinguished 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  5 

bravery,  whose  services  should  be  specially  recognized  by 
Congress.  Major  Joseph  G.  Rosengarten,  of  Philadelphia,  is  a 
soldier  of  national  reputation  and  an  author  of  ability,  whose 
brother  Adolph  G.  Rosengarten  was  killed  at  Stone  River  while 
acting  as  staff  officer.  Quartermaster  Rosenfield,  of  the  13th 
Kansas,  not  only  discharged  the  duties  of  that  office  with 
ability,  but  served  also  in  the  ranks.  Lieutenant  Rosenberg, 
of  this  city,  is  now  dead,  and  his  widow  is  pensioned.  Colonel 
H.  A.  Seligson,  who  died  some  two  months  ago,  led  a  Vermont 
regiment  during  the  war,  and  achieved  a  high  reputation  as  a 
soldier.  Captain  Frederick  Leavy,  of  the  1st  New  York  In- 
fantry; Captain  Max  Conheim,  of  New  York,  and  now  of  San 
Francisco,  and  Major  H.  Kcenigsberger,  of  Cincinnati,  were 
officers  of  distinction,  and  so,  too,  were  David  Kzekiel  and 
Lieutenant  Louis  Blumenthal,  of  New  Hampshire.  Sergeant 
Klias  Leon  Hyneman,  of  the  .sth  Pennsylvania  Cavalry,  was 
one  of  the  heroes  of  the  war,  in  which  he  served  from  the  be- 
ginning. In  June,  1864,  during  a  cavalry  sortie  about  Peters- 
burg, while  his  command  was  retreating  before  the  main 
body  of  the  enemy,  he  hurried  to  the  relief  of  a  dismounted 
and  wounded  comrade.  He  lifted  him  into  his  own  saddle  and 
enabled  him  to  escape,  and  started  to  make  his  own  way  on 
foot.  On  his  way  he  met  another  comrade,  barefooted  and 
bleeding;  he  took  off  his  own  boots  and  gave  them  to  the 
sufferer.  But  he  himself  was  captured,  and  after  months  of 
agony  in  Andersonville,  he  died 

Frederick  Knefner,  a  resident  of  Indianapolis,  attained  the 
rank  of  Major  General;  he  commanded  the  79th  Indiana,  and 
was  conspicuous  for  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga.  As 
a  further  list  of  officers  and  privates  in  the  various  commands, 
I  may  yet  add  the  names  of  Lieutenant  Suldman,  44th  New 
York;  Captain  Gremitz,  62d  Pennsylvania;  Corporal  Gisner, 
142c!  Pennsylvania;  Lieutenant  Evan  Davis,  115th  Pennsyl- 
vania; Sergeant  Myers,  62d  Pennsylvania;  Captain  A.  Gold- 
man, 17th  Maine;  Lieutenant  A.  A.  Riuehard,  148th  Pennsyl- 
vania; Lieutenant  Nieman,  103d  New  York;  M.  S.  Asher, 
103d  New  York;  Lieutenant  George  Perdinger,  39th  New 
York;  Lieutenant  Philip  Truffinger,  57th  New  York;  Lieu- 
tenant Herman  Musschel,  68th  New  York;  Lieutenant  Herman 
Krauth,  103d  New  York;  Lieutenant  Julius  Frank,  103d  New 
York;  Captain  H.  P.  Schwerin,  119th  New  York;  Julius 
Niebergall,  Levi  Kuehne  and  Henry  Luterman,  all  of  the  New 
York  3d  Artillery,  and  Lehman  Israels,  Lieutenant  in  the  58th 
New  York. 

It  must  be  taken  into  account  that  when  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion  broke  out  the  number  of  Jews  in  the  United  States 
was  quite  limited;  according  to  the  census  taken  in   1876  by 


6  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Mr.  William  B.  Hackenburg,  of  Philadelphia,  and  myself,  in  be- 
half of  the  Union  of  American  Hebrew  Congregations,  there 
were  then  in  the  United  States,  fifteen  years  after  the  war  com- 
menced, only  250,000  Jews.  It  is  altogether  doubtful  whether 
there  were  more  than  150,000,  if  that  many,  when  hostilities 
commenced.  The  proportion  of  Jewish  soldiers  is,'. therefore, 
only  large,  but  is  perhaps  larger  than  that  of  any  other  faith  in 
the  United  States.  I  have  been  told  by  one  of  the  Jewish  soldiers 
in  this  city,  one  who  bears  the  scars  of  the  war,  that  there  were 
at  least,  as  far  as  he  could  judge — and  he  had  experience  during 
the  whole  conflict — from  6,000  to  8,000  soldiers  of  the  Jewish 
faith  in  the  Union  Army  alone.  I  am  not  prepared  to  assert 
this  number,  but  would  not  be  surprised  if  it  were  found  to  be 
correct. 

The  animus  of  the  writer  in  the  North  American  Review  is 
indicated  by  the  words,  "Except  in  General  Sherman*  s  Depart- 
ment, and  lie  promptly' ordered  them  out  of  it  for  speculating  in 
cottofi  and  conveying  information  to  the  Confederates."  This 
statement  is  made  with  the  same  disregard  of  facts  as  are  others 
in  the  article  referred  to,  for  while  a  few  Jews  may  have 
violated  the  laws  of  war  by  running  the  blockade  or  furnishing 
information  to  the  enemy,  it  was  no  more  than  others  of  other 
races  and  religious  faiths  did  under  like  circumstances,  even 
to  a  larger  degree:  and  why  the  Jews  as  a  class  should  be 
held  up  to  the  contempt  and  scorn  of  the  world  in  conse- 
quence of  the  want  of  patriotism  of  a  few  of  their  number,  is  to 
me  a  profound  mystery,  and  can  only  be  explained  upon  the 
theory  that  inculcated  prejudice  is  stronger  than  the  desire  for 
fair  play  or  the  regard  for  justice.  No  one  for  a  moment  would 
charge  a  particular  class  of  Christians  with  want  of  honesty 
because  one  or  more  of  their  number  had  violated  law.  The  War 
Department  records  and  the  Treasury  files  will  furnish  ample 
evidence  of  the  fact  that  many  of  the  sins  that  were  committed 
by  others  were  heaped  upon  the  shoulders  of  the  Jews.  It  has 
always  been  an  easy  thing  to  strike  at  the  minority  and  from  time 
immemorial  the  prejudice  against  the  Jew  has  been  made  a 
convenient  vehicle  for  furthering  malignant  purposes  and  selfish 
ends. 

Having  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  President  Grant  and  of 
General  Sherman  (I  was  for  eight  years  officially  connected  with 
the  former,  and  for  a  time  on  intimate  social  terms  with  the 
latter),  I  can  state  that  I  had  repeated  conversations  with  them 
regarding  ' '  Order  No.  11,"  which  was  issued  over  the  signature 
of  General  Grant,  but  of  which  he,  at  the  time,  had  absolutely  no 
knowledge.  This  fact  I  proved  conclusively  during  the  presi- 
dential campaign  of  1888,  when  political  capital  was  being  made 
against  General  Grant  among  the  Jews.     By  both  generals  I 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  7 

was  assured  that  there  had  been  a  great  deal  of  misinformation 
on  the  subject,  and,  that  if  they  could  permit  themselves  to 
speak  of  the  facts  as  the}'  were  known  to  them  it  would  not  be 
the  Jews  who  would  be  shown  to  have  been  derelict  but  a  large 
number  of  Christians,  many  of  whom  had  come  highly  recom- 
mended. It  was  the  latter  who  were  abusing  the  privilige 
accorded  to  them  by  the  authorities  at  Washington  and  who 
had  given  both  generals  a  great  amount  of  trouble  and  annoy- 
ance. 

I  admit  that  it  is  unfortunate  that  the  writer  of  the  earlier 
article  in  the  North  American  Review,  whose  statements  other- 
wise deserve  the  fullest  consideration,  should  have  been  led  into 
so  glaring  an  error  as  to  name  Generals  Lyon  and  Rosecrans  as 
Jewish  soldiers.  While  we  would  have  no  objection  to  classing 
them  among  our  American  citizens  of  Jewish  faith,  we  can 
substantiate  our  case  very  well  without  doing  so,  as  the  cursory 
list  which  I  have  cited  will  abundantly  show.  But  while 
admitting  the  error  of  the  earlier  writer  I  cannot  allow  the  state- 
ment of  the  latter  one,  with  its  implication  that  there  was  no  one 
of  Jewish  faith  who  battled  for  the  Union,  to  go  unchallenged. 
The  Jewish  cemeteries  of  this  city,  and  of  every  other  large 
city  in  the  land,  contain  the  remains  of  brave  men  of  Jewish 
birth  who  are  not  forgotten  on  Decoration  Day  by  their  surviv- 
ing comrades  of  Christian  faith ;  and  what  these  men  recognize 
the  American  people  will  not  ignore. 

The  armies  of  every  country  afford  ample  proof  of  Jewish 
patriotism  and  valor.  Even  in  benighted  and  tyrannical  Russia, 
where,  to  a  large  extent  they  are  soldiers  by  compulsion — 
50,000  or  60,000  of  them  —  their  officers  have  uniformly 
admitted  that  in  battle  there  were  no  braver  men  than  the  Jews. 
The  late  Franco-German  war  afforded  instances  of  distinguished 
heroism  on  the  part  of  Jewish  officers  and  soldiers  in  both 
armies.  The  Italian  army  and  the  French  army  to-day  contain 
a  large  contingent  of  Jewish  officers  and  privates  who  are 
not  only  respected,  but  honored  by  their  compatriots.  In  the 
Turkish  army  some  of  the  leading  officers  are  of  Jewish 
faith.  Patriotism,  however,  is  not  confined  to  the  field  of  battle; 
in  private  life,  from  time  immemorial,  acts  have  been  performed 
of  greater  service,  possibly,  than  any  in  the  field,  showing 
greater  powers  of  endurance  and  evincing  higher  virtues  than 
were  ever  recorded  in  the  annals  of  war.  During  our  late  con- 
flict many  who  remained  at  home  made  sacrifices  of  the  most 
heroic  character,  and  did  their  duty  cheerfully  and  with  alacrity, 
and  I  know  of  none  who  did  their  part  more  fully  than  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States  of  Jewish  faith.  In  fact,  the 
history  of  the  Jewish  people  is  one  long  tragedy  of  personal 
sacrifice  and  heroism.     But  as  I  wish  to  trespass  no  longer  on 


8  THE  A  ME  RICA  N  JE  W  AS 

the  columns  of  your  valuable  paper,  I  beg  leave  to  close  with 
this  simple  statement  ;  that  it  seems  to  me  high  time  for 
Americans  of  all  faiths  to  frown  down  all  attempts  that  have  for 
their  object  the  lowering  and  humiliation  of  any  class  of  our 
citizens. ' ' 

Simon  Wolf. 

Finding  that  my  letter  had  been  copied  extensively,  not  only 
by  the  Jewish  press,  but  by  leading  newspapers  in  the  country, 
and  favorably  commented  on  generally,  I  determined  to  give  to 
the  world,  as  complete  as  I  might  find  possible,  a  list  of 
American  citizens  of  Jewish  faith  who  had  ' '  stood  shoulder  to 
shoulder"  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  to  add  thereto  the  record 
of  some  typical  instances  of  exceptional  energy  and  public  spirit 
in  the  civil  walks  of  life. 

What  I  had  anticipated  and  supposed  would  be  an  easy  task, 
requiring  probably  no  more  than  six  months  at  the  utmost,  has 
taken  more  than  four  years  of  continuous  work,  notwithstand- 
ing the  assistance  I  received  from  many  quarters,  and  I  am 
even  now  compelled  to  give  this  work  to  the  public  in  an 
inadequate  form,  with  the  feeling  that  it  is  incomplete  and  that 
much  more  should  have  been  made  of  it. 

The  difficulties  in  the  way  of  completing  fully  and  accurately 
such  a  compilation  as  I  have  here  attempted  will  scarcely  be 
realized  by  those  who  have  not  undertaken  a  similar  task.  The 
work  was  begun  nearly  thirty  years  after  the  close  of  the  war, 
when  many  of  those  whose  names  were  to  be  gathered  were 
dead,  and  many  others  dispersed  throughout  our  vast  domain 
and  beyond  our  borders.  In  response  to  three  successive  calls 
made  through  the  leading  newspapers  of  the  country,  I  received, 
indeed,  a  large  number  of  replies,  but  after  all,  the  great 
majority  even  of  the  survivors  failed  to  respond,  and  of  the 
data  that  reached  me  much  could  not  be  classified.  Nearly 
a  thousand  names  are  accordingly  placed  in  the  unclassified 
list. 

By   far   the   majority  of    the  names  herein   included  were 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  9 

furnished  by  the  soldiers  themselves  or  their  relatives,  but  a 
large  number  of  them  were  sent  to  me  by  army  comrades  of  the 
men  referred  to.  Some  of  these  may  be  incorrectly  quoted 
both  as  to  their  names  and  the  commands  with  which  they  were 
connected,  but  these  errors  may  scarcely  be  considered  as  affect- 
ing the  general  result,  so  far  at  least  as  numbers  are  concerned. 
It  was  naturally  impossible  to  verify  all  the  notices  sent  to  me, 
and  this  compilation  must  therefore,  in  the  very  nature  of  the 
case,  be  more  or  less  imperfect  and  incomplete,  but  I  may  say 
without  hesitation  that  the  work  is  free  from  all  errors  which 
could  be  eliminated  through  a  patient  and  cautious  scrutiny. 
Several  hundred  names  of  soldiers  from  Indiana  alone  were 
finally  excluded  from  my  present  lists,  notwithstanding  their 
pronounced  Jewish  character,  such  as  Marks,  Abrahams,  Isaacs 
and  others  of  a  similar  strain,  whose  owners  were  ascertained 
by  my  correspondents  to  be  non-Jews,  while  on  the  other  hand 
many  soldiers  bearing  names  of  decidedly  non-Jewish  derivation 
were  authenticated  as  Jews.  If  many  whose  names  should  be 
included  fail  to  see  them  on  this  "roll  of  honor"  the  fault  is  at 
all  events  not  mine,  and  the  earnest  effort  which  I  have  given  to 
this  work,  wholly  a  "labor  of  love"  on  my  part,  leaves  me  free 
from  the  necessity  of  offering  apology  for  whatever  errors  of 
omission  or  of  commission  may  remain  in  it.  The  public  records 
could  not  be  utilized,  because  our  army  lists,  unlike  those  of 
foreign  powers,  make  no  registry  of  the  religious  faith  of  the 
enrolled  soldiers.  I  should,  in  this  connection,  urge  upon  my 
readers  to  aid  me  with  such  corrections  of  these  army  lists  as 
they  may  be  able  to  furnish,  with  the  view  to  the  record  being 
perfected  as  far  as  may  be,  in  a  future  edition  of  this  book. 

Unsatisfactory  and  at  times  discouraging  as  has  been  my  task 
and  its  outcome,  I  have  yet  had  at  times  the  pleasure  of  obtain- 
ing and  recording  data  of  a  most  gratifying  character.  One  of 
the  most  pleasing  results  of  my  labors  is  the  fact  that  I  am  able 
to  present  a  list  of  fourteen  Jewish  families  that  contributed  to 


10  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

the  Union  and  Confederate  armies  no  less  than  fifty-one  soldiers. 
Three,  four,  five  brothers  ;  a  father  and  three  sons,  a  father 
and  four  sons,  volunteers  in  a  deadly  strife,  leaving  their  homes 
and  kindred,  breaking  their  family  ties  to  face  privation, 
disease,  wounds  and  death,  sacrificing  all  to  fight  with  their 
compatriots  for  the  cause  which  they  deemed  right. 

My  primary  purpose  has  been  to  show  that  the  Jewish  people 
throughout  the  land  not  only  took  a  share  in  the  struggle  which 
has  ended  so  beneficently  as  to  have  brought  prosperity  to  both 
antagonists  and  dispelled  the  cause  of  discord,  but  that  they 
took  their  full  share,  and  it  is  now  conclusively  shown  that  the 
enlistment  of  Jewish  soldiers,  north  and  south,  reached  pro- 
portions considerably  in  excess  of  their  ratio  to  the  general 
population.  This  fact  had  become  apparent  before  my  present 
work  had  been  systematically  begun,  as  I  indicated  in  my  letter 
to  the  Washington  Post,  quoted  above,  but  the  lists  obtained  by 
me,  incomplete  as  they  must  inevitably  be,  make  up  a  number 
that  leaves  no  reasonable  doubt  on  this  subject.  This  fact,  in 
view  of  statements  minimizing  the  numbers  of  Jewish  soldiers 
of  the  late  war,  or  denying  the  existence  of  any  at  all,  cannot  be 
too  strongly  emphasized.  To  complete,  however,  my  ultimate 
purpose  of  presenting  a  consideration  of  the  Jew  as  citizen  and 
philanthropist  as  well  as  patriot  and  soldier,  I  have  herein  collated 
a  symposium  of  expressions  on  this  comprehensive  subject  from 
sources  at  once  authoritative  and  unbiased.  I  have  included  in 
this  collection  of  views  and  reviews,  the  carefully  considered 
statements  of  many  of  the  foremost  men  of  modern  times, 
statesmen  and  soldiers,  philosophers,  divines,  writers  and  other 
leaders  of  public  opinion,  as  widely  divergent  in  locality  as  they 
are  unanimous  in  sentiment.  Among  these  I  have  included  only 
such  as  are  entirely  non- Jewish  in  their  origin,  men  whose 
thoughts  are  the  expressions  of  well-disciplined  minds,  and 
whose  opinions  are  the  deliverances  of  an  impartial  judgment. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  11 

I  gladly  record  my  obligations  to  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public for  the  aid  afforded  me  in  obtaining  information  through 
the  machinery  of  its  organization,  and  to  General  J.  B.  Gor- 
don, of  the  Confederate  Memorial  Association,  for  a  like  co- 
operation. To  the  Union  of  American  Hebrew  Congregations, 
to  the  Independent  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith,  and  to  the  Jewish 
Publication  Society  of  America,  I  am  indebted  for  contributions 
to  the  cost  of  publication  and  for  other  aid  in  the  prosecution  of 
my  work. 

I  owe  my  thanks  to  Captain  Eugene  H.  Levy,  Mr.  George 
Alexander  Kohut  and  Mr.  Max  J.  Kohler,  of  New  York,  to 
Messrs.  Lewis  Abraham  and  L,.  Lichtenstein,  of  Washington, 
for  their  assistance,  and  especially  to  Colonel  F.  C.  Ainsworth, 
of  the  War  Department,  for  the  loan  of  Records.  To  Mr. 
Henry  S.  Morais'  recent  historical  work  on  "The  Jews  of 
Philadelphia,"  I  am  much  indebted  for  valuable  data,  and  other 
important  materials  have  been  gleaned  from  Mr.  Isaac  Markens' 
compendious  work  on  "The  Hebrews  in  America."  To  the 
Jewish  press  I  owe  acknowledgement  for  many  welcome  items 
of  information  and  for  repeated  expressions  of  encouragement. 

Finally,  among  my  obligations  to  numerous  correspondents 
in  different  parts  of  the  country  are  those  which  I  owe  to  many 
soldiers  of  Christian  faith,  some  of  them  officers  of  distin- 
guished rank,  who  afforded  me  much  valuable  information  and 
who  added,  in  almost  every  case,  some  warm  expression  of 
their  sympathy  and  good- will. 


Washington,  D.  C,  June,  1895. 


12  THE  A MERICAN  JE  W  AS 


JEWISH   PATRIOTS  OF  THE  REVOLUTIONARY 

PERIOD. 

The  keen  and  responsive  sense  of  duty  with  which,  through 
Torah  and  Talmud,  the  Jewish  character  is  so  deeply  imbued, 
has  never  failed  to  become  manifest  when  occasion  has  called  it 
forth.  Jews  have  never  been  wanting  in  patriotism  and  though 
a  peace-loving  people,  (the  very  mission  of  Israel  being  peace, 
and  good-will  towards  neighbors  a  cardinal  teaching  of 
Judaism)  they  have  always  espoused,  eagerly  and  earnestly,  the 
cause  of  their  countrymen.  The  heroism  and  self-devotion  which 
marks  the  course  of  Jewish  history  from  the  earliest  Biblical  rec- 
ords, emblazoning  the  era  of  the  Maccabees,  signalizing  the 
Roman  period  and  illuminating  the  Dark  Ages,  has  found  many  a 
worthy  example  in  these  modern  days.  We  have  here  to  deal  with 
the  records  of  but  one  country,  yet  these  records  are  replete  with 
instances  of  bravery  and  undaunted  courage,  of  earnest  devotion 
and  of  faithful  service  performed  by  men  of  Israel  in  behalf  of 
this  land  of  their  adoption.  These  records  begin  at  a  time  be- 
fore the  Revolutionary  epoch,  when  the  Jewish  settlers  in 
America  were  very  few  indeed.  At  the  date  of  the  first  census, 
in  1790,  just  after  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  when  the  total 
population  of  the  country  was  figured  at  almost  4,000,000,  the 
number  of  Jewish  inhabitants  could  scarcely  be  estimated  at 
3,000,  or  only  one  to  1,330  of  the  population.* 

The  dearth  of  accessible  records  of  a  detailed  character  ren- 
dered it  practically  impossible  to  present  more  than  a  very  im- 
perfect list  of  the  Jewish  participants  in  the  Revolutionary 
struggle.  However,  sufficient  data  are  at  hand  to  prove  con- 
clusively that  the  Jewish  colonists  of  that  period,  comparatively 
recent  settlers  and  few  in  number  as  they  were,  furnished,  as 
usual  in  all  struggles  for  liberty  and  freedom,  more  than  their 

*  According  to  a  careful  estimate  by  Mr.  Isaac  Harby,  in  1820,  there  were 
then,  nearly  forty  years  alter  tbe  Revolution,  not  over  6,000  Jews  in  the  United 

States. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  13 

proportion  of  supporters  to  the  colonial  cause.  They  not  only 
risked  their  lives  in  the  war  for  independence,  but  aided  ma- 
terially with  their  money  to  equip  and  maintain  the  armies  of 
the  Revolution.  That  they  took  their  part  in  the  earliest  stages 
of  resistance  to  the  encroachments  of  the  mother  country  is 
proved  by  the  signatures  to  the  Non- Importation  Resolutions 
of  1765.  Nine  Jews  were  among  the  signers  of  these  resolutions, 
the  adoption  of  which  was  the  first  organized  movement  in  the 
agitation  which  eventually  led  to  the  independence  of  the 
colonies.  The  original  document  is  still  preserved  in  Carpen- 
ter's Hall,  in  Philadelphia,  and  following  are  the  names  of  the 
Jews  on  that  early  roll  of  patriots: 

Benjamin  Levy,  Samson  Levy,  Joseph  Jacobs,  Hyman  Levy, 
Jr.,  David  Franks,  Mathias  Bush,  Michael  Gratz,  Barnard 
Gratz,  Moses  Mordecai. 

With  these  as  worthy  precursors  of  the  Jewish  patriots  of  the 
Revolution  we  may  proceed  to  note  the  list  of  Jews  whose  names 
have  come  to  us  from  the  Revolutionary  period,  through  vari- 
ous published  sources,  as  men  of  special  distinction  among  their 
fellows.  One  of  the  most  notable  of  these  was  Haym  Salomon, 
a  man  who,  while  not  the  only  Jewish  patriot  that  lavished  his 
ample  fortune  in  behalf  of  liberty  and  independence,  yet  stands 
out  as  so  unique  a  figure  in  the  history  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution that  the  record  of  his  part  in  the  making  of  that  history 
may  well  take  precedence.  Fragmentary  presentations  of  this 
subject  have  been  made  in  public  documents  and  in  historic 
essays  at  various  times  since  the  submission  by  Salomon  himself 
of  his  memorial  to  the  Continental  Congress  in  August,  1778.* 
However,  as  embracing  a  succint  statement  and  detailed  review 
of  the  whole  matter  to  the  present  time,  the  following  paper  from 
the  '  •  Publications  of  the  American  Jewish  Historical  Society  ' ' 
(No.  2,  1894)  maY  be  quoted  in  full  : — 

*  See  Markens,  "  The  Hebrews  in  America"  (New  York,  1888),  and 
Morais,  "Jews  of  Philadelphia' '  (Philadelphia,  1894). 


14  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


A  SKETCH  OF  HAYM  SALOMON. 

From  an  Unpublished  MS.  in  the  Papers  of  Jared 

Sparks. 

[Contributed  by  Herbert  B.  Adams,  Ph.  D.,  Professor  in  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University.    With  Notes  by  J.  H.  Hollander.] 

In  the  fall  of  1841,  Jared  Sparks,  while  professor  of  history 
in  Harvard  College,  was  delivering  a  course  of  lyceum  lectures 
in  New  York  City  upon  the  American  Revolution.  His  remarks 
upon  the  services  of  certain  public  men  of  the  period  excited 
deep  interest  in  the  mind  of  a  Jewish  hearer,  Mr.  Haym  M. 
Salomon,  who  wrote  to  and  afterwards  called  upon  Mr.  Sparks 
in  reference  to  the  patriotic  activity  of  Haym  Salomon,  a  con- 
temporary and  associate  of  Robert  Morris,  James  Madison, 
Edmund  Randolph  and  other  distinguished  publicists  of  the 
Revolutionary  period.  At  the  request  of  Mr.  Sparks,  Mr. 
Salomon  prepared  certain  memoranda  of  the  eminent  services 
of  his  father,  Haym  Salomon,  and  this  manuscript  passed  into 
the  possession  of  Mr.  Sparks. 

The  interview  and  the  information  thus  obtained  seem  to 
have  made  a  profound  impression  upon  Mr.  Sparks.  He  men- 
tioned something  of  the  above  matter  to  Mr.  Joshua  I.  Cohen, 
of  Baltimore,  and  almost  a  quarter  of  a  century  after  the  orig- 
inal interview,  under  date  of  October  29,  1865,  Mr.  Cohen 
wrote  to  Mr.  Sparks  as  follows  : 

' '  You  may  probably  recollect  a  conversation  I  had  with  you 
many  years  ago  during  a  visit  to  Cambridge,  in  which  I  men- 
tioned that  Judge  Noah,  of  New  York,  was  then  engaged  in 
gathering  together  the  facts  and  memorials  of  the  part  which 
our  people,  the  Israelites,  took  in  our  Revolutionary  struggle, 
and  you  kindly  offered  to  him  through  me  the  use  of  your  bio- 
graphical series  for  any  memoirs  he  might  prepare  on  the  sub- 
ject. The  death  of  Judge  Noah,  not  long  after,  put  an  end  to 
the  project.  I  mentioned  to  you  a  military  company  that  was 
formed  in  Charleston,  S.  C,   composed  almost  exclusively  of 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  15 

Israelites,  of  which  my  uncle  was  a  member,  and  which  be- 
haved well  during  the  war.  Major  Frank,  one  of  Arnold's 
aids,  was  spoken  of,  and  also  Haym  Salomon  and  others.  In 
connection  with  Mr.  Salomon  you  expressed  yourself  very  fully, 
and,  in  substance  (if  I  recollect  correctly),  that  his  association 
with  Robert  Morris  was  very  close  and  intimate,  and  that  a 
great  part  of  the  success  that  Mr.  Morris  attained  in  his  finan- 
cial schemes  was  due  to  the  skill  and  ability  of  Haym  Salomon. 
I  do  not  pretend  to  quote  your  language,  but  only  the  idea. 
The  matter  was  brought  up  to  my  mind  recently  by  the  marriage 
of  a  great-grandson  of  Mr.  Salomon  to  a  niece  of  mine,  one  of 
the  young  ladies  of  our  household."  * 

The  original  sketch  of  Haym  Salomon  thus  prepared  by  his 
son  was  found  in  a  somewhat  mutilated  condition  by  Professor 
Herbert  B.  Adams,  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  among 
the  Sparks  Papers,  which  had  been  entrusted  to  his  care  during 
the  preparation  of  "  The  I^ife  and  Writings  of  Jared  Sparks," 
published  in  1893  by  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  The  manu- 
script was  stitched  to  other  papers  and  had  been  apparently  cut 
down  somewhat  in  order  to  make  it  more  uniform  in  size  with 
the  smaller  sheets.  This  fact  will  explain  certain  tantalizing, 
but  apparently  brief  omissions  in  the  text.  The  appended 
copy  of  the  manuscript  is  furnished  by  Professor  Adams  with 
the  full  consent  of  the  Sparks  family. 


Haym  Salomon,  who  died  in  Philadelphia,  then  the  metropolis 
of  the  United  States,  January,  1785,  was  the  fellow-countryman 
and  intimate   associate  of    the   Polish    Generals   Pulaski  and 

*  See  Adams,  Life  and  Writings  of  Jared  Sparks,  Vol.  II.,  p.  564. 
From  the  general  tenor  of  the  letter,  it  seems  probable  that  Mr. 
Sparks,  during  his  extensive  researches  into  the  historical  records, 
public  and  private,  of  the  United  States,  had  encountered  other  evi- 
dence of  the  services  of  Haym  Salomon.  This  inference  is  partially 
corroborated  by  a  passage  in  a  letter  written  by  Mr.  Sparks  from 
Cambridge  on  May  7,  1845,  to  Mr.  Haym  M.  Salomon,  apparently  in 
connection  with  the  first  memorial  to  Congress  :  "  Among  the  num- 
erous papers  that  have  passed  under  my  eye  I  have  seen  evidences 
of  his  [Ifaym  Salomon's]  transactions,  which  convince  me  that  he 
rendered  important  services  to  the  United  States  in  their  pecuniary 
affairs."  See  Report  on  Claim  of  H.  M.  Salomon  ;  Senate  Reports, 
No.  177,  31st  Cong.,  1st  Sess.,  Vol.  I.  It  is  not,  however,  impossible 
that  only  the  present  manuscript  may  be  here  referred  to. 


16  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Kosciuszko,  and  was  first  publicly  known  in  1778,  when  he  was 
taken  by  the  British  General  Sir  H.  Clinton  in  New  York  on 
charges  that  he  had  received  orders  from  General  Washington 
to  burn  their  fleets  and  destroy  their  store-houses,  which  he 
had  attempted  to  execute  to  their  great  injury  and  damage. 
He  was  accordingly  imprisoned,  treated  inhumanly,  and 
ordered  to  suffer  military  death.  From  the  sacrifice  of  his 
life,  with  which  he  was  threatened  in  consequence  of  the  sen- 
tence, he  escaped  by  means  of  a  considerable  bribe  in  gold. 
This  is  corroborated  from  his  letter  to  his  brother-in-law,  Major 
Franks,  dated  soon  after  in  Philadelphia,  in  which  his  intimacy 
is  stated  with  the  brave  General  McDougall,  who  then  com- 
manded the  American  army  in  the  neighborhood  of  New  York, 
and  with  whom  it  appears  he  must  have  been  in  co-operation 
in  order  to  drive  .  .  .  awray  from  the  comfortable  quarters, 
which  the  maritime  and  military  positions  of  that  city  so  hap- 
pily promised  them  after  its  abandonment  by  the  friends  of  the 
Revolution.* 

A  few  days  after  his  escape  from  the  merciless  enemy  he 

*It  is  probable  that  Haym  Salomon's  first  encounter  with  the 
British  Government  took  place  several  years  before  1778.  The  Senate 
Report  to  the  Hist  Congress  {supra)  states  that :  "  As  early  as  1775  he 
became  obnoxious  to  the  British  Government,  and  was  imprisoned  in 
New  York,  sharing  the  privations  and  horrors  of  the  sufferers  con- 
fined in  a  loathsome  prison  called  the  Provost."  Essentially  the 
same  fact  is  repeated  in  later  Reports,  and  is  specifically  presented 
in  certified  form  in  a  later  part  of  the  present  paper. 

The  Memorial  of  Haym  Salomon  to  the  Continental  Congress  (see 
Bibliographical  Note,  infra)  is  of  such  immediate  interest  in  connec- 
tion with  the  circumstances  of  his  escape  from  New  York  as  to  per- 
mit partial  citation.  It  sets  forth  :  •'  That  your  Memorialist  was  some 
time  before  the  Entry  of  the  British  Troops  at  the  said  City  of  New 
York  and  soon  after  taken  up  as  a  Spy  and  by  General  Robertson 
committed  to  the  Provost.  That  by  the  Interposition  of  Lieut-Gen- 
eral Heister  (who  wanted  him  on  account  of  his  knowledge  in  the 
French,  Polish,  Russian,  Italian  &c.  Languages)  he  was  given  over  to 
the  Hessian  Commander  who  appointed  him  in  the  Commissary  Way 
as  purveyor  chiefly  for  the  Officers.  That  being  at  New  York  he  has 
been  of  great  Service  to  the  French  and  American  prisoners  and  has 
assisted  them  with  Money  and  helped  them  off  to  make  their  Escape. 
That  this  and  his  close  connexions  with  such  of  the  Hessian  Officers 
as  were  inclined  to  resign  and  with  Monsieur  Samuel  Demezes  has 
rendered  him  at  last  so  obnoxious  to  the  British  Head  Quarters  that 
he  was  already  pursued  by  the  Guards  and  on  Tuesday  the  11th  inst. 
he  made  his  happy  Escape  from  thence."  The  Memorial  bears  date 
of  August  25,  1778,  thus  indicating  the  precise  time  of  Salomon's  de- 
parture from  New  York  as  August  11,  1778. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  17 

safely  arrived  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  was  welcomed  and 
esteemed  as  one  devoted  to  the  principle  .    .   .    [MS.  cut  off.] 

We  then  find  him  meriting  the  well-placed  confidence  and 
affection  of  the  patriots  who  had  been  distinguished  in  the 
Revolutionary  Congress  of  1776  ;  also  the  great  men  who  were 
famous  in  those  succeeding  sessions,  1780,  '81,  '82,  '83  and  '84, 
as  furnished  us  by  such  circumstantial  testimony  as  yet  remains 
of  that  immortal  bod}7  of  devoted  patriots. 

It  is  seen  as  soon  as  the  generous  monarch  of  France  agreed 
to  furnish  the  expiring  government  of  that  day  with  means  to 
reanimate  their  exertions  in  the  glorious  cause.  It  was  he  who 
was  charged  with  the  negotiation  of  the  entire  amount  of  those 
munificent  grants  of  pecuniary  supplies  from  the  government 
of  France  and  Holland.* 

In  1783-4,  after  the  satisfactory  close  of  these  truly  confiden- 
tial services,  he  is  found  to  have  made  considerable  advances, 
moneys,  loans,  &c,  to  Robert  Morris,  of  the  Congress  of  the 
Declaration  of  '76.  To  General  Miflin,  to  General  St.  Clair, 
to  General  Steuben,  to  Colonel  Shee,  to  Colonel  Morgan,  Major 
McPherson,  Major  Franks,  and  many  other  officers  such  sums 
as  they  required.  And  as  it  regarded  the  deputies  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress,  [/<?]  the  amiable  Judge  Wilson  (another 
member  of  the  session  of  '76)  considerable  loans. f 

To  the  immortal  delegation  from  Virginia,  namely,  Arthur 
Lee,  Theodore  Bland,  Joseph  Jones,  John  F.  Mercer  and 
Edmund  Randolph,  liberal  supplies  of  timely  and  pecuniary 
aid,  and  we  find  it  declared  by  one  of  the  most  accomplished, 
most  learned  and  patriotic  members  of  the  succeeding  sessions 
of  the  Revolutionary  legislature,  James  Madison,  that  when  by 
the  .  .  .  [MS.  cut  off~\  pecuniary  resources  of  the  members  of 
Congress,  both  public  and  private,  were  cut  off,  recourse  was 

*  For  details  see  Report  to  31st  Congress.  The  exact  location  of  this 
and  other  Congressional  Reports  is  given  in  the  Bibliographical  Note 
appended  to  the  paper. 

tThis  is  corroborated  by  a  letter  from  the  eminent  jurist,  Henry 
Wheaton,  to  Haym  M.  Salomon.  Among  "  the  patriots  of  the  Revo- 
lution who  were  compelled  to  sacrifice  their  private  pursuits  to  the 
public,"  Mr.  Wheaton  mentions  Judge  Wilson,  "  who  must  have 
retired  from  public  service  if  he  had  not  been  sustained  by  the  timely 
aid  of  your  father,  administered  with  equal  generosity  and  delicacy." 
See  Report  to  31st  Congress. 


18  THE  A  MER ICA  N  JE  W  A  S 

had  to  Mr.  Salomon  for  means  to  answer  their  current  expenses, 
and  he  was  always  found  extending  his  friendly  hand/1' 

The  exalted  and  surviving  delegate  of  the  Revolutionary 
Congress  above  alluded  to,  who  has  since  that  period  been 
promoted  for  two  successive  terms  to  the  chief  magistracy  of 
these  States,  in  his  letter  on  the  subject  of  the  character  of  Mr. 
Haym  Salomon,  testifies  fully  as  to  the  unquestionable  upright- 
ness of  his  transactions,  as  well  as  the  disinterestedness  of 
his  "friendship,"  and  also  his  "intelligence,"  and  which  no 
doubt  from  his  confidential  intercourse  with  the  foreign  ambas- 
sadors made  his  communications  serviceable  to  the  public 
safety. f     That  conferences  were  sought  with  him  by  the  great 

*  Under  date  of  August  27,  1782,  Mr.  Madison  wrote  from  Philadel- 
phia to  Edmund  Randolph  :  "I  cannot  in  any  way  make  you  more 
sensible  of  the  importance  of  your  kind  attention  to  pecuniary  remit- 
tances for  me  than  by  informing  you  that  I  have  for  some  time  been 
a  pensioner  on  the  favor  of  Haym  Salomon,  a  Jew  Broker."  See  Gil- 
pin, Madison  Papers,  I.,  1(>3.  'During  the  following  month  Mr.  Madi- 
son's position  seems  to  have  grown  more  aggravated,  for,  on  Septem- 
ber 24,  he  declared  :  "lam  relapsing  fast  into  distress.  The  case  of 
my  brethren  is  equally  alarming."  Ibid,  p.  176.  Assistance  in  suffi- 
cient amount  was  still  not  forthcoming,  and  a  week  later,  September 
30,  1782,  he  acknowledged  to  Mr.  Randolph  the  local  source  of  his 
benefactions  as  follows  :  "  I  am  almost  ashamed  to  acknowledge  my 
wants  so  incessantly  to  you,  but  they  begin  to  be  so  urgent  that  it  is 
impossible  to  suppress 'them.  The  kindness  of  our  little  friend  in 
Front  street,  near  the  coffee-house,  is  a  fund  that  will  preserve  me 
from  extremities,  but  I  never  resort  to  it  without  great  mortification, 
as  he  obstinately  rejects  all  recompense.  The  price  of  money  is  so 
usurious  that  he  thinks  it  ought  to  be  extorted  from  none  but  those 
who  aim  at  profitable  speculations.  To  a  necessitous  delegate,  he 
gratuitouslv  spares  a  supplv  out  of  his  private  stock."  Ibid,  pp. 
178-179. 

There  seems  little  doubt  but  that  the  "  little  friend  in  Front  street  " 
i>  meant  to  indicate  Haym  Salomon.  This  view  is  taken  by  the  Con- 
gressional committees  and  by  Madison's  biographer  ;  see  Gay,  Life  of 
James  Madison,  p.  25.  The  fact  that  the  first  Philadelphia  City  Di- 
rectory was  issued  in  1785,  and  that  Haym  Salomon  died  on  January 
6  of  that  vear  {vide  infra),  renders  direct  verification  impracticable. 
Search  aniong  the  Philadelphia  newspapers  of  the  period  would  prob- 
ably determine  the  point  once  for  all. 

t  The  writer  of  the  MS.  is  probably  quoting  from  memory  from  a 
letter  written  by  Mr.  Madison  from  Montpelier,  on  February  (>,  1830, 
to  Mr.  Haym  M.  Salomon,  in  connection  with  claims  upon  Congress 
for  indemnity.  The  Senate  Report  to  the  Hist  Congress  preserves  the 
following  paragraph  of  this  letter  :  "  The  transactions  shown  by  the 
papers  you  enclosed  were  the  means  of  effectuating  remittances  for 
the  support  of  the  delegates  [to  Congress],  and  the  agency  of  your 
father  therein  was  solicited,  on  account  of  the  respectability  and  con- 
fidence he  enjoyed  among  those  best  acquainted  with  him." 

The  Report  to  the  37th  Congress  mentions  among  the  various  letters 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  19 

men  of  the  time  is  proved  from  the  existence  of  a  note  in  the 
handwriting-  of  another  member  of  the  Congress  of  Declaration, 
the  incorruptible  President  Reed. 

His  services  to  the  cause  of  his  country  were  not  confined  to 
aiding  the  native  agents  of  our  own  government,  but  he  was 
the  most  confidential  friend  and  timely  adviser  to  the  agents, 
consuls,  and  ambassadors  representing  the  interests  of  the  kings 
of  those  countries  then  in  our  alliance,  as  it  appears  from  the 
amount  of  specie  granted  for  the  service  of  the  army  and  hos- 
pital of  Rochambaud,  and  large  sums  appear  to  have  been 
received  from  him  by  Chevalier  De  La  Luzerne,  Marbois,  con- 
sul-general, De  La  Forest,  John  .  .  .  [J/5,  cut  of} ,  recollected 
by  the  elders  of  the  nation  as  the  active  agents  of  the  good 
French  king.* 

As  to  the  minister  of  the  King  of  Spain,  then  the  richest  of 
the  European  monarchs.  The  amount  granted  him  was  ex- 
pressly to  relieve  the  wants,  conveniences  and  necessities  of 
this  ambassador,  whose  king  was  then  countenancing  the  Revo- 
lution in  this  country,  but  with  whose  European  dominions  all 
intercourse  was  stopped,  and  in  regard  to  the  monies  so  furn- 
ished, whether  Mr.  S.  was  ever  repaid  by  Spain  is  a  matter  of 
as  much  uncertainty  as  that  regarding  the  considerable  sums 
advanced  to  other  Revolutionary  agents,  f 

received  by  Haym  M.  Salomon  relative  to  the  justice  of  his  claim 
one  from  James  Madison,  in  1827,  who,  among  other  things,  stated: 
"The  transactions  shown  by  the  papers  you  enclose  were  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  delegates  to  Congress,  and  the  agency  of  your  father  therein 
was  solicited  on  account  of  the  respect  and  'confidence  he  enjoyed 
among  those  best  acquainted  with  him,'  etc.,  and  concludes  with  the 
wish  that  the  memorialist  might  be  properly  indemnified. " 

The  resemblance  between  the  two  paragraphs  is  so  striking  as  to 
make  it  probable,  despite  the  discrepancy  in  dates,  that  the  same 
communication  is  referred  to. 

*The  Report  to  the  31st  Congress  states  :  "  On  the  accession  of  the 
Count  de  la  Luzerne  to  the  embassy  from  France,  Mr.  Salomon  was 
made  the  banker  of  that  government.  ...  He  was  also  appointed  by 
Monsieur  Roquebrune,  treasurer  of  the  forces  ,of  France  in  America, 
to  the  office  of  their  paymaster-general,  which  he  executed  free  of 
charge." 

t  Details  of  the  assistance  so  rendered  are  given  in  the  Report  to  the 
31st  Congress.  Mr.  Salomon,  it  is  said,  "maintained  from  his  own 
private  purse  Don  Francesco  Rendon,  the  secret  ambassador  of  that 
monarch  for  nearly  two  years,  or  up  to  the  death  of  Mr.  S.,  during 
which  Rendon's  supplies  were  cut  off."  A  striking  passage  is  quoted 
in  the  same  Report  from  a  letter  said  to  have  been  written  in  1783  by 
Rendon  to  the  Governor-General  of  Cuba,  Don  Jose  Marie  de  Navarra: 


20  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

It  appears  that  the  death  of  Mr.  S.  after  a  short  and  severe 
illness  was  quite  as  unexpected  as  calamitous  to  his  family, 
leaving  no  will  nor  relatives  in  this  country  competent  to  take 
charge  of  his  estate,  at  this  difficult  period  of  the  unsettled 
state  of  the  jurisprudence  of  the  country,  being  four  years 
prior  to  the  formation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

A  letter  from  him  yet  exists,  dated  in  New  York  a  few  days 
previous  to  his  return  and  death,  directed  to  the  agent  of  his 
house  in  Philadelphia,  in  which  he  speaks  of  the  full  compet- 
ency of  his  fortune  and  his  intention  of  retiring  from  business. 
An  additional  inducement  no  doubt  was  owing  to  the  impaired 
state  of  his  health  from  the  great  exertions  he  had  made  to  pro- 
mote the  views  of  the  Revolution,  and  which  letter  further 
declares  that  he  had  many  claims  uncollected  due  him,1  and 
spoke  of  the  quantities  of  public  securities  and  government 
papers  which  .  .  .  [MS.  cutoff'].  Of  this  latter,  on  examin- 
ation of  a  list  deposited  in  the  Probate  Office,  it  appears  there 
was  upwards  of  $300,000,  more  than  $160,000  of  which  were 
of  certificates  of  the  Loan  Office  of  the  Treasury  and  the  army.* 

"  Mr.  Salomon  has  advanced  the  money  for  the  service  of  his  most 
Catholic  Majesty  and  I  am  indebted  to  his  friendship  in  this  partic- 
ular, for  the  support  of  my  character  as  his  most  Catholic  Majesty's 
agent  here,  with  any  degree  of  credit  and  reputation  ;  and  without 
it,  I  would  not  have  been  able  to  render  that  protection  and  assist- 
ance to  his  Majesty's  subjects  which  his  Majesty  enjoins  and  my  duty 
requires."  The  statement  is  also  made  that :  "  Moneys  thus  advanced 
to  the  amount  of  about  10,000  Spanish  dollars  remained  unpaid,  when 
Mr.  Salomon  died  shortly  after." 

1  Mr.  Henry  S.  Morais,  in  his  history  of  "The  Jews  of  Phila- 
delphia," notes  as  follows  :  (p.  24.)  "  The  amount  has  been  variously 
given  at  as  much  as  $600,000  and  more.  Hon.  Simon  Wolf,  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  in  February,  1892,  presented  a  complete  and  elaborate 
statement  of  this  question,  based  upon  official  documents,  in  an 
article  (entitled,  "Are  Republics  Ungrateful?")  published  in  the 
Reform  Advocate,  of  Chicago." 

In  another  note  on  the  same  subject  Mr.  Morais  states  :  "  Mr. 
Salomon's  loan  aud  its  accruing  interest  would  now  (1893)  amount  to 
over  $3,000,000."  Haym  M.  Salomon,  a  son  of  the  philanthropist,  and 
who  kept  a  store  on  Front  street,  vainly  endeavored  to  obtain  pay- 
ment of  his  just  claim,  nothwithstanding  that  it  was  favorably 
reported  to  the  U.  S  Senate  in  1850.  lu  this  report  it  was  said  : 
4  Haym  Salomon  gave  great  assistance  to  the  government  by  loans  of 
money  and  advancing  liberally  of  his  means  to  sustain  the  men 
engaged  in  the  struggle  for  independence  at  a  time  when  the  sinews 
of  war  were  essential  to  success.'  " 

*  For  a  summary  of  the  account  see  the  certificate  appended,  infra. 
Some  few  further  details  of  the  inventory  are  given  in  the  Committee 
Report  to  the  30th  Congress. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  21 

At  his  decease  the  management  of  his  estate  passed  into  the 
hands  of  strangers,  all  of  whom  not  very  long  after  became 
either  bankrupts  or  died,  as  well  as  Mr.  Macrea,*  his  chief 
clerk,  who  had  committed  suicide  about  the  same  period.  Con- 
sequently the  books  and  papers  have  nearly  been  all  lost,  and 
the  obscurity  into  which  these  matters  are  thrown  is  increased 
in  consequence  of  the  destruction  by  the  British  of  many  of  the 
public  archives  of  that  period,  during  the  invasion  of  the  city 
of  Washington  by  their  army  during  the  last  war.  t  And  such 
were  the  effects  of  those  unfortunate  circumstances  to  the  heirs 
that  when  the  youngest  son  became  of  age  nothing  was  obtained 
from  the  personal  estate  of  this  munificent  and  patriotic  indi- 
vidual in  Philadelphia.  And  no  other  inheritance  now  survives 
to  the  offspring  except  the  expectation  of  the  grateful  remem- 
brance of  a  just  and  generous  republic. 

It  ought  not  to  be  forgotten,  that  although  he  endorsed  a 
great  portion  of  those  bills  of  exchange  for  the  amount  of  the 
loans  and  subsidies  our  government  obtained  in  Europe,  of 
which  he  negotiated  the  entire  sums,  and  the  execution  of 
which  duty  occupied  a  great  portion  of  his  valuable  time  from 
'8 1  to  '83,  still  there  was  only  charged  scarcely  a  fractional 
percentage  to  the  United  States,  although  individuals  were 
willing  to  pay  him  .  .  .  [MS.  cut  ojf\  for  his  other  negotia- 
tions and  guarantee.  And  it  is  known  that  he  never  caused 
the  loss  to  the  government  of  one  cent  of  those  many  millions 
of  his  negotiations,  either  by  his  own  mismanagement  or  from 
the  credit  he  gave  to  others  on  the  sales  he  made  of  those 
immense  sums  of  foreign  drafts  on  account  of  the  United 
States.  \ 

We  find  that  immediately  after  the  peace  of  '83,  when  foreign 
commerce  could  securely  float  again  on  the  ocean,  that  he  re- 
sumed his  business  as  a  merchant  for  the  few  remaining  months 

*  "  Mr.  McCrea,"  in  the  Report  to  the  Hist  Congress. 

t  Mr.  Joseph  Nourse,  Register  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States 
from  1777  to  1828,  wrote  from  Washington  in  1827,  to  Mr.  H.  M.  Salo- 
mon :  "1  have  cast  back  to  those  periods  when  your  honored  father 
was  agent  to  Office  of  Finance  ;  but  the  inroads  of  the  British  army 
in  1814  deprived  us  of  every  record  in  relation  to  the  vouchers  of  the 
period  to  which  I  refer."  See  for  details,  Report  to  31st  Congress  ; 
also  Bibliographical  Note. 

i  For  details,  see  Report  to  Hist  Congress. 


22  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

of  his  life,  trading  to  foreign  countries,  which  may  be  collected 
from  the  few  original  letters  (that  are  preserved)  bearing  date 
[of]  London,  Holland  and  Spain,  and  from  the  return  of  the 
large  ship  Sally  from  Spain  to  his  consignment  a  few  weeks 
succeeding  his  death,  on  which  cargo  and  hull  he  was  interested 
in  the  sum  of  40,000  florins ;  his  estate  on  the  expedition  sus- 
tained almost  total  loss,  owing  to  the  failures  and  disasters 
among  merchants  of  those  days,  to  whom  the  property  had  been 
consigned  and  by  whose  advice  it  had  been  undertaken. 

He  was  most  friendly  in  aiding  those  other  commercial  citi- 
zens and  merchants  who  recommenced  trading  after  the  war 
had  closed.  One  remarkable  instance  \that~\  may  be  noted 
among  others  was  the  case  of  Mr.  Willing' s  house,  the  head  of 
which  was  the  presidert  of  the  National  Bank,  and  whose  active 
partner  was  the  Superintendent  of  Finance.  The  firm  traded 
under  the  name  of  Willing,  Morris  &  Swanick.  To  them  he 
made  a  loan  of  his  name  to  obtain  40,000  dollars  in  specie  in 
one  amount  from  the  bank.  A  second  loan  of  his  name  in 
addition  of  24,000  specie  dollars  also,  a  few  nionths  preceding 
his  death,  for  both  of  which  considerable  accommodations  of 
credit  at  this  eventful  period  of  our  commercial  history  he 
never  charged  them  one  cent  of  consideration.* 

[Copy  of  an  authentic  certificate  from  the  Register's  Office 
in  Philadelphia  shewing  the  amount  of  public  securities1  and 
Revolutionary  papers  left  by  the  deceased   Haym  Salomon  at 

*  Hon.  Simon  Wolf,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  in  an  article  in  The  Re- 
form Advocate  of  Chicago  (wee  Bibliographical  Note),  calls  attention 
to  the  fact  that  Professor  Sumner — the  most  recent  biographer  of 
Robert  Morris — in  his  "  The  Financier  and  the  Finances  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,"  makes  no  mention  of  the  services  of  Haym  Salomon. 
Mr.  Wolf  adds:  "When  \  called  Mr.  Sumner's  attention  to  it  he 
answered  in  a  letter  which  I  received  to-day,  that  he  had  supposed 
that  Mr.  Salomon  had  been  paid  long  since,  and  was  surprised  at  the 
statement  which  I  made." 

1  Not  a  penny  of  the  large  sums  represented  by  these  securities  has 
ever  been  repaid  to  the  heirs  of  the  philanthropist  and  patriot  who  so 
generously  aided  the  Revolutionary  cause,  and  the  fact  is  but  another 
instance  of  the  ingratitude  of  republics.  The  remissness  of  the  peo- 
ple's representatives  in  the  adjustment  of  private  claims  has  been  but 
too  often  flagrantly  demonstrated,  but  there  is  not  to  be  found  on  the 
public  records  a  more  signal  case  of  public  injustice.  When  to  pay  a 
debt  is  everybody's  business,  then  it  is  apparently  forever  nobody's 
business  to  do  so,  and  thus  it  happens  that  popular  governments  fail 
utterly  in  cases  of  this  nature,  where  a  monarchy  would  hasten  to  do 
justice. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  23 

his  death  and  from  which  personal  estate  mentioned  in  said 
certificate  not  a  cent  was  ever  received  by  any  of  his  heirs.] 

"58  Loan  Office  Certificates  .  .  $110,233.65 

19  Treasury  .  .  1(8,259.50 

2  Virginia  State      "  .  .  8,166.48 

70  Commissioners     "  .  .  17,870.37 

Continental  Liquidated  .  .  199,214.45 


#353,744-45- 


' '  Seal 

' '  I  certify  that  the  above  writing  is  a  true  extract  from  the 
original  inventory  and  appraisement  of  the  personal  estate  of 
Haym  Salomon  deceased  filed  in  the  register's  office  Philadel- 
phia on  the  15th  February,  1785. 

(Signed)  John  Geyer,  Register. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  of  office  this  28th  May,  A.  D. 
1828." 

[Extract  from  a  Certificate.] 

The  father  of  Mr.  Haym  M.  Salomon  was  the  deceased  Haym 
Salomon,  Esq.,  who  died  in  Philadelphia,  January  6,  1785, 
and  who  is  found  to  have  exhibited  the  most  ardent  personal 
devotion  to  the  cause  of  the  Revolution. 

On  investigating  such  of  the  memoranda  and  papers  regard- 
ing his  civil  services  in  that  era  of  our  history  which  have 
accidentally  been  preserved  and  now  submitted,  I  find  the  fol- 
lowing facts. 

By  an  affidavit  made  in  New  York,  January,  1778,  before 
Alderman  Matthews,  certified  on  its  back  by  William  Clay  gen, 
military  secretary  to  Major-General  Horatio  Gates,  dated  at 
the  encampment  White  Plains,  August  15,  1778,  it  appears 
that  so  early  as  the  year  1775,  Mr.  S.  was  in  controversy  with 
the  enemies  of  the  projected  Revolution. 

New  York,  May  9,  1828. 

{Signed)         Wm.  H.  Beu,. 

The  affidavit  further  states  that  it  had  been  alleged  against 
him  in  New  York  that  he  was  charged  by  General  Washington 
to  execute  an  enterprise  as  hazardous  to  the  safety  of  his  person 


24  THE  A M ERICA  N  JE  W  AS 

and  life  as  it  was  most  important  to  the  interests  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary army.  Supposed  to  be  the  enterprise  for  which  he 
was  condemned  to  death  by  the  British  General  Clinton,  as 
mentioned  in  the  first  part  of  this  memorandum. 

The  two  infant  sons  which  Mr.  Salomon  (at  the  age  of  45) 
left  at  his  death  were  Ezekiel  and  Haym.  Ezekiel  was  he 
(the  eldest)  who  in  1807,  in  charge  of  a  large  amount  of 
American  property,  was  (with  many  other  American  citizens 
whose  cargoes  as  well  as  his  own  was  sequestered  at  Leghorn 
by  the  French)  placed  in  much  perplexity,  but  through  the 
spirited  remonstrance  which  he  made  to  the  Tuscan  and  French 
Governments,  succeeded  in  procuring  its  release.  He  subse- 
quently was  charged  with  the  government  of  the  U.  S.  Branch 
Bank  at  New  Orleans,  and  while  in  the  successful  application 
of  the  duties  of  his  office  died  in  182 1. 

Haym  M.,  the  youngest  son  and  sole  survivor  of  the  male 
part  of  the  family,  has  been  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits 
for  many  years  past,  for  particulars  of  which  see  letter  from 
Hon.  Johnson,  Esq.,  who  for  eight  years  was  the  representa- 
tive in  Congress  from  New  York,  the  Empire  City  of  the 
United  States,  and  now*  one  of  the  chief  officers  in  the  Custom 
House  of  that  city.f 

Bibliographical  Note. 

Little  of  the  mass  of  original  material  atone  time  in  existence  rela- 
tive to  the  life  and  activity  of  Haym  Salomon  can  now  be  located. 
Mr.  William  Salomon,  of  New  York,  a  great-grandson  of  Haym  Salo_ 
mon,  writes  in  response  to  a  recent  inquiry  as  follows  :  "I  am  under 
the  impression  that  all  the  papers  bearing  on  the  services  of  Haym 
Salomon  in  the  cause  of  the  Revolution  which  were  not  lost  when  he 
died  intestate  (and  a  few  months  before  Haym  M.  Salomon  was  born) 
came  into  Haym  M.  Salomon's  possession,  but  unfortunately  his 
descendants  have  been  deprived  of  that  valued  inheritance  by  reason 
of  their  disappearance  while  in  the  custody  of  the  Government.     All 

*  Circa  1842. 

t  A  third  child  of  Haym  Salomon  was  a  daughter,  Sallie  Salomon, 
who  married  Joseph  Andrews.  Their  son,  Joseph  I.  Andrews,  mar- 
ried Miriam  Nones,  of  New  York,  a  daughter  of  Major  Benjamin 
Nones  of  Revolutionary  fame.  The  daughter  of  this  union,  Louisa 
Andrews,  is  now  Mrs.'  E.  L.  Goldbaum,  of  Memphis,  Term.  Mr. 
(Joldbaum  kindly  writes  me :  "We  have  in  our  possession  life-size 
oil  paintings  of  Joseph  Andrews,  son-in-law  of  Haym  Salomon,  and 
of  his  wife  Sallie  Andrews,  tier  Sallie  Salomon. " 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  25 

I  ever  discovered  among  my  father's  papers  was  a  letter  from  either 
President  Tyler  or  Polk  (I  cannot  remember  positively  which,  and 
the  letter  is  not  now  within  easy  reach)  stating  that  papers  my  grand- 
father, Haym  M.  Salomon,  desired  to  have  returned  could  not  be 
found  in  the  Department  where  they  had  been  placed." 

Some  further  details  of  the  strange  negligence  to  which  this  unfor- 
tunate loss  is  due  may  be  found  in  the  Senate  Committee  Report  to 
the  81st  Congress  on  the  claim  of  H.  M.  Salomon.  The  timely  ser- 
vices rendered  by  Haym  Salomon  to  James  Madison  during  the  ses- 
sions of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  Philadelphia  are  specifically 
indicated  in  the  published  letters  of  Madison ;  see  Gilpin,  Madison 
Papers,  Vol.  I.,  pp.  168,  178-9.  Mr.  Herbert  Friedenwald,  of  Phila- 
delphia, has  recently  found  among  the  records  of  the  Continental 
Congress  an  interesting  Memorial  of  Haym  Salomon,  submitted  to 
the  Congress  in  August,  1778 ;  see  Publications  of  American  Jewish 
Historical  Society,  1.,  87.  The  main  sources  of  information  relative 
to  the  life  of  Haym  Salomon  are  thus  the  secondary  Congressional 
Committee  Reports  upon  the  claims  of  his  descendants  for  indemnity 
for  money  advanced  to  the  United  States  Government  during  the 
Revolution.    These,  in  the  order  of  their  presentation,  are  as  follows:* 

1.  Report  on  Claim  of  Haym  M.  Salomon.  Rep.  F.  A.  Tallmadge. 
April  26,  1848.  8  pp.  House  Reports,  No.  504,  80th  Cong.,  1st  Sess., 
Vol.  111. 

2.  Report  on  Claim  of  H.  M  Salomon.  Senator  J.  1).  Bright. 
July  28,  1848.     8  pp.     Senate  Reports,  No.  219,  80th  Cong.,  1st  Sess. 

8.  Report  on  Claim  of  H.  M.  Salomon.  Senator  I.  P.  Walker. 
August  9,  1850.  7  pp.  Senate  Reports,  No.  177,  81st  Cong.,  1st  Sess., 
Vol.  1. 

4.  Report  on  Claim  of  Haym  M.  Salomon.  Senator  Charles  Dur- 
kee.  March  9,  1860.  10  pp.  Senate  Reports,  No.  127,  86th  Cong., 
1st  Sess.,  Vol.  I. 

5.  Report  on  Claim  of  Haym  M.  Salomon.  Senator  M.  S.  Wilkin- 
son. July  2,  1862.  5  pp.  Senate  Reports,  No.  65,  87th  Cong.,  2d 
Sess. 

6.  Report  on  Petition  of  Haym  M.  Salomon.  June  24,  1864.  4  pp. 
Senate  Reports,  No.  98,  80th  Cong.,  1st  Sess. 

The  second,  third,  fifth  and  sixth  of  the  above  reports  have  been 
reprinted  in  pamphlet  form,  presumably  for  private  circulation. 
During  the  first  session  of  the  29th  Congress,  the  Senate  Committee 
of  Claims  unanimously  agreed  upon  a  report  similar  to  that  adopted 
by  the  House  Committee  of  the  80th  Congress,  but  too  late  for  pres- 
entation. Another  report  was  drawn  up  during  the  second  session  of 
the  same  Congress,  placed  on  file,  but  never  adopted.  It  was  largely 
embodied  in  the  Senate  Report  to  the  81st  Congress;  see  Senate  Report 

-Poore,  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Government  Publications  of 
the  United  States  (Washington,  1885),   pp.  558,  565,  598,  762,  807,  828. 


26  THE  A  MER  WA  N  JE  I V  A  S 

to  the  31st  Congress.  The  last  sentence  of  the  Report  to  the  38th 
Congress:  "except  the  report  of  this  committee  made  at  the  last 
session,"  and  several  paragraphs  inserted  in  the  Report  to  the  37th 
Congress  as  statements  of  "  the  committee  of  the  last  Congress," 
indicate  the  presentation  of  additional  reports.  No  positive  evidence 
of  their  existence  has,  however,  been  found.  At  the  second  session 
of  the  52d  Congress  (February  24,  1893),  a  bill  was  presented  to  the 
House,  ordering  that  a  gold  medal  be  struck  off  in  recognition  of  ser- 
vices rendered  by  Haym  Salomon  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  in 
consideration  of  which  the  Salomon  heirs  waived  their  claims  upon 
the  United  States  for  indemnity.  The  measure  was  reported  favor- 
ably by  the  House  Committee  on  the  Library,  but  too  late  for  con- 
sideration. The  Report  (No.  2556;  to  accompany  H.  R.  7896)  sum- 
marizes the  efforts  made  in  previous  Congresses,  and  reprints  iu  full 
the  Senate  Report  to  the  37th  Congress. 


OTHER  JEWISH  CONTRIBUTORS  TO  THE   COLONIAL 

TREASURY. 

The  monetary  contribution  by  Haym  Salomon  to  the  success- 
ful issue  of  the  Revolutionary  struggle  was  doubtless  the 
largest  made  by  any  individual,  but  while  it  is  the  most  signal 
instance  of  its  kind,  it  does  not  stand  alone.  Haym  Salomon 
was  not  the  only  Jew  who  showed  his  earnestness  in  behalf  of 
freedom  by  a  jeopardy  or  sacrifice  of  fortune.  Among  the 
signers  of  the  Bills  of  Credit  for  the  Continental  Congress  in 
1776  were  Benjamin  Levy,  of  Philadelphia  and  Benjamin  Jacobs, 
of  New  York  ;  and  Samuel  Lyon,  of  the  same  city,  was  among 
the  signers  of  similar  bills  in  1779.  Isaac  Morris,  also  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  who,  after  the  Revolutionary  War,  was  one  of  the 
incorporators  of  the  Bank  of  New7  York,  contributed  three 
thousand  pounds  sterling  (£3000)  to  the  colonial  treasury,  and 
still  another  Philadelphian,  Hyman  Levy,  repeatedly  advanced 
considerable  sums  for  the  support  of  the  army  in  the  field.  A 
yet  more  notable  instance  of  patriotic  devotion  was  that  of 
Manuel  Mordecai  Noah,  of  South  Carolina,  who  not  only  served 
in  the  army  as  officer  on  Washington's  staff,  and  likewise  with 
General  Marion,  but  gave  of  his  fortune  twenty  thousand  pounds 
( ,£20,000)  to  further  the  cause  in  which  he  was  enlisted.  Many 
minor  cases  of  a  similar  order  could  be  cited,  but  only  the  more 
important  instances,  such  as  are  of  public  record,  have  here 
been  adduced. 


PATRIOT,  SOLD riiR  AND  CITIZEN.  27 


INCIDENTS    ILLUSTRATIVE   OF  AMERICAN 
JEWISH  PATRIOTISM. 

[A  paper  written  for  the  American  Jewish  Historical  Society  by 
Max  J.  Kohler.] 

In  the  present  article,  the  writer  proposes  to  set  forth  several 
incidents  in  our  history  not  otherwise  connected  with  each  other 
than  the  above  title  indicates,  but  all  tending  to  show  that  the 
Jew  has  ever  been  ready  to  battle  for  the  cause  of  his  adopted 
country,  be  his  domicile  where  it  may.  Our  subjects  herein  had 
differing  views  as  to  what  patriotism  demanded.  We  shall 
speak  of  French  Jews  battling  for  France,  of  English  Jewish 
Colonists  championing  England's  cause,  and  of  American  Jews 
fighting  for  American  liberty  and  glory,  yet  all  were  equally 
patriots.  In  selecting  the  incidents  to  be  set  forth  herein  the 
writer  has  confined  himself  exclusively  to  matters  which  he 
believes  are  either  wholly  unknown  to  the  Jewish  historian  or 
only  partially  or  imperfectly  known  ;  no  treatment  of  the  main 
subject,  other  than  these  incidents  may  furnish,  will  be  at- 
tempted. 

I. 

Colonel  David  S.  Franks. 

Members  have  no  doubt  still  fresh  in  mind  the  interesting 
items  relating  to  Col.  Franks,  set  forth  by  Dr.  Herbert 
Friedenwald  and  Prof.  M.  Jastrow  in  No.  i  of  our  "Proceed- 
ings. ' '  Since  then  other  data  have  been  collected  and  published 
in  regard  to  the  Franks  family,  to  which  I  will  merely  refer ; 
(see  the  very  interesting  article  on  the  History  of  the  Jews  of 
Montreal,  prepared  for  the  Montreal  Daily  Star,  December  30, 
1893,  and  repeated  in  the  American  Israelite  in  January,  1894, 
which  has  been  attributed  to  Rev.  Dr.  Meldola  de  Sola  ;  and 
also  an  article  on  Rebecca  Franks  by  the  present  writer,  which 
appeared  in  the  American  Hebrew,  November  9,  14,  21,  and 
also   in   pamphlet   reprint).       In   the   present   paper,    Colonel 


28  THE  AMERICAN  ,/E  W  AS 

Franks'  early  career  in  Canada  will  be  chiefly  dealt  with,  the 
documents  herein  cited  demonstrating  the  correctness  of  Dr. 
Friedenwald's  theory  (p.  76)  that  Franks  was  drawn  into  the 
Revolutionary  contest  through  pure  patriotism  and  interest  in 
the  struggle  which  was  being  carried  on  south  of  his  earlier 
domicile.  A  contemporary  periodical  furnishes  the  data  I  refer 
to  ;  it  is  entitled  :  ' '  The  Remembrancer  or  Impartial  Reposi- 
tory of  Public  Events."  Part  I,  for  1776,  London,  1776,  pp. 
100-6.  (The  narrative  is  somewhat  condensed  herein,  but  the 
documents  are  set  forth  in  their  entirety.) 

"On  May  2,  1775,  the  bust  of  the  king  at  Montreal  was 
found  daubed  over  and  indecently  ornamented,  the  words, 
'This  is  the  pope  of  Canada  and  the  fool  of  England,'  being 
written  upon  it  in  French.  A  reward  of  100  guineas  was  offered 
for  the  discover  of  the  perpetrator,  and  much  indignation  was 
expressed  among  the  French  inhabitants,  eager  to  manifest 
their  loyalty  to  England,  one  French  gentleman  even  express 
ing  his  opinion  that  the  act  ought  to  be  punished  by  hanging. 
Upon  hearing  this  severe  opinion,  a  young  English  merchant  of 
the  name  of  Franks,  who  had  settled  at  Montreal  and  who  at 
that  time  happened  to  be  near  the  speaker,  replied  to  him  in 
these  words  :  '  In  England  men  are  not  hanged  for  such  small 
offenses,'  which  he  repeated  twice  or  three  times.  This  pro- 
voked M.  de  B (the  former  speaker)  to  such  a  degree,  that, 

after  giving  the  young  man  much  opprobrious  language,  he  at 
last  proceeded  to  blows,  and  struck  him  in  the  face  and  pulled 
him  by  the  nose  ;  upon  which  the  other  gave  him  a  blow  that 
knocked  him  down.  The  next  day,  May  the  3d,  upon  a  com- 
plaint of  M.  de  B to  three  officers  of  justice  of  a  new  order, 

called  the  Conservators  of  the  Peace  for  the  District  of 
Montreal,  not  of  the  blow  he  had  received  from  Franks  (for  to 
this  he  was  conscious  he  had  given  occasion  by  striking  him 
first)  but  of  the  words  pronounced  by  the  latter,  .'  that  in 
England  people  were  not  hanged  for  such  small  offenses,'  the 
Conservators  issued  the  warrant  hereunder  following  for  com- 
mitting young  Franks  to  prison.  He  was  accordingly  carried 
thither  by  a  party  of  soldiers  with  bayonets  fixed,  and  ,£10,000 
bail,  that  was  offered  to  procure  his  liberty,  and  be  security  for 
his  appearance  to  take  his  trial  for  the  offence,  was  refused. 
And  there  he  continued  for  a  week,  at  the  end  of  which  time, 
the  same  Conservators  of  the  Peace  (by  the  direction,  as  it  is 
supposed,  of  Governor  Carleton)  ordered  him  to  be  discharged 
without  any  bail  at  all. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  :>9 

The  following  are  the  official  documents,  in  translation  : 
"  District  of  Montreal. 

1 '  By  John  Fraser,  John  Marteilhe  and  Rene  Ovide  Hertel  de 
Rouville,  Esquires,  Judges  and  Conservators  of  the  Peace 
in  the  District  of  Montreal  : 

"Whereas,  Francis  Mary  Picote  de  Bellestre,  Esquire,  has 
made  oath  on  the  holy  gospels  that  on  Tuesday  the  second  day 
of  this  present  month  of  May,  as  he  was  standing  still  in  the 
street  to  hear  a  proclamation  published,  concerning  those 
wretches  who  had  insulted  his  Majesty's  bust,  he  had  openly 
declared  that  he  thought  they  deserved  to  be  hanged  :  and  that 
thereupon  one  Salisbury  Franks  had  answered  with  surprise, 
1  that  it  was  not  usual  to  hang  people  for  such  small  offences 
and  that  it  was  not  worth  while  to  do  so,'  and  that  he  had 
repeated  those  words  several  times,  and  with  a  loud  voice. 

"  We,  having  regard  to  the  said  complaint,  and  considering 
that  every  good  subject  ought  to  look  upon  the  said  insult  to 
his  Majesty's  bust  as  an  act  of  the  most  atrocious  nature,  and 
deserving  of  the  utmost  abhorrence,  and  that  therefore  all 
declarations  made  in  conversation  that  tend  to  affirm  it  to  be  a 
small  offence,  ought  to  be  esteemed  criminal  :  Do,  for  these 
reasons,  authorize  and  command  you  to  convey  the  said 
Salisbury  Franks  to  the  prison  of  the  town  to  be  there  detained, 
till  he  shall  be  thence  discharged  according  to  law.  And  for  so 
doing,  this  warrant  shall  be  your  justification. 

"  Given  at  Montreal,  under  our  hands  and  seals,  on  the  third 
day  of  May,  1775. 

John  Fraser, 
(Signed)  John  Marteilhe, 

Hertel  de  Rouville." 

The  warrant  to  the  jailor  we  omit,  but  the  warrant  for  his 
discharge  follows : 

"  To  the  keeper  of  the  jail  in  Montreal  : 

Whereas  David  Salisbury  Franks  is  now  in  your  custody,  in 
virtue  of  our  warrant  duly  sealed  and  signed  ;  these  are  now  to 
command  you  to  forbear  detaining  any  longer  the  said  David 
Salisbury  Franks,  but  to  suffer  him  to  go  at  large  wherever  he 
pleases  and  that  without  fees.  And  for  so  doing,  this  will  be 
your  sufficient  warrant. 

"Given  under  our  hands  and  seals  at  Montreal,  on  the  9th  day 
of  May,   1775." 

(Signed  as  above). 


30  THE  A  MER  WA  N  JE  W  AS 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  warrant  of  release  gives  the  full 
name  of  Franks  and  leaves  it  clear  that  he  was  the  future 
American  patriot.  It  should  also  be  noticed  that  he  is  described 
as  an  Englishman,  pointing  to  that  county  as  the  common  home 
of  the  various  members  of  the  family  of  that  name  in  America. 
(Compare  Life  of  Peter  Van  Schaack,  p.  143,  and  Kamble 
Papers,  for  references  to  Franks'  family  home,  a  mansion  near 
London).  Also  that  the  amount  of  bail  offered  for  young 
Franks,  £  10,000,  was  extraordinarily  large  for  those  days. 

It  is  not  proposed  herein  to  repeat  the  interesting  incident  in  the 
career  of  Arnold's  aide-de-camp  which  others  have  set  forth  so 
well.  Their  accounts  may,  however,  be  supplemented  by  the  fol- 
lowing. It  seems  that  Franks  gave  testimony  to  Mrs.  Arnold's 
innocence  of  all  complicity  in  her  husband's  treason.  This  fact 
is  cited  in  a  note  in  the  present  writer's  sketch  of  Rebecca 
Franks  (p.  12),  but  the  original  authority,  the  preface  to 
the  privately  printed  Shipper  papers,  he  has  thus  far  been  un- 
able to  consult.  After  the  inquiry  into  Frank's  conduct, — 
occasioned  by  the  suspicions  aroused  against  him  on  account  of 
Arnold's  treason— had  been  held  in  accordance  with  his  de- 
mand, Franks  appears  to  have  been  sent  to  Europe  with  im- 
portant dispatches  to  Jay  and  Franklin,  with  instructions  to 
await  their  orders.  In  a  letter  from  Robert  Morris  to  Frank- 
lin, dated  Philadelphia,  July  1.3,  1781,  we  read:  "The  bearer 
of  the  letter,  Major  Franks,  formerly  an  aide-de-camp  to 
General  Arnold,  and  honorably  acquitted  of  all  connection  with 
him  after  a  full  and  impartial  inquiry,  will  be  able  to  give  you 
our  public  news  more  particularly  than  I  could  relate  them." 
(Diplomatic  Correspondence,  edited  by  Sparks,  Vol.  XI,  p.  382). 
His  conduct  in  France  and  Spain  appears  to  have  been  very 
creditable;  Jay  speaks  very  highly  about  his  discretion  and  tact 
and  he  seems  to  have  won  the  particular  regard  of  the  Count  of 
Florida  Blanca,  the  Spanish  Minister,  with  whom  Jay  was 
negotiating.  (See  "  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  U.  S.," 
edited  by  F.  Wharton,  Vol.  IV,  752-754,  756-757,  764-784, 
V,  121.  Thompson  Papers  (N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Collections, 
1878),  p.  183.  Accounts  of  the  U.  S.  during  the  Administra- 
tion of  the  Superintendent  of  France,  1 781-1784).  As  noted 
by  Dr.   Friedenwald,  Franks  was  sent  by  Congress  to  Europe 


PATRIOTfiOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  31 

again  in  1784,  this  time  to  deliver  a  triplicate  of  the  definitive 
treaty  of  peace  to  our  ministers  plenipotentiary.  Further  de- 
tails about  this  trip  are  alluded  to  in  "  Military  Journal  of  Ma- 
jor K.  Denny"  (Pa.  Hist.  Society,  Pub.  i860)  p.  415,  where 
letters  from  Frank's  associate,  Col.  Harman,  are  quoted,  and  in 
a  letter  written  by  Harman  to  a  Philadelphia  merchant,  Jona- 
than Williams,  in  1790,  wherein  he  sends  his  regards  to  Franks, 
and  alludes  to  the  "  gay  moments  we  passed  together  in  France, 
particularly  the  civilities  received  from  you  at  St.  Germain, 
where  I  dined  with  you  in  company  with  Mr.  Barclay  and  Col. 
Franks"  (p.  461).  Not  less  interesting  is  the  narrative  of  an 
encounter  with  Major  Franks  in  1787,  by  Dr.  Cutler,  on  a  trip 
to  Philadelphia  :  "July  12th.  Made  our  next  stay  at  Bristol. 
Dined  in  company  with  the  passengers  in  the  stage,  among 
whom  were  General  Armstrong  and  Col.  Franks.  General 
Armstrong  is  a  member  of  Congress  with  whom  I  had  a  small 
acquaintance  at  New  York;  Franks  was  an  aide  of  General 
Arnold  at  the  time  of  his  desertion  to  the  British.  Both  of 
them  high  bucks,  and  affected,  as  I  conceived,  to  hold  the  New 
England  states  in  contempt.  They  had  repeatedly  touched  m> 
Yankee  blood,  in  their  conversation  at  the  table;  but  I  was 
much  on  the  reserve  until,  after  we  had  dined,  some  severe  re- 
flections on  the  conduct  of  Rhode  Island,  and  the  Insurgency 
in  Massachusetts — placing  the  two  States  in  the  same  point  of 
light — induced  me  to  observe  that  '  I  had  110  doubt  but  that  the 
conduct  of  Rhode  Island  would  prove  of  infinite  service  to  the 
Union;  that  the  insurgency  in  Massachusetts  would  eventually 
lead  to  invigorate  and  establish  our  government;  and  that  I 
considered  the  State  of  Pennsylvania — divided  and  distracted 
as  she  was  then  in  her  Councils,  the  large  County  of  Luzerne 
on  the  eve  of  an  insurrection — to  be  in  as  hazardous  a  situation 
as  any  one  on  the  Continent.' 

"This  instantly  brought  on  a  warm  fracas  indeed.  The 
cudgels  were  taken  up  on  both  sides:  the  contest  as  fierce  as  if 
the  fate  of  empires  depended  on  the  decision.  At  length 
victory  declared  in  our  favor.  Armstrong  began  to  make  con- 
cessions. Franks,  with  more  reluctance,  at  length  gave  up  the 
ground.  Both  acknowledged  the  New  England  States  were 
entitled  to  an  equal  share  of  merit  with  any  in  the  Union,  and 


32  THE  A  MER ICA  Ar  JE  W  A  S 

declared  they  had  no  intention  to  reflect.  We  had  the  satisfac- 
tion to  quit  the  field  with  an  air  of  triumph,  which  my  little 
companion  enjoyed  with  a  high  relish;  nor  could  he  forget  it, 
all  the  way  to  Philadelphia.  But  we  parted  with  our  antago- 
nists on  terms  of  perfect  good  humor  and  complaisance.  My 
companion  frequently  afterwards  mentioned  the  pleasure  it 
gave  him  to  see  Armstrong  and  Franks,  ' '  so  completely  taken 
down,"  as  he  expressed  it,  which  led  me  to  conclude  he  was  of 
the  party  opposed  to  them  in  the  political  quarrels  of  Philadel- 
phia." (Historical  magazine,  Third  Series,  Vol.  II,  pp.  84-85). 
But  let  us  pass  from  Franks  to  another  Canadian. 

II. 

Chevalier  de  Levis. 

The  student  of  Canadian  .history  is  very  familiar  with  the 
name  of  Levis,  which  bids  fair  to  be  perpetuatad  in  several 
geographical  names  in  that  country.  The  name  was  borne  by 
Henri  de  Levis,  Duke  of  Vontadour,  Viceroy  of  Canada  for 
some  time  after  1626,  but  was  rendered  more  famous  through 
the  brilliant  career  of  his  relative,  the  Chevalier  de  Levis, 
Montcalm's  able  lieutenant,  subsequently  his  successor  as  com- 
mander of  the  French  forces  in  Canada,  and  still  later  Marshal 
of  France.  Numerous  striking  illustrations  of  his  gallantry 
and  chivalry  are  extant,  and  it  is  suggestive  that  Montcalm 
should  have  spoken  some  of  his  last  words,  in  praise  of  "his 
gallant  Chevalier  de  Levis,"  for  whose  talents  and  fitness  for 
command  he  expressed  high  esteem.  The  writer  hereof  does 
not  claim  that  either  of  these  two  de  Levis'  were  Jews,  but  he 
does  believe  that  they  were  of  Jewish  descent,  less  on  account 
of  their  family  name  than  on  account  of  the  following  curious 
explanation  of  it :  "A  family  that  considered  itself  to  be  the 
oldest  in  Christendom.  Their  chateau  contained,  it  was  said, 
two  pictures:  one  of  the  Deluge  in  which  Noah  is  represented 
going  into  the  Ark,  carrying  under  his  arm  a  trunk  on  which 
was  written:  '  Papiers  de  la  maison  de  Levis.'  The  other 
was  a  portrait  of  the  founder  of  the  house,  bowing  reverently 
to  the  Virgin,  who  is  made  to  say  :  '  Couvrez-vous,  mon  cousin. ' 
'  It  is  for  my  own  pleasure,  my  cousin,'  replied  the  descendent 
of  Levi." 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  33 

(Compare  Horace  Walpole's  Letters,  Kingsford's  History  of 
Canada,  Vol.  I,  p.  77,  Parkman's  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  I,  150, 
360,  363,  378-379,  455,  478,  466;  II,  308,  312,  354). 

III. 
Lopez  and  Hart,  of  Newport. 

In  the  last  volume  of  our  ' '  Proceedings ' '  and  also  in  Judge 
Daly's  work,  numerous  references  are  to  be  found  to  the  in- 
teresting career  of  Aaron  Lopez,  of  Newport,  whom  the  present 
writer  has  described  as  probably  the  richest  and  most  success- 
ful Jewish  man  of  affairs  who  lived  in  this  country  before  the 
Revolution.  It  may  be  remembered  that  Lopez  was  one  of  a 
number  of  Jewish  residents  of  Newport  who  found  it  necessary 
to  flee  from  that  city  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  when  the 
British  forces  moved  against  the  city.  Lopez  withdrew  to 
Leicester,  Massachusetts,  with  his  family,  and  remained  there 
until  May,  1782.  (Daly's  Jews  in  North  America,  p.  86). 
Short  as  was  his  stay  there,  however,  he  left  a  noble  memorial 
of  his  sojourn  behind  him,  as  appears  from  the  following  ex- 
tract from  the  Diary  of  a  journey  from  Plymouth  to  Connecti- 
cut by  Samuel  Davis  in  1789.  (Mass.  Hist.  Society  Proceed- 
ings, 1 869-1 870,  p.  11).  "Leicester  is  situate  on  very  high 
ground.  The  Meeting  house  is  a  decent  edifice,  very  illy  painted. 
Near  it  is  the  Academy,  founded  by  the  late  Mr.  Lopez,  a 
worthy  merchant  of  the  Jewish  tribe.  It  is  a  long  building  of 
two  stories,  with  a  cupola  and  bell,  and  two  entrances,  fronted 
by  porticos;  appears  to  be  decaying.  Mr.  James  observed  at 
Worcester,  that  he  supposed  the  preceptor  and  pupils  would  be 
removed  to  a  handsome  new  school  house  in  that  town." 

But  Newport  contained  many  Tories  as  well  as  Patriots, 
many  of  whom  must  to-day  be  regarded  as  no  less  patriotic 
than  those  whom  we  designate  by  that  term.  It  is,  therefore, 
not  surprising  to  find  Jewish  Tories  there,  and  one  of  the  num- 
ber appears  to  have  been  a  martyr  to  his  views,  as  the  follow- 
ing item  shows:  "Mr.  Isaac  Hart,  of  Newport  R.  I.,  formerly 
an  eminent  merchant  and  ever  a  loyal  subject,  was  inhumanly 
fired  upon  and  bayoneted,  wounded  in  fifteen  parts  of  his  body, 
and  beat  with  their  muskets,  in  the  most  shocking  manner  in 


34  THE  A  ME  RICA  N  JEW  A  S 

the  very  act  of  imploring  quarter,  and  died  of  his  wounds  a  few 
hours  after,  universally  regretted  by  every  true  lover  of  his 
King  and  country."  (Account  of  the  attack  on  Fort  St. 
George,  Rivington's  Gazette,  December  2,  1780). 

To  leave  no  doubt  as  to  his  faith,  the  following  item,  (from 
Du  Simmitiaire,  MSS.,  1769)  accompanies  the  preceding  one  in 
the  Magazine  of  American  History  (Vol.  Ill,  p.  452):  "At 
Mr.  Isaac  Hart's,  a  Jew,  living  at  the  Point,  in  Newport,  R.  I., 
there  is  a  portrait  of  the  late  Czar,  Peter  I,  done,  I  believe,  by 
vSir  Godfrey  Kneller." 

IV. 

Some  New  York  Jewish  Patriots. 

The  number  of  New  York  Jews  who  served  their  country 
by  risking  life  or  fortune  in  its  behalf  is  well-nigh  legion. 
Hundreds  upon  hundreds  of  instances  have  been  set  forth  from 
time  to  time,  covering  a  time  from  the  early  colonial  period,  as 
appears  particularly  from  another  paper  by  the  present  writer, 
through  the  Revolutionary  struggle  down  to  our  own  day.  But 
little  cause  can  be  assigned  for  distinguishing  a  few  from  the 
many  in  the  present  article  unless  it  be  the  probability  that  the 
instances  to  be  referred  to  herein  are  but  little  known.  It 
should  be  of  interest  to  notice,  for  instance,  that  the  decision 
reached  in  1770  to  make  more  stringent  the  Non-Importation 
Agreement,  which  the  colonists  adopted  to  bring  England  to 
terms  on  the  taxation  question,  had  among  its  signers  Samuel 
Judah,  Hayman  Levy,  Jacob  Moses,  Jacob  Myers,  Jonas  Phil- 
lips, and  Isaac  Seixas  {New  York  Gazette  and  Weekly  Post  Boy, 
July  23,  1770). 

The  victory  won  by  the  Jewish  Patriots  over  the  loyalists 
in  the  New  York  Jewish  Congregation  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Revolution,  which  induced  the  majority  to  determine  to  dis- 
band the  congregation  for  country's  sake,  has  been  well  de- 
scribed in  a  former  article  in  our  Society's  periodicals  and  the 
names  of  the  patriots  who,  in  consequence,  fled  to  Philadelphia 
on  the  approach  of  the  British  to  New  York  are  known.  In 
another  paper,  the  writer  hereof  enumerates  some  of  the  less 
known  but  possibly  equally  patriotic  Jewish  Loyalists,  who  re- 
mained in  the  city.     It  appears,  however,  that  even  the  Jewish 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  35 

cemetery  was  to  witness  the  strife  and  struggles  of  war,  for  we 
read  that  a  battery  to  overlook  the  East  River  and  prevent 
British  ships  from  entering  into  it  "is  planned  in  some  for- 
wardness at  the  foot  of  the  Jews'  Burying  Ground,"  in  March, 
1776.  (N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Collection  Pub.  Fund  Series,  Vol.  Ill, 
PP-  354,  355). 

During  the  war  of  18 12,  the  New  York  Jews  appear  to  have 
again  manifested  their  love  of  country,  and  one  of  their  number, 
Col.  Nathan  Myers,  was  even  in  command  of  a  brigade 
stationed  near  the  City  of  New  York  in  the  beginning  of  the 
war.  (Guernsey;  "  New  York  City  during  the  War  of  1812," 
pp.  86,  436-7).  Others  manifested  their  patriotism  by  bringing 
pecuniary  sacrifices,  as  did  Herman  Hendricks  in  18 13.  In 
February  of  that  year,  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  a 
loan  of  $16,000,000,  but  less  than  $4,000,000  were  subscribed.  It 
was  then  that  New  York  merchants  came  to  the  rescue  by  sub- 
scribing for  the  bonds,  in  spite  of  the  sacrifices  that  were  made 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  government  could  not  obtain  money 
except  at  a  discount  of  15  per  cent.  Hendricks  subscribed  for 
$40,000  of  the  bonds,  being  one  of  the  largest  individual  sub- 
scribers. (Scoville:  The  Old  Merchant  of  New  York  City. 
First  Series,  pp.  329-333- ) 

Among  those  who  served  under  Col.  Myers  in  this  War,  was 
probably  Samuel  Noah,  a  cousin  of  Mordecai  M.  Noah,  who 
led  a  most  eventful  life,  which  has  been  chronicled  in  a  very 
interesting  way  by  Gen.  George  W.  Cullom  in  his  "  Biographi- 
cal Sketches  of  Deceased  Graduates  of  the  United  States 
Military  Academy."     We  quote  the  account  in  full : 


"Samuel  Noah. 

"  Class  of  1807. 

"Died  March  10,  1871,  at  Mount  Pulaski,  111.,  aged  92. 

"Samuel  Noah,  who  was  born  July  19,  1779,  in  the  City 
of  London,  died  March  10,  187 1,  at  Mount  Pulaski,  Logan 
county,  Illinois,  at  the  advanced  age  of  nearly  92,  he  having 
been  for  several  years  the  senior  surviving  graduate  of  the 
United  States  Military  Academy.  He  was  of  Jewish  descent, 
and  was  a  cousin  of   Mordecai   M.    Noah,    formerly  consul  to 


36  THE  A MERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Tunis,  and  for  many  years  the  editor  of  various  New  York 
journals. 

"  When  twenty  years  old  he  emigrated  to  this  country,  and 
after  a  residence  of  several  years  in  New  York  City,  solicited  a 
midshipman's  appointment,  but  not  succeeding,  accepted,  May 
5,  1805,  that  of  a  cadet  in  the  First  Regiment  of  Artillery. 
Being  intelligent  and  a  good  penman,  he  was  often  selected  as 
amanuensis  to  the  Superintendent  of  the  Military  Academy,  and 
frequently  acted  as  Judge  Advocate  or  Recorder  of  Courts  at 
West  Point.  Upon  graduation,  Dec.  9,  1807,  preferring  the 
Infantry  arm,  he  was  promoted  an  ensign  in  the  Second  Regi- 
ment, which,  after  a  tedious  journey,  he  joined  at  Cantonment, 
Columbia  Springs,  in  the  rear  of  Fort  Adams,  Miss.  Here  he 
devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  the  study  of  the  early  campaigns  of 
Napoleon,  who  was  then  the  military  prodigy  of  the  world  ;  but 
this  fascinating  occupation  was  soon  interrupted  by  his  having 
to  watch  smugglers  on  the  Florida  frontier  and  march  from  one 
unhealthy  camp  to  another  in  the  Gulf  States.  During  these 
migrations  he  met  Captain  Winfield  Scott  just  after  his  duel 
near  Natchez  with  Dr.  Upshur  (brother  of  the  Secretary  of  State 
blown  up  on  board  the  Princeton),  Lieutenant  James  Gibson,  sub- 
sequently killed  at  the  sortie  from  Fort  Erie,  Gen.  James  Wilkin- 
son, Captain  Edmond  P.  Gaines,  Gen.  Wade  Hampton,  and 
other  since  famous  officers  of  whom  he  had  many  anecdotes  to 
relate.  Wearied  finally  with  slow  promotion,  and  disgusted 
that  ignorant  civilians  were  appointed  to  rank  him,  he  resigned 
March  13,  181 1,  his  commission  of  First  Lieutenant  in  the 
Army. 

1 '  Soon  after  this  period  a  Mexican  deputation  from  the  Junta 
of  Coahuila,  Gen.  Bernado  Guiteras  and  Captain  Manscac 
arrived  at  Natchitoches,  where  Lieutenant  Magee,  a  graduate 
of  1809,  was  stationed,  and  offered  him  the  command  with  the 
rank  of  Colonel  of  the  combined  forces  there  assembled  of 
Mexicans  and  Anglo-Americans.  After  Magee  assumed  the 
command,  Noah,  allured  by  visions  of  a  golden  future,  joined, 
as  First  Lieutenant,  this  little  undisciplined  Falstaffian  regiment 
on  the  Brazos  river,  while  on  its  march  to  Fort  Bahia,  which  it 
entered  Nov.  14,  1812  ;  but  no  sooner  was  the  fort  in  posses- 
sion of  the  Patriot  Army  than  the  Spanish  royalists  besieged  it 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  37 

with  a  force  of  five  times  the  strength  of  the  garrison.  In  this 
struggle  poor  Col.  Magee  sickened  and  died,  and  was  buried 
with  the  honors  of  war  during  the  enemy's  cannonade,  a  six- 
pounder  ball  lodging  close  to  the  grave.  After  the  siege  was 
raised,  March  28,  18 13,  and  the  patriots  re-inforced,  this  little 
army,  with  Noah  in  command  of  its  rear  guard,  pursued  and 
routed  the  Royalists,  April  4,  18 13,  in  a  sharp  combat  near 
San  Antonio,  and  three  days  later  entered  the  capital  of  Texas, 
Salcido,  the  governor,  surrendering  at  discretion  with  his  entire 
force. 

' '  Informed  soon  after  of  the  declaration  of  war  by  the  United 
States  against  Great  Britain,  Noah,  true  to  the  flag  of  his 
adopted  country,  left  Texas,  and,  escaping  through  many  perils 
by  flood  and  field,  reached  the  city  of  Washington,  where  he 
was  most  sadly  disappointed  in  not  being  re-commissioned  by 
President  Madison  in  the  United  States  Army.  Nothing 
daunted,  however,  he  proceeded  to  New  York,  and  volunteered 
his  services  as  a  private  soldier  with  Captain  Benjamin  Dun- 
ning's  company  for  the  defence  of  Brooklyn,  then  being  fortified 
by  Gen.  Joseph  G.  Swift,  to  repel  an  anticipated  descent  of  the 
British  on  Long  Island  at  Sag  Harbor.  His  services  here  and 
at  Harlem  Heights,  to  the  close  of  the  war,  in  aid  of  the  militia 
force,  were  most  zealous  and  untiring,  his  military  education, 
practical  knowledge  and  quick  intelligence  proving  powerful 
auxiliaries  to  his  patriotic  devotion  to  duty.  After  the  termi- 
nation of  Noah's  military  career,  he  taught  school  near  Goshen, 
New  York,  till  1820  ;  then  for  two  years  was  in  England,  being 
present  at  the  trial  of  Queen  Caroline  and  the  Coronation  of 
George  the  Fourth;  resumed  school  teaching  and  was  employed 
in  various  academies  in  Virginia  until  May  24,  1848  ;  and 
subsequently  resided  with  a  faithful  friend  at  Mount  Pulaski, 
IyOgan  county,  111.,  where  he  died.  The  romantic  record  of 
Samuel  Noah's  early  life  is  full  of  wild  adventure  and  thrilling 
incidents;  his  after  history  was  a  curious  medley,  almost  the 
very  counterpart  of  the  vicissitudes  to  which  Gil  Bias  was 
exposed;  and  his  declining  years  were  an  old  age  of  poverty, 
with  little  relief  even  from  sources  upon  which  he  confidently 
counted  to  ease  his  weary  journey  to  the  grave." 

In  this  connection  reference  would  also  seem  to  be  in  order  to 


38  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

some  New  York  Jews  who  served  in  the  Mexican  War,  one  of 
them  with  particular  distinction  and  honor.  This  list  includes 
Sergeant  Jacob  David,  Sergeant  Samuel  Henry,  and  Private 
Abraham  Adler  (killed);  Corporal  Jacob  Hirshhorn  and  Private 
Otto  Neubauer,  Phillip  Myers,  and  Jacob  Lema,  Mark  Kahn, 
Alexander  Simm,  John  Myers,   James  Hart  and  William  Hart, 

Myers,  Marx  M.  Hart,  Henry  Phillips,  Joseph  Henriques, 

and  Jacob  C.  Somers.  (See  article  by  the  present  writer  in 
American  Hebrew,  February  9,  1894.) 

V. 

Some  Baltimore  Jews. 

Turning  next  to  Baltimore,  two  interesting  incidents  are  in 
point.  The  one  carries  us  back  to  Revolutionary  times,  and  is 
to  be  connected  with  the  name  of  Jacob  Hart,  one  of  a  number 
of  patriotic  merchants  of  Baltimore;  whether  he  was  the  only 
Jew  in  the  group  is  unknown.  The  incident  is  briefly  referred 
to  as  follows,  in  a  letter  written  by  Lafayette  to  Washington, 
April  18,  1 87 1.  (Memoirs,  Correspondence  and  Manuscripts 
of  General  Lafayette,  Vol.  I,  page  403.)  "  To  these  measures 
for  punishing  deserters,  I  have  added  one  which  my  feelings 
for  the  sufferings  of  the  soldiers  and  peculiarity  of  their  circum- 
stances have  prompted  me  to  adopt.  The  merchants  of  Balti- 
more lent  me  a  sum  of  about  ^2000  which  will  procure  some 
shirts,  linen,  overalls,  shoes  and  a  few  hats  ;  the  ladies  will 
make  up  the  shirts,  and  the  overalls  will  be  made  by  the  detach- 
ment, so  that  our  soldiers  have  a  chance  of  being  a  little  more 
comfortable.  The  money  is  lent  upon  my  credit,  and  I  become 
security  for  the  payment  of  it  in  two  years'  time,  when,  by  the 
French  laws,  I  may  better  dispose  of  my  estate.  But  before 
that  time,  I  shall  use  my  influence  with  the  French  court,  in 
order  to  have  this  sum  of  money  added  to  any  loan  Congress 
may  have  been  able  to  obtain  from  them."  The  following 
entry  ' '  Accounts  of  the  United  States  with  the  Superintendent 
of  Finance  ' '  (Robert  Morris)  serves  to  identify  the  merchants  : 
"  May  27,  (1782)  Jacob  Hart  and  others  for  the  Repayment  of 
Money  Loaned  the  Marquis  de  Lafayette  at  Baltimore  —  7256 
dollars. ' '     Further  details  appear  from  the  following  passages 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  39 

in  the  Journals  of  Congress,  Vol.  VII  p.  86:  "Thursday,  May 
24,  1 78 1.  On  the  report  of  the  committee  to  whom  was 
referred  a  letter  of  April  22  from  Maj.  Gen.  the  Marquis  de  la 
Fayette: 

Resolved,  That  Congress  entertains  a  just  sense  of  the  patriotic 
and  timely  exertions  of  the  merchants  of  Baltimore  who  so 
generously  supplied  the  Marquis  de  la  Fayette  with  about  2000 
guineas,  to  enable  him  to  forward  the  detachment  under  his 
command;  That  the  Marquis  de  la  Fayette  be  assured  that 
Congress  will  take  proper  measures  to  discharge  the  engage- 
ment he  has  entered  into  with  the  merchants." 

Compare  with  this  an  article  on  ' '  Old  Maryland  Homes  and 
Ways,"  by  John  W.  Palmer,  in  the  Century,  December  1894, 
p.  258.  Markens  in  his  "  Hebrews  in  America  "  (p.  93)  briefly 
refers  to  the  incident,  describing  Hart  as  a  Hebrew  of  German 
birth,  who  came  to  this  country  in  1775;  he  was  the  father-in- 
law  of  Haym  M.  Salomon,  son  of  the  patriot,  Haym  Salomon. 
Certainly  not  less  interesting,  though  less  well  known,  is  the 
following  incident  in  the  Mexican  War,  which  is  translated  from 
the  "  Allgemeine  Zeitung  des  Judenthums,,,  Vol.  X  p.  508, 
August  24,  1846  :  "The  New  York  Herald  of  July  15,  (1846) 
contains  the  following  item,  in  reference  to  the  call  for  50,000 
volunteers  to  join  the  army  against  Mexico:  '  Baltimore  July  3. 
Among  the  companies  which  have  been  formed  here,  a  volun- 
teer corps  of  Jews  attracts  particular  attention.  Although  com- 
posed for  the  most  part  of  immigrants,  they  have  given,  by 
the  raising  of  this  company,  to  fight  with  the  native  militia  on 
behalf  of  our  institutions,  a  splendid  instance  of  their  love  and 
devotion  for  these  and  for  their  new  fatherland.  Yes,  their  love 
for  the  fame  and  independence  of  our  country  has  been  dis- 
played all  the  more  pointedly  as  they  have  organized  their 
company  by  selecting  one  not  of  their  faith  as  their  chief  officer, 
namely,  Captain  Carroll,  who  was  paymaster  of  the  Fifth 
regiment,  but  willingly  resigned  his  position  to  accept  the 
command  of  this  patriotic  com  pan}'  of  volunteers.  Its  other 
officers  are:  Mr.  Levi  Benjamin,  first  lieutenant;  Joseph  Simpson, 
second  lieutenant;  Samuel  G.  Goldsmith,  third  lieutenant;  S. 
Eytinge,  first  sergeant;  Dr.  J.  Horwitz,  surgeon."  An  exami- 
nation of  the  copy  of  the  Herald  thus  referred  to,  fails  to  show 


40  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

the  English  original  of  the  above  item  ;  either  the  date  or  the 
name  of  the  paper  is  incorrectly  cited,  though  the  facts  are  no 
doubt  correctly  given. 

VI. 

South  Carolina  Jewish  Patriots. 

The  following  item  from  an  article  by  Rev.  Isaac  Leeser,  in 
The  Occident,  Vol.  XVI,  p.  142  (1858)  gives  in  some  little 
detail  a  story  since  then  oft  repeated  ;  the  primary  authorities 
for  the  incident  are  still  unknown  to  the  writer  thereof:  "  A 
company  of  soldiers  who  did  good  service  in  the  defence  of 
Charleston  Harbor  were  nearly  all,  if  not  all  Jews.  The  names 
of  Daniel  W.  Cardozo,  Jacob  I.  Cohen,  Sr.,  and  Isaiah  Isaacs, 
we  think,  must  have  been  on  the  roll  of  that  company. 
Relations  or  descendants  of  all  of  these  are  still  to  be  found 
among  our  most  respectable  families.  Sheftall  Sheftall,  Isaac 
N.  Cardozo,  a  brother  of  David,  and  Colonel  Bush,  occur  to  us 
just  now  as  brave  soldiers  in  the  Revolution,  and  no  doubt 
many  others  are  known  to  other  persons."  Compare  with  this 
the  following  passage  from  a  speech  of  Col.  J.  W.  D.  Worthing- 
ton  on  the  Jew  Bill,  Maryland,  1824  (Speeches  on  the  Jew  Bill, 
etc.,  by  H.  N.  Brackenridge,  Phila.  1829,  p.  115):  "  Here  is 
another  paper  which  contains  the  names  of  a  corps  of  volunteer 
infantry,  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in  February,  1779.  It 
was  composed  chiefly  of  Israelites,  residing  in  King's  Street 
and  was  commanded  by  Captain  Lushington,  and  afterward 
fought  under  Gen.  Moultrie  at  the  Battle  of  Beaufort."  Also 
Westeott's  ' '  Persons  Who  Took  the  Oath  of  Allegiance  to  Penn- 
sylvania. "  "  Abraham  Seixas,  formerly  an  officer  in  the  Militia 
of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  lately  arrived  in  this  city,  Phila- 
delphia; Merchant,  May  31,  1782." 

VII. 
Mordecai   Sheftall,  of  Savannah,  Georgia. 

We  may  fittingly  close  this  paper  with  an  account  of  a  Jewish 
patriot  of  the  Revolution  who  held  important  and  responsible 
positions  under  both  Congressional  and  Georgia  State  control, 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  41 

and  who  had  occasion  to  find  that  the  Sovereign  will  often  de- 
cline to  pay  even  the  most  bona  fide  debts,  where  powerful  in- 
fluence to  force  bills  for  their  payment  through  Congress  is 
wanting.  One  of  the  witnesses  in  the  Court  Martial  Proceed- 
ings, of  Major  General  Howe,  in  1780,  (N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc. 
Collections,  1879,  pp.  260-263,  301)  was  Mordecai  Sheftall, 
who  was  Deputy  Commissar}'  General  of  Issues  to  the  Con- 
tinental troops  in  Georgia  during  the  period  of  the  British  in- 
vasion of  that  State,  and  also  Commissary  General  of  Purchase 
and  Issues  to  the  Militia.  He  testified  to  various  measures  he 
had  recommended  for  removing  supplies  from  positions  of 
danger,  to  prevent  their  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  British, 
and  it  is  very  suggestive  that  these  provisions  should  be  referred 
to  in  the  Index,  under  the  heading:  "Jewish  Thrift,"  (Collec- 
tions, 1880,  p.  461).  In  his  defence,  General  Howe  referred 
to  him  as  follows:  "Mr.  Sheftall,  the  Deputy  Commissary 
General  of  Issues,  has  been  brought  by  the  prosecutors  to  prove 
upon  me,  as  I  suppose,  a  neglect  of  the  public  stores.  I  have 
ever  had  a  favorable  opinion  of  Mr.  Sheftall,  as  an  honest  man, 
and  from  the  testimony  of  such,  I  know  I  have  nothing  to  fear; 
his  evidence,  therefore,  is  in  my  favor.  Many  measures,  how- 
ever, were  pursued  that  Mr.  Sheftall  might  have  had  no  knowl- 
edge of. ' '  Mr.  Sheftall 's  was  one  of  the  earliest  Jewish  families 
in  Georgia,  and  various  items  in  regard  to  his  character  and 
standing  are  collated  in  Judge  Daly's  work  (p.  70,  et.  seq. ), 
where  his  name  is,  erroneously,  it  seems,  spelt  Sheftail.  On 
page  72  reference  is  made  to  Cushman  Polack,  who  was  also  a 
witness  in  the  Howe  trial,  (pp.  264-5)  ne  having  been  a  private 
in  the  militia  in  Georgia  at  the  same  time;  his  name  is  there 
spelt  "Coshman  Pollock").  Markens  also  adds,  on  what 
authority  I  am  unable  to  state,  (p.  49)  that  when  the  British  took 
possession  of  Savannah,  December  29,  1778,  Mordecai  Sheftall, 
with  his  son  Sheftall  Sheftall,  endeavored  to  make  his  escape, 
but  was  compelled  to  surrender  by  a  body  of  Highlanders.  He 
was  taken  to  the  guard-house,  where  the  officer  in  charge  was 
instructed  to  guard  him  well,  as  he  was  ' '  a  great  rebel. ' '  There 
he  was  confined  with  a  number  of  soldiers  and  negroes  without 
a  morsel  to  eat  until  a  Hessian  officer  named  Zeltman,  finding 
he  could  speak  his  language,  removed  him  to  his  quarters  and 


42  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  A S 

permitted  him  to  communicate  with  his  wife  and  son.  In  an 
interesting  narrative,  published  many  years  ago,  Mr.  Sheftall 
states  that  he  was  treated  with  abuse  by  Captain  Strarhope  of  the 
' '  Raven ' '  sloop  of  war,  and  he  and  his  son  were  ordered  on 
board  the  prison  ship.  His  name,  with  the  inscription,  "Chair- 
man Rebel  Provisional  Committee,"  is  enrolled  on  the  list  of 
those  who  were  selected  as  coming  under  the  Disqualifying  Act 
of  July,  1780,  and  thus  rendered  u  incapable  of  holding  or  exer- 
cising any  office  of  trust,  honor  or  profit  in  the  Province  of 
Georgia." 

The  writer  hereof  believes,  that,  until  now,  no  particulars 
have  been  known  to  the  Jewish  historian  in  regard  to  a  claim 
urged  by  Sheftall,  and  afterwards  his  widow,  before  Congress. 
It  appears  that  he  presented  a  petition  to  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives on  March  29,  1792,  asking  for  a  settlement  of  his  ac- 
counts as  Deputy  Commissary  General  of  Issues  for  the  South- 
ern Department  during  the  Revolutionary  War  with  Great 
Britain.  The  claim  was  referred  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  who  reported  it  to  the  next  Congress,  though  the 
nature  of  his  report  is  not  known  to  the  writer.  In  the  fourth 
Congress  the  petition  was  referred  to  the  Commitee  on  Claims, 
which  reported  it  back  to  the  House,  February  11,  1797.  In 
the  House  List  of  Private  Claims  (Vol.  Ill,  p.  305-6),  this  re- 
port is  marked  "adverse."  No  authority  seems  to  exist  for 
this  statement.  In  fact,  another  claim  reported  at  the  same 
time  was  rejected  at  once,  but  the  Sheftall  claim  was  referred  to 
the  Committee  of  the  Whole  on  the  following  Wednesday,  but  on 
that  day  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been  considered.  In  the 
Seventh  Congress,  Frances,  widow  of  Mordecai  Sheftall,  renewed 
her  husband's  petition  and  it  was  again  referred  to  a  committee. 
This  committee's  report  was  read  and  considered  on  April  3, 
1802,  but  further  consideration  was  postponed  till  the  4th  Mon- 
day of  November  following,  which  was  practically  equivalent  to 
killing  the  measure,  as  Congress  never  meets  in  ordinary  session 
in  November.  (Journals  of  Congress,  House,  Second,  1st 
Session,  p.  554;  Third,  1st  Session,  pp.  77-8  ;  Fourth,  1st  Ses- 
sion, p.  451;  Fourth,  2d  Session,  p.  691;  Seventh,  1st  Session, 
136,  177,  Carpenter;  American  Senator,  III,  449-50).  No 
further  information  as  to  the  claim  is  at  hand.     From  the  per- 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  43 

sistence  in  pressing  it,  it  must  be  concluded  that  some  sub- 
stantial sum  was  involved.  It  may  be  that  it  was  rejected 
because  the  United  States  declined  to  assume  liability  for  the 
acts  of  the  State  of  Georgia,  there  having  been  a  series  of  contro- 
versies between  the  State  and  General  Government  as  to  the 
liability  of  the  latter  for  military  services  and  expenditures  in- 
curred in  behalf  of  the  former.  At  any  rate,  the  claim  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  paid,  and  like  the  Haym  Salomon  claim,  is 
another  illustration  of  our  country's  ingratitude  to  those  who 
made  sacrifices  for  it  of  worldly  goods  and  life  and  limb  in  its 
hours  of  need. 


44  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


JEWISH  SOLDIERS.  IN  THE  CONTINENTAL 

ARMIES. 

Scant  and  unsatisfactory  as  are  the  army  records  of  the 
Revolutionary  period,  enough  of  an  authentic  character  has 
been  preserved  to  fully  sustain  the  statement  of  Solomon  Etting, 
who,  writing  in  Baltimore  in  1824,  notes  that  among  the  soldiers 
of  the  Revolution  ' '  were  many  Hebrews  who  were  always  at 
their  post  and  always  foremost  in  all  hazardous  enterprises. ' ' 
This  almost  contemporary  notice  emanates  from  a  Jew  whose 
father  had  served  in  the  Continental  army  from  the  beginning 
of  the  Revolution  to  the  capture  of  Charleston,  and  who, 
through  the  prominence  of  his  family  had  been  brought  in  con- 
tact with  many  of  the  distinguished  participants  in  the  momen- 
tous struggle. 

The  active  co-operation  of  Jewish  citizens  in  the  non-importa- 
tion movement  of  1763  has  already  been  adverted  to,  but  even 
before  that  time  we  find  references  to  prominent  Jewish  partici- 
pants in  the  public  defense.  In  1754,  during  the  French  and 
Indian  War,  Isaac  Myers,  a  Jewish  citizen  of  New  York,  called 
a  town  meeting  at  the  ' '  Rising  Sun  ' '  Inn  and  organized  a 
company  of  bateau  men  of  which  he  became  captain.  Two 
other  Jews  are  named  as  taking  part  in  the  same  war,  both  of 
whom  served  in  the  expedition  across  the  Allegheny  mountains 
in  the  year  above  noted.  It  is  altogether  probable  that  these 
three  were  not  the  only  Jewish  soldiers  of  that  early  war,  but 
only  these  have  left  traces  of  their  presence.  In  the  following 
year,  1755,  when  the  colonies  were  agitated  by  the  disastrous 
ending  of  the  Braddock  campaign  and  the  incipient  movement 
toward  federation,  we  find  a  Jew,  Benjamin  Cohen,  a  member 
of  the  Provincial  Council  of  Pennsylvania  and  Attorney-General 
of  the  colony. 

The  chronicles  of  the  Revolutionary  War  afford  a  considerable 
and  in  many  respects  an  interesting  list  of  Jewish  names.  A  few 
of  the  more  prominent  of  these  have  already  been  mentioned 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  45 

under  preceding  heads,  and  others  cited  on  the  records  are  here 
added  in  alphabetical  order  : 

Captain  Noah  Abraham 

was  called  out  with  the  battalion  of  Cumberland  County 
Militia,  of  Pennsylvania,  "by  an  order  from  Council,  July 

28,  1777." 

Aaron  Benjamin, 

Ensign  of  8th  Connecticut  Regiment,  January  1,  1777; 
Second  Lieutenant,  February  14,  1778  ;  First  lieutenant, 
May  7,  1778  ;  Regimental  Adjutant,  April  1,  1780,  to 
January,  1783  ;  transferred  to  5th  Connecticut  Regiment 
January  1,  1781  ;  transferred  to  3rd  Connecticut  Regi- 
ment January  1,  1783;  retained  in  Swift's  Connecticut 
Regiment  June,  1783,  and  served  to  November  3,  1783  ; 
Lieutenant- Colonel  of  37th  United  States  Infantry  March 
11,  18 13  ;  honorably  discharged  June  15,  18 15  ;  died 
January  11,  1829. 

Samuel  Benjamin, 

Ensign  of  8th  Massachusetts  Regiment  January  1,  1777; 
Second  Lieutenant  October  3,  1777  ;  First  Lieutenant 
March  28,  1779,  served  to  June,  1783. 

Joseph  Bloomfield, 

Captain  of  3rd  New  Jersey  Regiment  February  9,  1776; 
Deputy  Judge  Advocate-General  November  17,  1776,  to 
October  29,  1778  ;  Brigadier-General  United  States  Army 
March  27,  18 12  ;  honorably  discharged  June  15,  18 15 ; 
died  October  3,  1823. 

Moses  Bix>omfiei.d, 

(New  Jersey)  Hospital  Surgeon  May  14,  1777  ;  Hospital 
Physician  and  Surgeon  October  6,  1780;  resigned  De- 
cember 13,  1780;  died  August  14,  1791. 

Henry  Pike  Bush 

is  recorded  as  a  soldier  in  the  ' '  Associators  and  Flying 
Camp,"  Pennsylvania. 

Colonel  Solomon  Bush 

was  an  officer  in  the  Pennsylvania  Militia  (i777-I778)> 
whose  record  is  highly  creditable  and  whose  services  won 


46  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

for  him  a  well-deserved  promotion.  He  was  appointed 
Deputy  Adjutant  General  of  the  Militia  of  the  State  on 
July  5,  1777.  As  to  his  subsequent  career  in  the  army,  no 
stronger  testimony  could  be  desired  than  that  set  forth  in 
the  resolution  adopted  by  the  Supreme  Executive  Council 
of  Pennsylvania,  at  its  session  on  Wednesday,  October  20, 
1779.     It  reads  thus  : 

"The  petition  of  Major  Solomon  Bush,  in  the  militia  of 
this  State,  being  read,  and  due  inquiry  having  been  made 
into  the  circumstances  of  his  case,  it  appears  that  Major 
Bush  has,  on  many  occasions,  distinguished  himself  in  the 
public  service,  especially  in  the  winter  of  1776,  when  the 
service  was  critical  and  hazardous. 

"That  he  entered  again  into  the  said  service  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1777,  when  General  Sir  William  Howe  invaded  the 
State  and  the  militia  were  called  out  pursuant  to  the  reso- 
lutions of  Congress  and  the  requisition  of  His  Excellency, 
General  Washington  ;  and  in  the  month  of  September, 
1777,  acting  as  Deputy  Adjutant  General,  he  was  danger- 
ously wounded  in  a  skirmish  between  the  militia  and  the 
advance  of  the  British  Army,  his  thigh  being  broken  and 
he  brought  off  with  great  difficulty  ;  that  being  carried  to 
his  father's  house,  on  Chestnut  Hill,  and  incapable  of  being 
moved,  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British  Army,  when 
it  moved  up  to  Whitemarsh,  in  December,  1777,  who  took 
his  parole  ;  That  he  has  ever  since  been  confined  with  his 
wound,  and  incapable  of  performing  any  military  duty,  or 
acquiring  a  livelihood,  but  on  the  other  hand,  his  situation 
attended  with  much  difficulty  and  expense. 

"All  which  circumstances  being  considered,  and  that 
the  said  Major  Bush  being  at  the  time  of  receiving  his 
wounds  in  Continental  Service  and  now  a  prisoner  of  war. 

"Resolved,  That  he  be  recommended  to  the  especial 
notice  of  the  Honourable  Board  of  War,  in  order  to  obtain 
pay  and  rations  equal  to  his  rank  ;  and  that  this  Board  in 
consideration  of  the  services  and  sufferings  of  Major  Bush, 
will  permit  him  to  draw  from  the  State  store,  from  time  to 
time,  such  articles  as  may  be  necessary  for  his  comfortable 
Subsistance  and  Support." 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  47 

That  Major  Bush  had  already  been  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  Lieutenant-Colonel,  is  evidenced  by  another  resolution, 
complimentary  to  him,  adopted  by  the  same  Council  seven 
days  later,  when  he  was  "recommended  to  the  Honourable' 
the  Board  of  War,  for  pay  and  rations  accordingly." 
Again  on  November  5,  1785,  the  Council,  over  which  Ben- 
jamin Franklin  then  presided,  passed  an  order  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a  pension  due  to  Lieutenant-Colonel  Bush. 

Major  Lewis  Bush 

became  First  Lieutenant  of  the  6th  Pennsylvania  Battalion 
on  January  9,  1776  and  Captain  the  following  June.  He 
was  transferred  to  Colonel  Thomas  Hartley's  Additional 
Continental  Regiment  January  13,  1773  and  was  commis- 
sioned Major,  March  12,  1777.  That  he  proved  a  brave 
soldier,  his  efficient  service  in  a  number  of  battles  affords 
ample  evidence.  At  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  September 
11,  1777,  he  was  fatally  wounded,  and  four  days  later  he 
died. 

Jonas  Bush 

was  in  the  roll  of  revolutionary  soldiers,  but  there  is  no 
information  given  as  to  his  rank  or  date  of  enlistment. 

Jacob  I.  Cohen 

in  1783  went  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  during  the  campaign 
which  followed,  took  part  as  a  volunteer  soldier  in  the 
Continental  army,  serving  under  Moultrie  and  Lincoln. 
Frequent  references  to  Mr.  Cohen  are  found  in  the  Madison 
papers,  and  his  valuable  services  are  repeatedly  adverted 
to. 

Phiuip  Jacob  Cohen 

became  so  distinguished  for  the  services  he  rendered  to  the 
Colonies  that  he  was  singled  out  by  the  British  authorities 
through  a  special  order  depriving  him  of  the  right  of  hold- 
ing or  exercising  any  office  of  trust,  honor  or  profit  in  the 
Province  of  Georgia. 

Mordecai  Davis, 

Ensign  of  2nd  Pennsylvania  Battery  January  5,  1776  ; 
died  on  August   12,    1776. 


48  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Reuben  Etting 

was  a  clerk  in  Baltimore  at  the  time  of  the  battle  at  Lex- 
ington. Although  only  19  years  of  age,  he  enlisted  in  a 
Maryland  company,  which  hastened  north  to  join  the  forces 
of  Congress.  He  served  in  various  battles  and  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  British  at  the  surrender  of  Charleston. 
When  released  from  imprisonment  by  exchange  he  was 
broken  in  health  from  ill  treatment  in  prison  and  exposure 
on  the  field.  He  was  a  captain  of  the  Independent  Blues 
in  1798,  and  Marshal  of  Maryland,  appointed  by  President 
Jefferson. 

Solomon  Etting, 

a  native  of  York,  Pennsylvania,  appears  as  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  citizens  appointed  to  forward  resolutions  to  Wash- 
ington expressive  of  disapprobation  of  a  proposed  treaty 
with  Great  Britain.  Subsequently  settled  in  Baltimore  and 
became  President  of  the  Municipal  Council. 

Colonel  Isaac  Franks, 

who  then  lived  in  Philadelphia,  entered  the  army  shortly 
after  the  battle  of  Lexington.  He  became  aid-de-camp  to 
General  Washington,  holding  the  rank  of  colonel,  and 
serving  throughout  the  war.  After  the  Revolution  Colonel 
Franks  became  the  incumbent  of  various  civil  offices,  among 
them  Prothonotary  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania, 
being  appointed  to  that  position  on  February  18,  18 19. 
His  residence  in  Germantown  was  for  some  time  occupied 
by  President  Washington. 

Colonel  David  S.  Franks,  Aide-de-camp.    See  sketch  on  p.  27. 

Michael  Gratz, 

of  Philadelphia,  aided  the  Colonists  in  the  Revolutionary 
war.  He  was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Non-Importation 
Resolutions  (October  20,  1765),  after  the  passage  of  the 
Stamp  Act,  and  was  among  the  most  active,  patriotic  and 
respected  Israelites  of  Philadelphia,  being  a  conspicuous 
character  in  public  affairs. 

Bernard  Hart 

was  Quartermaster  of  a  brigade  of  State  troops  during  the 
Revolution. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  49 

Michael  Hart,  • 

a  public  spirited  and  leading  citizen  of  Eastern,  Pa.,  of 
whom  it  is  recorded  : 

' '  Let  it  be  remembered  that  Michael  Hart  was  a  Jew, 
practically  pious,  a  Jew  reverencing  and  strictly  observant 
of  the  Sabbath  and  Festivals  ;  dietary  laws  were  also  ad- 
hered to.  *  *  *  Mark  well  that  he,  Washington,  the 
then  honored  as  'first  in  peace,  first  in  war,  and  first  in  the 
hearts  of  his  countrymen,'  even  during  a  short  sojourn, 
became  for  the  hour  the  guest  of  the  worthy  Jew." 

Moses  Hammer 

enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  ist  Pennsylvania  Battalion 
November  15,    1775. 

David  Hays,  Jr., 

was  an  active  participant  in  the  struggle  for  independence 
and  served  with  the  Colonial  Army  on  Long  Island.  In 
retaliation  for  his  patriotic  services  the  Tories  burned  his 
house  and  store.  Prior  to  the  Revolution  he  was  one  of 
the  Commissioners  appointed  by  the  British  authorities  to 
lay  out  public  lands.  All  of  his  family  sided  with  the 
Colonists  during  the  War  of  Independence. 

David  Hays  and  Jacob  Hays, 

father  and  son,  fought  in  various  of  the  battles  for  inde- 
pendence. 

Colonel  Isaacs, 

of  North  Carolina  Militia  ;  wounded  and  taken  prisoner 
at  Camden  August  16,    1780;  exchanged  July,    1781. 

Moses  Isaacks, 

one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Newport,  R.  I.,  was  an  active 
supporter  of  the  Army  of  the  Revolution.  He  had  the 
honor  of  receiving  General  Washington  as  a  guest  at  his 
house. 

Soeomon  Isaac 

enlisted  as  a  private  in  the   6th  Pennsylvania    Battalion, 
company  of  Capt.   Robert  Adams,  February  6,   1776. 
4 


50  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Isaac  Israel, 

2nd  Lieutenant  of  8th  Virginia  Regiment,  February  9, 
1776  ;  1  st  Lieutenant,  January,  1777  ;  Captain,  November 
23>  1777  ;  transferred  to  4th  Virginia  Regiment,  Septem- 
ber 14,    1778. 

Joseph  Israel 

volunteered  as  a  soldier  during  the  Revolution. 

Jacob  Leon 

was  an  officer  on  the  staff  of  General  Pulaski. 

Jacob  De  Leon, 

of  Charleston,  S.  C,  was  a  distinguished  officer  of  the  War 
of  the  Revolution.  He  served  as  captain  on  the  staff  of 
General  de  Kalb,  and  when  the  latter  was  mortally 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Camden,  S.  C,  de  Leon  in  com- 
pany with  Major  Benjamin  Nones  and  Captain  Jacob  de  la 
Motta,  of  the  staff,  carried  de  Kalb  from  the  field. 

Asher  Levy, 

Ensign  of  1st  New  Jersey  Regiment,  September  12,  1778  ; 
resigned  June  4,  1779. 

Nathaniel  Levy, 

of  Baltimore,  served  under  Lafayette  during  the  Revolu- 
tionary War. 

Israel  de  Lieber 

was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  who  rose  from  the 
ranks  to  military  positions  of  honor  and  trust. 

Jacob  Moser, 

Captain  of  6th  Pennsylvania  Regiment,  February  15,  1777; 
retired,  July  1,  1778. 

Benjamin  Moses 

served  on  the  staff  of  General  Pulaski. 

Isaac  Moses, 

of  Philadelphia,  advanced  three  thousand  pounds  when 
Robert  Morris  undertook  to  raise  money  to  prosecute  the 
War  of  Independence;  he  was  active  in  the  Jewish  com- 
munities of  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  51 

EMANUEL   DE   I<A   MOTTA 

served  in  the  Revolution  and  in  the  War  of  1812.  In 
recognition  of  his  valor  as  displayed  in  battle  he  was  pro- 
moted from  the  ranks  to  a  military  position  of  honor. 

Jacob  de  i,a  Motta 

was  a  captain  on  the  staff  of  General  Pulaski. 

ManukIv  Mordecai  Noah, 

of  South  Carolina,  (1 747-1825)  patriot  and  soldier;  here- 
tofore referred  to.  as  having  contributed  twenty  thousand 
pounds  to  the  support  of  the  American  army;  served  with 
General  Marion,  also  on  the  staff  of  General  Washington. 

Major  Benjamin  Nones, 

a  native  of  Bordeaux,  France,  came  to  Philadelphia  in 
1777.  He  served  at  various  times  on  the  staff  of  General 
Lafayette  and  on  that  of  General  Washington.  He  had 
previously  been  a  private  under  General  Pulaski,  and  had, 
as  he  writes,  ' '  fought  in  almost  every  action  which  took 
place  in  Carolina,  and  in  the  disastrous  affair  of  Savannah, 
shared  the  hardships  of  that  sanguinary  day. ' '  He  became 
major  of  a  Legion  of  four  hundred  men  attached  to  Baron 
De  Kalb's  command  and  composed  in  part  of  Hebrews.  At 
the  battle  of  Camden,  S.  C,  on  August  16,  1780,  when  the 
brave  De  Kalb  fell  mortally  wounded,  Major  Nones,  Capt. 
Jacob  De  la  Motta  and  Capt.  Jacob  de  Leon  bore  their 
chief  from  the  battlefield. 

Major  Nones  rendered  many  conspicuous  services,  civil 
and  military,  to  his  adopted  country. 

Abraham  R.  Rivera 

was  a  member  of  the  artillery  corps  of  Newport,  R.  I.,  in 
1790. 

Phiup  Moses  Russei, 

was  born  1745,  and  resided  in  Germantown,  Pa.  When 
the  war  broke  out  in  the  Spring  of  1775  he  enlisted  as 
surgeon's  mate  under  the  command  of  General  Lee,  serv- 
ing about  ten  months.  After  the  British  occupation  of 
Philadelphia,   in  September,    1777,   he  became  surgeon's 


52  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

mate  to  Surgeon  Norman,   of  the  Second  Virginia  Regi- 
ment. 

Russell  went  into  winter  quarters  with  the  army  at  Val- 
ley Forge,  1 777-1 778.  An  attack  of  sickness,  which  im- 
paired both  his  sight  and  hearing,  forced  him  to  resign  in 
August,  1780.  He  received  a  letter  of  commendation 
from  General  Washington,  "  for  his  assiduous  and  faithful 
attentions  to  the  sick  and  wounded." 

Ezekiee  Sampson, 

Lieutenant    of    Baldwin's  Artillery,    Artificer    Regiment, 
May  to  December,  1775. 

Joseph  Sampson, 

2nd  Lieutenant  of  Cotton's  Massachusetts  Regiment,  May 
to  December,  1775. 

Abraham  Skixes,  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  Georgia  Brigade  of 
the  Continental  Army. 

Mordecai  Sheftaee.     See  biographical  sketch,  p.  40.    , 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  53 


CORRESPONDENCE  BETWEEN  GEORGE  WASH- 
INGTON AND  HEBREW  CITIZENS. 

[Papers  collated  by  LEWIS  Abraham,  Esq.,  and  presented  at  the 

meeting  of  the  American  Jewish  Historical  Society,  at 

Washington,  December  27th,  1894.] 

When  Washington  had  concluded  his  labors  in  the  field  of 
war  and  had  attained  deserved  civic  honors,  and  when  laurels 
were  showered  upon  him  from  all  quarters  the  Hebrews  joined 
their  fellow-citizens  in  felicitating  the  hero  and  statesman. 

The  following  correspondence  is  collated  from  The  United 
States  Gazette,  of  1790;  a  partial  file  of  this  paper  can  be  found 
in  the  Congressional  Library.  It  is  strange  that  the  letters  are 
not  all  to  be  found  in  books  in  which  the  Washington  corre- 
spondence are  compiled. 

The  original  letter  addressed  to  the  ' '  Beth  Elohim  ' '  congre- 
gation of  Charleston,  S.  C,  was  carefully  preserved  among  the 
many  other  valuable  records  of  that  city,  but  was  destroyed  by 
the  great  fire  of  1838.  The  Mayor  of  Charleston  endeavored  to 
obtain  a  copy  from  the  general  government,  but  after  a  thorough 
examination  of  the  records,  no  such  document  could  be  found. 
After  a  prolonged  search,  however,  the  present  writer  was  en- 
abled to  discover  the  missing  document,  and  was  well  rewarded 
with  the  thanks  of  the  authorities  of  Charleston.  (Year- Book 
of  the  City  of  Charleston  for  1884,  page  280.) 

The  ' '  Address  from  the  Hebrew  Congregation  of  the  City  of 
Savannah,  Ga.,  to  George*  Washington ,  the  First  President  of 
the  United  States,"  presented  by  Mr.  Jackson,  one  of  the  repre- 
sentatives from  Georgia. 

Sir  :  We  have  long  been  anxious  of  congratulating  you  on 
your  appointment,  by  unanimous  approbation,  to  the  Presi- 
dential dignity  of  this  country  and  of  testifying  our  unbounded 
confidence  in  your  integrity  and  unblemished  virtue.  Yet  how- 
ever exalted  the  station  you  now  fill,  it  is  still  not  equal  to 


54  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

the  merit  of  your  heroic  services  through  an  arduous  and 
dangerous  conflict  which  has  embosomed  you  in  the  hearts  of 
her  citizens. 

Our  eccentric  situation,  added  to  a  diffidence  founded  on  the 
most  profound  respect,  has  thus  long  prevented  our  address,  yet 
the  delay  has  realized  anticipation,  given  us  an  opportunity  of 
presenting  our  grateful  acknowledgements  for  the  benediction 
of  Heaven  through  the  magnanimity  of  federal  influence  and 
the  equity  of  your  administration. 

Your  unexampled  liberality  and  extensive  philanthropy  have 
dispelled  that  cloud  of  bigotry  and  superstition  which  has  long, 
as  a  vail,  shaded  religion — unrivetted  the  fetters  of  enthusiasm 
— enfranchised  us  with  all  the  privileges  and  immunities  of  free 
citizens,  and  initiated  us  into  the  grand  mass  of  legislative 
mechanism.  By  example  you  have  taught  us  to  endure  the 
ravages  of  war  with  manly  fortitude,  and  to  enjoy  the  blessings 
of  peace  with  reverence  to  the  Deity  and  with  benignity  and 
love  to  our  fellow-creatures. 

May  the  Great  Author  of  the  world  grant  you  all  happiness 
— an  uninterrupted  series  of  health — addition  of  years  to  the 
number  of  your  days,  and  a  continuance  of  guardianship  to  that 
freedom  which  under  auspices  of  Heaven  your  magnanimity 
and  wisdom  have  given  these  States. 

IvEvi  ShkfTAIvL,  President. 
In  behalf  of  the  Hebrew  Congregations. 

To  which  the  President  was  pleased  to  return  the  following 
reply:   (Printed  in  Jared  Sparks   collection,  Vol.  XII,  p.  185). 

To  the  Hebrew  Congregations  of  the  City  of  Savannah,  Georgia: 

Gentlemen:  I  thank  you  with  great  sincerity  for  your  con- 
gratulations on  my  appointment  to  the  office  which  I  have  the 
honor  to  hold  by  the  unanimous  choice  of  my  fellow-citizens, 
and  especially  the  expressions  you  are  pleased  to  use  in  testify- 
ing the  confidence  that  is  reposed  in  me  by  your  congregations. 

As  the  delay  which  has  naturally  intervened  between  my 
election  and  your  address  has  afforded  me  an  opportunity  for 
appreciating  the  merits  of  the  Federal  Government  and  for  com- 
municating your  sentiments  of  its  administration,  I  have  rather 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  55 

to  express  my  satisfaction  rather  than  regret  at  a  circumstance 
which  demonstrates  (upon  experiment)  your  attachment  to  the 
former  as  well  as  approbation  of  the  latter. 

I  rejoice  that  a  spirit  of  liberality  and  philanthropy  is  much 
more  prevalent  than  it  formerly  was  among  the  enlightened 
nations  of  the  earth,  and  that  your  brethren  will  benefit  thereby 
in  proportion  as  it  shall  become  still  more  extensive;  happily  the 
people  of  the  United  States  have,  in  many  instances  exhibited 
examples  worthy  of  imitation,  the  salutary  influence  of  which 
will  doubtless  extend  much  farther  if  gratefully  enjoying  those 
blessings  of  peace  which  (under  the  favor  of  heaven)  have  been 
attained  by  fortitude  in  war,  they  shall  conduct  themselves 
with  reverence  to  the  Deity  and  charity  toward  their  fellow- 
creatures. 

May  the  same  wonder-working  Deity,  who  long  since  deliv- 
ered the  Hebrews  from  their  Egyptian  oppressors,  planted  them 
in  a  promised  land,  whose  providential  agency  has  lately  been  con- 
spicuous in  establishing  these  United  States  as  a?i  independe?it 
nation,  still  continue  to  water  them  with  the  dews  of  heaven 
and  make  the  inhabitants  of  every  denomination  participate  in 
the  temporal  and  spiritual  blessings  of  that  people  whose  God 
is  Jehovah. 

G.  Washington. 

Address  of  the  Newport  Co?igregatio?i  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States  of  America  : 

Sir:  Permit  the  children  of  the  stock  of  Abraham  to  ap- 
proach you  with  the  most  cordial  affection  and  esteem  for  your 
person  and  merit,  and  to  join  with  our  fellow-citizens  in  wel- 
coming you  to  Newport. 

With  pleasure  we  reflect  on  those  days  of  difficulty  and  dan- 
ger when  the  God  of  Israel,  who  delivered  David  from  the 
peril  of  the  sword,  shielded  your  head  in  the  day  of  battle;  and 
we  rejoice  to  think  that  the  same  spirit  which  rested  in  the 
bosom  of  the  greatly  beloved  Daniel,  enabling  him  to  preside 
over  the  province  of  the  Babylonian  Empire,  rests  and  ever  will 
rest  upon  you,  enabling  you  to  discharge  the  arduous  duties  of 
the  Chief  Magistrate  of  these  States. 

Deprived  as  we  hitherto  have  been  of  the  invaluable  rights 


56  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

of  free  citizens,  we  now — with  a  deep  sense  of  gratitude  to  the 
Almighty  Disposer  of  all  events — behold  a  government  erected 
by  the  majesty  of  the  people,  a  government  which  to  bigotry 
gives  no  sanction,  to  persecution  no  assistance,  but  generously 
affording  to  all  liberty  of  conscience  and  immunities  of  citizen- 
ship, deeming  every  one  of  whatever  nation,  tongue,  and  lan- 
guage equal  parts  of  the  great  governmental  machine. 

This  so  ample  and  extensive  Federal  Union,  whose  base  is 
philanthropy,  mutual  confidence  and  public  virtue,  we  cannot 
but  acknowledge  to  be  the  work  of  the  Great  God  who  rules  in 
the  armies  of  the  heavens  and  among  the  inhabitants  of  the 
earth,  doing  whatever  seemeth  to  Him  good. 

For  all  the  blessings  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  which  we 
enjoy  under  an  equal  benign  administration,  we  desire  to  send 
up  our  thanks  to  the  Ancient  days,  the  great  Preserver  of 
men,  beseeching  Him  that  the  angel  who  conducted  our  fore- 
fathers through  the  wilderness  into  the  promised  land  may 
graciously  conduct  you  through  all  the  difficulties  and  dangers 
of  this  mortal  life;  and  when,  like  Joshua,  full  of  days  and  full 
of  honors,  you  are  gathered  to  your  fathers,  may  you  be  ad- 
mitted into  the  heavenly  paradise  to  partake  of  the  water  of  life 
and  the  tree  of  immortality. 

Done  and  signed  by  order  of  the  Hebrew  Congregation  in 
Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

Moses  Seixes,    Warden. 
Newport,  August  17,  1790. 

Washington^ 's  reply  to  the  Hebrew  Congregation  in  Neiv- 
port,   R.  I.; 

GENTLEMEN:  While  I  receive  with  much  satisfaction  your 
address  replete  with  expressions  of  esteem,  I  rejoice  in  the 
opportunity  of  assuring  you  that  I  shall  always  retain  grateful 
remembrance  of  the  cordial  welcome  I  experienced  on  my  visit 
to  Newport,  from  all  classes  of  citizens. 

The  reflection  on  the  days  of  difficulty  and  danger,  which  are 
past,  is  rendered  the  more  sweet  from  a  consciousness  that  they 
are  succeeded  by  days  of  uncommon  prosperity  and  security. 

If  we  have  wisdom  to  make  the  best  use  of  the  advantages 
with  which  we  are  now  favored,  we  cannot  fail,  under  the  just 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  57 

administration  of  a  good   government,  to  become  a  great  and 
happy  people. 

The  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  America  have  a  right  to 
applaud  themselves  for  having  given  to  mankind  examples  of 
an  enlarged  and  liberal  policy,  a  policy  worthy  of  imitation. 
All  possess  alike  liberty  of  conscience  and  immunities  of  citizen- 
ship. 

It  is  now  no  more  that  toleration  is  spoken  of  as  if  it  were  by 
the  indulgence  of  one  class  of  people  that  another  enjoyed  the 
exercise  of  their  inherent  natural  rights,  for,  happily,  the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  which  gives  to  bigotry  no 
sanction,  to  persecution  no  assistance,  requires  only  that  they 
who  live  under  its  protection  should  demean  themselves  as  good 
citizens  in  giving  it  on  all  occasions  their  effectual  support. 

It  would  be  inconsistent  with  the  frankness  of  my  character 
not  to  avow  that  I  am  pleased  with  your  favorable  opinion  of 
my  administration,  and  fervent  wishes  for  my  felicity. 

May  the  children  of  the  stock  of  Abraham  who  dwell  in  this 
land  continue  to  merit  and  enjoy  the  good  will  of  the  other  in- 
habitants, while  every  one  shall  sit  in  safety  under  his  own  vine 
and  fig  tree,  and  there  shall  be  none  to  make  him  afraid. 

May  the  Father  of  all  mercies  scatter  light,  and  not  darkness, 
upon  our  paths  and  make  us  all  in  our  several  vocations  useful 
here,  and  in  his  own  due  time  and  way  everlastingly  happy. 

G.  Washington. 

The  add?rss  of  the  Hebrezv  Congregations  in  the  eities  of  Phila- 
delphia, New  York,  Riehmond,  and  Charleston,  to  the  President 
oj  the  United  States : 

Sir:  It  is  reserved  for  you  to  unite  in  affection  for  your 
character  and  person  every  political  and  religious  denomination 
of  men,  and  in  this  will  the  Hebrew  congregations  aforesaid 
yield  to  no  class  of  their  fellow-citizens. 

We  have  hitherto  been  prevented  by  various  circumstances 
peculiar  to  our  situation  from  adding  our  congratulations  to 
those  which  the  rest  of  America  have  offered  on  your  eleva- 
tion to  the  chair  of  the  Federal  Government.  Deign,  then, 
illustrious  sir,  to  accept  this  our  homage. 

The  wonders  which  the  Lord  of  Hosts  hath  worked  in  the 


58  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

days  of  our  forefathers  have  taught  us  to  observe  the  great- 
ness of  His  wisdom  and  His  might  throught  the  events  of  the 
late  glorious  Revolution;  and,  while  we  humble  ourselves  at  His 
footstool  in  thanksgiving  and  praise  for  the  blessing  of  His  de- 
liverance, we  acknowledge  you,  the  leader  of  American  armies, 
as  His  chosen  and  beloved  servant.  But  not  to  your  sword 
alone  is  present  happiness  to  be  ascribed;  that,  indeed,  opened 
the  way  to  the  reign  of  freedom,  but  never  was  it  perfectly  secure 
until  your  hand  gave  birth  to  the  Federal  Constitution  and  you 
renounced  the  joys  of  retirement  to  seal  by  your  administration 
in  peace  what  you  had  achieved  in  war. 

To  The  Eternal  God,  who  is  thy  refuge,  we  commit  in  our 
prayers  the  care  of  thy  precious  life;  and  when,  full  of  years, 
thou  shalt  be  gathered  unto  thy  people,  '  thy  righteousness  shall 
go  before  thee,'  and  we  shall  remember,  amidst  our  regret, 
"that  the  Lord  hath  set  apart  the  godly  for  Himself,"  whilst 
thy  name  and  thy  virtues  will  remain  an  indelible  memorial  on 
our  minds. 

MANUEL  Joskphson. 

For  and  in  behalf  and  under  the  authority  of  the  several  con- 
gregations aforesaid. 

Philadelphia,  December  13,  1790. 

The  President  was  pleased  to  reply  to  the  foregoing  as  fol- 
lows: 

Answer — To  the  Hebrew  Congregations  in  the  cities  of  Phila- 
delphia, New  York,  Charleston,  and  Richmond: 

Gentlemen:  The  liberality  of  sentiment  toward  each  other, 
which  marks  every  political  and  religious  denomination  of  men 
in  this  country,  stands  unparalleled  in  the  history  of  nations. 

The  affection  of  such  a  people  is  a  treasure  beyond  the  reach 
of  calculation,  and  the  repeated  proofs  which  my  fellow-citizens 
have  given  of  their  attachment  to  me  and  approbation  of  my 
doings,  form  the  purest  source  of  my  temporal  felicity.  The 
affectionate  expressions  of  your  address  again  excite  my  grati- 
tude and  receive  my  warmest  acknowledgement. 

The  power  and  goodness  of  The  Almighty,  so  strongly  mani- 
fested in  the  events  of  our  late  glorious  revolution,  and  His 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  69 

kind  interposition  in  our  behalf,  have  been  no  less  visible  in 
the  establishment  of, our  present  equal  government.  In  war 
He  directed  the  sword,  and  in  peace  He  has  ruled  in  our  coun- 
cils. My  agency  in  both  has  been  guided  by  the  best  intentions 
and  a  sense  of  duty  I  owe  to  my  country. 

And  as  my  exertions  have  hitherto  been  amply  rewarded  by 
the  approbation  of  my  fellow-citizens,  I  shall  endeavor  to 
deserve  a  continuance  of  it  by  my  future  conduct. 

May  the  same  temporal  and  eternal  blessings  which  you 
implore  for  me,  rest  upon  your  congregations. 

G.  Washington. 


The  foregoing  expressions  of  the  father  of  his  country  to  his 
Hebrew  fellow-citizens  may  be  appropriately  supplemented  by 
the  following  correspondence  of  patriots  of  the  early  days  of 
the  United  States. 

In  1818  the  Mill  Street  Synagogue  was  consecrated. 
Mordecai  M.  Noah  delivered  an  eloquent  address  on  the  occa- 
sion, and  sent  copies  thereof  to  distinguished  statesmen.  Among 
the  replies  received  were  the  following,  which  are  worthy  of 
preservation : 

Copy  of  a  Letter  from  Thomas  Jefferson.* 

MonticeuX),  May  28,  18 18. 
Sir : — I  thank  you  for  the  discourse  on  the  consecration  of 
the  Synagogue  in  your  city,  with  which  you  have  been  pleased 
to  favor  me.  I  have  read  it  with  pleasure  and  instruction, 
having  learnt  from  it  some  valuable  facts  in  Jewish  history 
which  I  did  not  know  before.  Your  sect  by  sufferings  has  fur- 
nished a  remarkable  proof  of  the  universal  spirit  of  religious 
intolerance  inherent  in  every  sect,  disclaimed  by  all  while  feeble, 
and  practiced  by  all  when  in  power.  Our  laws  have  applied  the 
only  antidote  to  this  vice,  protecting  our  religious,  as  they  do 
our  civil  rights,  by  putting  all  on  an  equal  footing.  But  more 
remains  to  be  done,  for  although  we  are  free  by  the  law,  we  are 

*  Travels  in  England,  France,  Spain  and  the  Barbary  States  in 
the  years  1813-14  and  15.  By  Mordecai  M.  Noah;  New  York  and  Lon- 
don, 1819.    Appendix,  pp.  xxv  and  xxvi. 


60  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

not  so  in  practice;  public  opinion  erects  itself  into  an  Inquisi- 
tion, and  exercises  its  office  with  as  much  fanaticism  as  fans  the 
flames  of  an  Auto-de-fe. 

The  prejudice  still  scowling  on  your  section  of  our  religion, 
although  the  elder  one,  cannot  be  unfelt  by  yourselves;  it  is  to 
be  hoped  that  individual  dispositions  will  at  length  mould 
themselves  to  the  model  of  the  law,  and  consider  the  moral 
basis,  on  which  all  our  religions  rest,  as  the  rallying  point  which 
unites  them  in  a  common  interest;  while  the  peculiar  dogmas 
branching  from  it  are  the  exclusive  concern  of  the  respective 
sects  embracing  them,  and  no  rightful  subject  of  notice  to  any 
other;  public  opinion  needs  reformation  on  that  point,  which 
would  have  the  further  happy  effect  of  doing  away  the  hypo- 
critical maxim  of  M  in  his  et  lubet,  /oris  nt  moris."  Nothing,  I 
think,  would  be  so  likely  to  effect  this,  as  to  your  sect  par- 
ticularly, as  the  more  careful  attention  to  education,  which  you 
recommend,  and  which,  placing  its  members  on  the  equal  and 
commanding  benches  of  science,  will  exhibit  them  as  equal  ob- 
jects of  respect  and  favor.  I  salute  you  with  great  respect  and 
esteem. 

(Signed)  Thomas  Jkfferson. 

M.  M.  Noah,  Esq." 

Copy  of  a  Eetter  from   Jamf;s    Madison,   Esq.,   on  the 
same  subject. 

Montpelier,  May,  15,  18 18. 

Sir: — I  have  received  your  letter  of  the  6th,  with  the  elo- 
quent discourse  delivered  at  the  consecration  of  the  Synagogue. 
Having  ever  regarded  the  freedom  of  religious  opiuioifs  and 
worship  as  equally  belonging  to  every  sect,  and  the  secure  en- 
joyment of  it  as  the  best  human  provision  for  bringing  all, 
either  into  the  same  way  of  thinking,  or  into  that  mutual  charity 
which  is  the  only  proper  substitute,  I  observe  with  pleasure  the 
view  you  give  of  the  spirit  in  which  your  sect  partake  of  the 
common  blessings  afforded  by  our  Government  and  laws. 

As  your  foreign  mission  took  place  whilst  I  was  in  the  ad- 
ministration, it  cannot  but  be  agreeable  to  me  to  learn  that  your 
accounts  have  been  closed  in  a  manner  so  favorable  to  you. 
(Signed)  James  Madison. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  61 

Copy  of  a  Letter  from  John  Adams,  Esq. 

Quincy,  July  31,  18 1 8. 

Sir : — Accept  my  best  thanks  for  your  polite  and  obliging 
favor  of  the  24th,  and  especially  for  the  discourse  inclosed.  I 
know  not  when  I  have  read  a  more  liberal  or  more  elegant  com- 
position. 

You  have  not  extended  your  ideas  of  the  right  of  private 
judgment  and  the  liberty  of  conscience,  both  in  religion  and 
philosophy,  farther  than  I  do.  Mine  are  limited  only  by  morals 
and  propriety. 

I  have  had  occasion  to  be  acquainted  with  several  gentlemen 
of  your  nation,  and  to  transact  business  with  some  of  them, 
whom  I  found  to  be  men  of  as  liberal  minds,  as  much  honor, 
probity,  generosity  ond  good  breeding,  as  any  I  have  known  in 
any  sect  of  religion  or  philosophy. 

I  wish  your  nation  may  be  admitted  to  all  privileges  of 
citizens  in  every  country  of  the  world.  This  country  has  done 
much.  I  wish  it  may  do  more;  and  annul  every  narrow  idea 
in  religion,  government,  and  commerce.  Let  the  wits  joke; 
the  philosopher  sneer  !  What  then  ?  It  has  pleased  the  Provi- 
dent of  the  'first  cause,'  the  universal  cause,  that  Abraham 
should  give  religion,  not  only  to  Hebrews,  but  to  Christians 
and  Mahometans,  the  greatest  part  of  the  modern  civilized 
world. 

(Signed)  John  Adams. 


THE  AMEBIC  AN  JEW  AS 


EXEGI  tMONUMENTUM    /ERE   PERENNIUS. 

The  Statue  of  Jefferson. 

[A  paper  read  before  the  Jewish  Historical  Society,  December  27, 
1894,  by  Lewis  Abraham,  Esq.] 

In  accordance  with  a  resolution  offered  by  Senator  Justin  S. 
Morrill,  of  Vermont,  while  he  was  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  in  1864,  "  that  each  State  should  be  permitted 
to  send  the  effigies  of  two  of  her  chosen  sons,  in  marble  or 
bronze,  to  be  placed  permanently  here,"  the  old  Hall  of  Repre- 
sentatives is  fast  becoming  an  American  memorial  chamber. 

Several  statues,  purchased  by  the  United  States,  have  been 
deposited  there,  and  many  of  the  States  have  taken  advantage 
of  the  privilege  and  have  honored  their  distinguished  dead  in 
the  manner  suggested  by  the  resolution  of  Congress. 

There  is,  however,  one  splendid  work  of  art  in  the  corridor 
that  has  a  peculiar  history.  It  was  a  gift  to  the  Government. 
All  the  others  have  been  paid  for  by  Congress  or  the  several 
State  Legislatures.  The  bronze  statue  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  by 
David,  d' Angers,  a  French  sculptor,  was  presented  to  Congress 
by  an  Israelite,  Lieutenant  (afterward  Commodore)  Uriah  Phil- 
lips Levy,  of  the  United  States  Navy,  in  1833,  but  was  not 
formally  accepted  until  forty  years  thereafter. 

Originally  it  stood  in  the  rotunda,  but  was  removed  from 
there  and  for  many  years  remained  in  the  grounds  in  front  of 
the  Presidential  Mansion.  After  its  acceptance  in  1874,  upon 
motion  of  Senator  Sumner,  it  was  finally  located  in  its  present 
position.  It  represents  the  author  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence as  just  having  signed  that  instrument  of  American 
Liberty.  The  pedestal  is  a  superb  piece  of  work,  executed  by 
Struthers,  of  Philadelphia,  in  four  varieties  of  marble.  It  was 
the  first  piece  of  statuary  ever  owned  by  the  Government,  and 
is  dedicated  by  the  donor  to  his  fellow  citizens.  Upon  the  scroll 
which  Jefferson  holds  in  his  hand  is  engraved  a  verbatim  copy 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  63 

of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  with  fac-simile  signatures 
of  John  Hancock  and  Thomas  Jefferson. 

The  Levy  famliy  were  intimate  personal  friends  of  the  great 
framer  of  our  Magna  Charta  and  second  President,  and  after 
his  death  became  the  owners  of  his  old  family  seat,  Monticello. 
There  is  a  special  significance  in  the  gift  and  in  £he  sentiment 
it  conveys,  and  the  co-religionists  of  Levy  remember  with  par- 
donable pride  that  this  piece  of  statuary,  symbolizing  the  grand 
declaration  of  human  equality  and  honoring  one  of  the  greatest 
of  the  men  who  erected  the  fabric  of  American  Liberty,  was 
the  free-will  offering  of  one  of  their  people. 

Bunker  Hill  Monument. 

The  commemoration  of  the  first  battle  field  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  by  a  monument  was  made  possible  through  a  liberal 
contribution  by  Judah  Touro.  The  proceedings  of  the  Com- 
mittee charged  with  the  erection  on  Bunker  Hill  of  a  memorial 
to  the  patriots  and  heroes  who  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Union, 
include  a  grateful  acknowledgment  of  Touro' s  assistance. 

The  history  of  the  monument,  published  by  George  Wash- 
ington Warren,  contains  the  following  statement  (page  283): 
' '  It  was  confidentially  communicated  to  the  Directors  by  Mr. 
William  Appleton  that  whenever  the  Association,  in  addition  to 
a  like  offer  of  Mr.  Lawrence,  should  have  money  enough 
within  ten  thousand  dollars  ($10,000)  to  finish  their  work, 
Judah  Touro  would  give  that  sum.  It  was  a  noble  offer,  and 
coming  from  a  resident  of  a  distant  State,  curiosity  was  excited. ' ' 

Then  follows  a  biographical  sketch  of  this  eminent  citizen, 
concluding  as  follows:  "He  was  one  of  that  smallest  of  all 
classes  into  which  mankind  can  be  divided — of  men  who  ac- 
cumulate wealth  without  even  doing  a  wrong,  taking  an  ad- 
vantage, or  making  an  enemy;  who  become  rich  without  being 
avaricious:  who  deny  themselves  the  comforts  of  life,  that  they 
may  acquire  the  means  of  promoting  the  comfort  and  elevating 
the  condition  of  their  fellow-men." 

To  complete  the  monument  a  fair  (at  which  delegates  from 
all  the  States  attended)  was  held  in  Boston  by  ladies  in  aid  of 
the  building  fund.  The  delegation  from  Louisiana,  in  their 
capacity  as  representatives  of  that  State,   purchased  the  fine 


64  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

model  of  the  monument  which  adorned  the  Charleston  table 
and  they  caused  it  to  be  transported  to  New  Orleans  and  to  be 
placed,  in  honor  of  Judah  Touro,  in  one  of  the  public  buildings 
where  it  remained  until  it  was  destroyed  with  the  building  by 
fire. 

In  the  abstract  of  donations  (page  311)  received  from  private 
sources,  the  gross  sum  is  stated  as  $55,153-27,  of  which  Judah 
Touro  donated  $10,000. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors  the  following  resolu- 
tions were  unanimously  adopted: 

"  Resolved,  That  the  Directors  receive  the  contribution  of 
Mr.  Touro  with  sentiments  of  deep  and  grateful  respect,  con- 
sidering it  as  a  testimonial  of  his  regard  for  the  principles  and 
the  contest  for  which,  and  its  successful  issue,  the  monument  is 
intended  to  commemorate,  and  his  affectionate  recollection  of 
the  friends  of  his  youth  and  the  place  of  his  early  residence. 

"Resolved,  That  John  Quincy  Adams,  Daniel  Webster, 
Joseph  Story,  Edward  Everett  and  Franklin  Dexter  be  appointed 
a  committee  to  prepare  an  inscription  for  a  tablet  to  be  placed 
in  the  monument  stating  the  object  for  which  it  is  erected  and 
recording  the  liberality  of  Judah  Touro  and  Amos  Lawrence, 
and  the  successful  exertions  of  the  daughters  of  those  patriots 
whose  memory  we  would  perpetuate  —  donations  and  labor 
which  have  placed  in  the  possession  of  the  Directors  a  fund 
sufficient  to  complete  this  memorial  of  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant events  in  the  history  of  our  country."   (Page  312.) 

On  June  17,  1843,  a  banquet  was  held  in  Fanueil  Hall  to 
celebrate  the  completion  of  the  monument.  Governor  Marcus 
Morton,  who  was  suffering  from  indisposition,  was  unable  to 
attend,  but  sent  a  letter  which  was  read.  The  two  great  bene- 
factors of  the  Association  were  remembered  by  the  following: 
(Page  330.) 

"  Amos  and  Judah,  venerated  names, 

Patriarch  and  Prophet  press  their  equal  claims, 

Like  generous  coursers  running  '  neck  and  neck,' 

Each  aids  the  work  by  giving  it  a  check. 

Christian  and  Jew,  they  carry  out  one  plan, 

For  though  of  different  faiths  each  is  in  heart  a  MAN." 


AS  PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  65 

Statue  of  Religious  Liberty,  Centennial  Celebration, 

1876. 

One  hundred  years  elapse,  with  their  cares  and  joys,  jeop- 
ardy and  success,  and  America  celebrates  the  centennial  year 
of  its  existence  by  a  grand  exhibition  in  the  city  where  is  de- 
posited the  liberty  bell  that  proclaimed  ' '  liberty  throughout 
the  land  unto  all  the  inhabitants  thereof. ' '  The  massive  engine 
that  moves  obedient  machinery  sings  a  paean  to  the  Republic  ! 

The  nimble  shuttle  and  the  agile  loom  weave  chaplets  and 
trophies  !  Lightning-flashes  leap  from  fathomless  seas  and 
speak  with  living  fire  congratulations  of  emperors,  kings,  and 
potentates !  (  Human  handicrafts,  from  Occident  to  Orient, 
delve  and  build,  and  fuse  and  shape  tributes  of  felicitation  to 
the  glory  and  honor  of  praise,  aye,  even  worship,  of  the  land 
of  Washington  ! 

Fairmount  Park  blazes  with  the  light  of  human  advancement 
in  science  and  art,  literature,  education  and  religion;  and,  with 
humility  be  it  stated,  no  portion  of  God's  footstool  is  more  to 
be  credited  with  aiding  and  nurturing  the  progress  of  the  cen- 
tury than  the  land  of  Washington  and  Jefferson  and  Franklin. 

There,  on  the  Centennial  grounds,  the  Israelites  of  the 
United  States,  through  one  of  their  organizations,  "the  Sons  of 
the  Covenant,"  placed  their  homage.  It  is  in  the  shape  of  a 
group  of  statuary  in  Carrara  marble  styled 

RELIGIOUS  LIBERTY. 

It  was  executed  in  Rome,  by  one  of  their  own  people,  Moses 
Kzekiel,  a  native  of  Richmond,  Virginia.  Upon  the  pedestal 
is  an  inscription,  neither  narrow  in  scope  nor  sectarian  in  spirit. 
The  promoters  of  this  tribute  felt  the  eloquence  of  the  Bill  of 
Human  Rights  they  desired  to  typify,  and  simply  transcribed 
the  clause  of  the  Constitution  which  reads : 

Congress  Shall  Make  no  Law  Respecting 
an  Establishment  of  Religion  or  Pro- 
hibiting   the     free     Exercise     Thereof. 

An  eminent  and  thoughtful  foreigner,  a  statesman  of  world- 
wide fame,  passing  through  Fairmount  Park,  earnestly  gazed 
5 


66  THE  AMER  WAN  JE  W  AS 

at  the  marble  group,  and  exclaimed:  "If  the  Centennial  Ex- 
hibition of  1876  resulted  in  this  work  of  art  and  did  nothing 
else,  the  American  people  should  be  satisfied.  I,  the  subject 
of  a  monarch,  salute  the  Nation  that  makes  this  creation 
possible."* 

*  The  statue  of  Religious  Liberty  was  erected  by  the  Independent 
Order  of  B'nai  B'rith,  pursuant  to  the  resolution  to  that  effect, 
adopted  by  the  General  Convention  of  the  Order  at  Chicago  in  1874. 
Of  that  Convention  Hon.  Simon  Wolf  was  President,  and  the  adop- 
tion of  the  measure  by  the  Convention,  as  well  as  the  eventual  success 
of  the  undertaking  through  the  active  support  of  the  various  lodges, 
\\ere  due  mainly  to  Mr.  Wolfs  indefatigable  efforts.— Ed. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  67 


JEWISH  SOLDIERS  IN  THE  WAR  OF  1812,  AND 
IN  THE  MEXICAN  WAR. 

It   is  questionable   whether   the  Jewish  population    of   the 
American  Union  kept  pace  with  the  general  increase  during 
the  time  from  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  struggle  to  the 
middle  of  the  present  century.     Certain  it  is  that  at  a  com- 
paratively developed  period,  in  1824,  Solomon  Etting  estimated 
the  Jewish  population  of  Maryland  as  "  at  least  150,"  and  that 
of  the  United  States  as  "  at  least  6000,"*  while  another  experi- 
enced  publicist,   Isaac  Harby,   estimates  it,  as  we  have  seen, 
(note,  page  12),  at  "  not  over  6000  "  in  1826.     Up  to  the  close 
of  the  Eighteenth  Century  the  Jewish  immigrants  to  this  side  of 
the  Atlantic  were  derived  almost  entirely  from  the  Sephardic 
stock,   mainly  indeed  from   England   and   Holland  and  their 
colonial  dependencies,  and  these,  from  the  comparative  paucity 
of  numbers  at  their  source,  could  not,  in  the  very  nature  of 
things,  have  been  very  numerous.    Of  the  Jewish  colonists  of  the 
time  of  the  Revolution,  some,  who  had  remained  loyal  to  the 
mother  country,  went  back  to  England  or  to  the  West   Indies 
after  the  war  was  over,  and  the  number  of  these,  though  quite 
limited,  was  but  little  overbalanced  by  the  new  arrivals.     The 
emigration  of  the  German  Jews  remained  altogether  sporadic 
throughout  the   period  of  the  Napoleonic  wars,  because  of  the 
almost  insuperable  obstacles  which  hindered  their  departure, 
and  for  a  time  thereafter  they  were  content  to  remain  at  home 
in  view  of    the   great   political   concessions  which    they  had 
gained  from  the  German  rulers  in  return  for  their  valor  and 
heroic  sacrifices  in  defense  of   the   fatherland.     The  increase 
of   the   Jewish   population  in  this   country  was   thus   limited 

*  Replies  to  inquiries  of  Colonel  W.  G.  Worthington,  quoted  by  the 
latter  in  his  advocacy  of  the  enfranchisement  of  the  Jews  of  Mary- 
land. ("  Speeches  on  the  Jew  Bill  in  the  House  of  Delegates  of  Mary- 
land," by  II.  31.  Brackenridge,  Philadelphia,  1829). 


68  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

mainly  to  the  surplus  of  births  over  deaths  until  some  time 
after  the  close  of  the  War  of  1 8 1 2 .  In  the  course  of  the  reac- 
tion against  the  innovations  of  liberalism  which  ensued  after 
1820,  the  hardly-gained  political  rights  of  the  German  Jews 
were  gradually  curtailed  or  entirely  withdrawn,  and  at  this  time 
the  Jews  of  the  German  maritime  cities  began  to  emigrate  to 
the  United  States  in  increasing  numbers.  It  was  not,  however, 
until  after  the  revolution  of  1 848  and  the  beginning  of  steam 
navigation  on  the  Atlantic,  that  any  considerable  exodus  took 
place.  At  the  time  of  the  Mexican  War,  in  1846,  the  Jewish 
population  of  the  United  States  was  probably  not  greater  in  pro- 
portion than  that  estimated  for  the  period  of  the  Revolutionary 
War.  In  point  of  fact,  at  the  time  of  the  second  war  with  Great 
Britain,  and  likewise  also  at  the  date  of  the  Mexican  War,  the 
Jewish  element  composed  as  yet  only  a  minute  fraction  of  the 
general  population,  and  no  very  considerable  number  of  Jewish 
names  are  to  be  looked  for  in  the  army  lists  of  those  two  wars. 
At  the  same  time  it  remains  to  be  added  that  the  lists  here  given 
for  both  the  wars  referred  to  are  not  at  all  complete,  comprising 
for  the  most  part  only  the  names  of  such  individuals  as  left 
notable  evidence  of  their  presence  in  the  ranks. 


WAR  OF  1812. 


Private  Jacob  Appei, 

served  in  Captain  Samuel  Borden's  Company,  4th  Detach- 
ment, Pennsylvania. 

Private  Jacob  Bachman  and 

Private  Samuel  Bachman, 

served  in  Captain  Peter  Nungesser's  Company,  2nd  Regi- 
ment, Volunteer  Light  Infantry,  Pennsylvania. 

Brigadier- General  Joseph  Bloomfield, 

in  command  of  Military  District  No.  4,  embracing  Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware  and  Western  New  Jersey. 
\_His  military  record  is  included  in  the  list  of  Jewish  soldiers 
iii  the  American  Revolutionary  War]. 


PA  TRIO  T,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  69 

Israee  I.  Cohen 

was  a  member  of  Captain  Nicholson's  Company  of  Mary- 
land Fencibles,  and  served  in  the  defense  of  Fort  Mc- 
Henry. 

Mendes  I.  Cohen, 

brother  of  the  above,  volunteered  for  the  defense  of  Balti- 
more and  also  served  at  Fort  McHenry  during  the  memor- 
able bombardment. 

Sergeant  Samuel  Goodman, 

served  in  Captain  George  Zieber's  Company,  ist  Regi- 
ment, 2nd  Brigade,  Pennsylvania,  under  Iyieutenant- Col- 
onel Jeremiah  Shappel. 

Second  Lieutenant  Benjamin  Gratz 

served  in  company  of  Pennsylvania  Volunteers  commanded 
by  Captain  John  Swift,  1813. 

Corporal  Abraham  Gunsenhouser, 

served  in  Captain  Jacob  Wentz's  Company — 3d  Company, 
5 2d  Regiment,  Pennsylvania. 

Private  Jacob  Haas 

served  in  Captain  George  Dinckey's  Company,  18th  Sec- 
tion of  Riflemen  from  Pennsylvania. 

Jacob  Hays,         I  r    1 

Benjamin  HAYSJfather  a,ld  son  served  m  N-  V-  com™nds. 

Private  Ezekiee  Jacobs 

served  in  Captain  Florence  Cotter's  Company,  ist  Detach- 
ment, ist  Brigade,  Pennsylvania. 

Private  Henry  Loeb 

served  in  Captain  Jacob  Ashey's  Company,  ist  Regiment 
of  Pennsylvania. 

First  Lieutenant  Isaac  Mertz 

served  in  Captain  Middleswarth's  Company,  Battalion 
of  Riflemen  from  Pennsylvania. 

Lieutenant  David  Metzeer 
Corporal  Daniee  Metzler 

served  in  Captain  Nicholas  Beckwith's   (Fifth  Battalion) 

Company  from  Pennsylvania. 


70  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Private  Joseph  Metzgar 

served  in  Captain  Adam  Diller's  Company,  2nd  Brigade, 

Pennsylvania. 
Ensign  Samuel  Meyer 

served  in  Captain  George    Hess's  Company  of   Riflemen 

from  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Private  Jacob  Miller 

served  in  Captain  Nickolaus  Derr's  Company,  101st  Regi- 
ment, from  Pennsylvania. 

Private  Jacob  MieeER 

served  in  Captain  John  Christian's  Company,  2nd  Regi- 
ment from  Pennsylvania. 

Private  Abraham  Mitcheee 

served  in  the  Pennsylvania  line. 
Myer  Mordecai 

served  among  Pennsylvania  Volunteers. 

Private  Isaac  Moser 

served  in  Captain  John  Christian's  Company,  2nd  Regi- 
ment from  Pennsylvania. 

Sergeant  Jacob  Moser 

served  in  Captain  J.  Bakeoven's  Company,  2nd  Brigade, 
from  Pennsylvania. 

Captain  Myer  Moses 

was  commissioned  from  South  Carolina. 

Captain  Mordecai  Myers, 

13th     Pennsylvania    Infantry;    wounded     at    Chrysler's 

Field. 
Colonel  Nathan  Myers 

was  in  command  of  a  brigade  stationed  near  the  City  of 

New  York. 
Adjutant  Isaac  Myers 

served  in  1st  Regiment  of  Pennsylvania. 

Jonas  Phieeips 

served  in  Captain  John  Linton's  Company  in  the  Battalion 
of  Philadelphia  Militia,  under  Colonel  William  Bradford, 
Pennsylvania. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  71 

Joseph  Philips 

served  in  the  Pennsylvania  line. 

Private  Samuel  Phillips 

served  in  Captain  Florence  Cotter's  Company,  ist  Detach- 
ment of  i st  Brigade,  Pennsylvania. 

Private  Jacob  Rosensteel 

served  in  Captain  John  Williamson's  Company,  2nd  Brig- 
ade, Pennsylvania  Militia,  under  Brigadier-General  Rich- 
ard Crooks. 

David  G.  Seixas 

served  from  Pennsylvania.  He  was  instrumental  in  found- 
ing the  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
and  won  esteem  by  his  philanthropy.  [A  sketch  of  his 
career  is  published  elsewhere  in  this  work."] 

Private  Abraham  Shatz 

served  in  Captain  George  Zieber's  Company,  ist  Regiment, 
2nd  Brigade,  Pennsylvania,  under  Lieutenant-  Colonel 
Jeremiah  Shappel. 

Private  Sigfried  Solomon 

served  in  Captain  George  Dinckey's  Company,  18th  Sec- 
tion of  Riflemen,  from  Pennsylvania. 

Judah  Touro 

enlisted  as  a  volunteer  in  the  American  Army,  under  Gen- 
eral Andrew  Jackson  ;  was  severely  wounded  in  the  battle 
of  New  Orleans,  January  1,  18 15  ;  rendered  many  services 
as  patriot  and  philanthropist,  as  detailed  elsewhere  in  this 
work. 

Private  Samuel  Wamser  and  Private  Michael  Wolf 

served  in  Captain  George  Zieber's  Company,  ist  Regiment, 
2nd  Brigade,  Pennsylvania,  under  Lieutenant- Colonel  Jere- 
miah Shappel. 

Corporal  Samuel  Weiss 

served  in  Captain  John  M.  Buckius's  Company,  2nd  Brig- 
ade, Pennsylvania. 


72  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Private  Jacob  Wolf 

served  in  Captain  Samuel  Wilson's  Company  of  Militia, 
from  Buck's  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Private  Jacob  Wolf 

served  in  Captain  John  Christian's  Company,  2nd  Regi- 
ment, from  Pennsylvania. 

Isaac  Db  Young 

Company  A,  3d  New  Jersey  Artillery,  enlisted  when  only 
a  boy  ;  wounded  in  the  groin  at  Iyiuidy's  Lane  in  a  bayonet 
charge. 

Private  Abraham  Yuxsheimer 

served  in  Captain  Nickolaus  Derr's  Company,  101st  Regi- 
ment, from  Pennsylvania. 


MEXICAN  WAR. 


Sergeant  Abraham  Adder, 

New  York  Volunteers;  killed  in  action. 

SamuED  Bein. 

First  Lieutenant  UKVi  Benjamin,  Maryland  Militia,  1846. 

Eugene  Joseph  Chimene, 

served  with  Sam  Houston,  in  the  Texan  War. 

Sergeant  Jacob  David,  New  York  Volunteers. 

Joseph  Davis,  Co.  D,  12th  Regiment. 

General  David  De  Leon 

was  born  in  South  Carolina  in  1822.  In  the  Mexican  War 
he  twice  took  the  places  of  commanding  officers  who  had 
been'  killed  or  disabled  by  wounds.  He  acted  with  such 
gallantry  and  ability  as  to  twice  receive  the  thanks  of  the 
United  States  Congress.  In  February,  1 861,  he  resigned 
his  rank  as  Surgeon  and  Major  in  the  United  States  Army 
and  was  appointed  first  Surgeon  General  of  the  Armies  of 
the  Confederacy. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  73 

Colonel  I^eon  Dyer, 

Quartermaster-General  of  the  State  of  Louisiana ;  sub- 
sequently held  the  same  rank  under  General  Winfield 
Scott. 

Gabriel  DropsiE,  Co.  E,  ist  Pennsylvania  Regiment. 

Herman  Ehrenberg 

fought  under  Fannin  at  Goliad. 

ALBERT  EMANUEIv, 

in  Captain  Kimball's  Company,  2d  Regiment  of  Texas 
Volunteer  Cavalry. 

S.  EyTinge,  Maryland  Militia,  1846. 

Marcus  Fdendrowitz, 
wounded  in  action. 

David  Friedman. 

Third  lieutenant Goldsmith,  Maryland  Militia,  1846. 

James  Hart,  New  York  Volunteers. 

William  Hart,  New  York  Volunteers; 
lost  a  leg  at  Cherubusco. 

Sergeant  Marx  M.  Hart,  New  York  Volunteers. 

Sergeant  Joseph  Henri quES,  New  York  Volunteers. 

Sergeant  Samuel  Henry,  New  York  Volunteers. 

Corporal  Jacob  Hirschhorn,  ist  New  York  Volunteers. 

Surgeon  J.  HorwiTz,  Maryland  Militia,  1846. 

Philip  Horwitz. 

Colonel  S.  M.  Hyams. 

Samuel    Isaacs,     Texas    Army,    183 6- 1837    (Co.    D,     10th 
Infantry.) 

Edward  J.  Johnson 

volunteered  in  Captain  King's  Company  during  Texas 
revolution;  killed  at  Goliad,  March  27,  1836. 

Mark  Kahn,  New  York  Volunteers. 


74  THE  AMERICA N  JE  W  AS 

Davis  S.  Kauffman, 

aide  to  General  Douglas,  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Neches  ;  was  Speaker  of  the  Texas  Assembly  and  advo- 
cated its  annexation ;  was  member  of  Congress  from  Texas 
from  date  of  annexation  (1846)  to  his  death  in  1851. 

Nathan  Klugan. 

Kohn,  Texas  Spy  Company  (at  San  Jacinto). 


D.  I.  KOKERNOT 

fought  at  Anahuac;  also  at  the  Grass  battles,  1835,  and  in 
Texan  War,  1836. 

Jacob  Leva,  New  York  Volunteers. 

William  M alloy  Levi. 

Surgeon-General  Moses  Albert  Levy, 

in  Sam  Houston's  Army,  in  service  throughout  the  Texas- 
Mexican  War.  Colonel  Johnson's  report  of  the  capture 
of  San  Antonio,  December  15,  1835,  stated:  "Doctors 
Lev}7  and  Pollard  deserve  my  warmest  praise  for  their  un- 
remitted attention  and  assiduity." 

Doctor  Isaac  Lyons, 

of  Charleston,  served  as  Surgeon-General  under  General 
Tom  Green,  in  the  Texan  War  of  1836. 

Benjamin  H.  Mordecai 

served  under  General  Fannin. 

Lieutenant- Colonel  Israel  Moses, 

promoted  from  Assistant  Surgeon;  served  also  in  Civil 
War. 

M.  K.  Moses 

served  under  General  Fannin. 

John  Myers,  New  York  Volunteers. 

Philip  Myers,  New  York  Volunteers. 

Sopphe  Myers,  New  York  Volunteers. 

Otto  NeubauER,  New  York  Volunteers. 

Henry  Phillips,  New  York  Volunteers. 

George  RiELL,  New  York  Volunteers. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  75 

KlylAS   SCHOENBERG. 

Lieutenant  Henry  Seeligson, 

Galveston  Cadets,  was  appointed  First  Lieutenant  of 
that  Company  when  the  Mexican  invasion  of  Galveston 
was  threatened.  In  the  Mexican  War  of  1846  he  enlisted 
in  Captain  McLean's  Company,  and  subsequently  volun- 
teered in  Captain  Bell's  Regiment,  which  was  ordered  to 
join  the  command  of  General  Taylor,  en  route  for  Monterey. 
He  bore  so  conspicuous  a  part  in  the  battle  at  that  point 
that  he  was  sent  for  by  General  Taylor  and  highly  com- 
plimented; being  offered  a  Lieutenancy  in  the  2d  Dragoons. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  he  enlisted  in  the  Con- 
federate Army,  joining  a  Cavalry  Company  commanded 
by  Captain'  Woodward. 

Henry  SiESEL. 

Alexander  Simm,  New  York  Volunteers. 

Second  Lieutenant  Joseph  Simpson,  Maryland   Militia,  1846. 

Jacob  C.  Somers,  New  York  Volunteers. 

Assistant  Surgeon  Henry  H.  Steiner, 
with  rank  of  Captain. 

Adolphus  Sterne 

joined  the  American  settlers  in  their  early  struggles 
against  the  Mexicans;  took  part  in  the  Fredonian  War;  he 
was  captured  by  the  Mexicans  and  sentenced  to  be  shot, 
but  was  subsequently  released.  He  served  in  both  lower 
and  upper  Houses  of  the  Texas  Legislature,  previous  to 
annexation. 

Seligman  Strauss. 

Captain  Michael  Sztyfft 

served  on  the  staff  of  General  Zachary  Taylor. 

J.  Valentine,  Palmetto  Regiment,  South  Carolina. 

Sergeant  Alexander  B.   Weinberg,  New  Jersey   Battalion. 

Henry  Wiener 

fought  in  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista. 

A.  Wolf, 

killed  at  the  storming  of  the  Alamo,  in  the  Texan  War, 
December,  1835. 


7<S  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


UNITED  STATES  REGULAR  ARMY. 


The  following  list  comprises  names  of  Jewish  soldiers  on  the 
rolls  of  the  standing  army  of  the  United  States,  from  the  earliest 
period  of  the  Republic  to  our  present  time.  It  is  more  or  less 
incomplete,  as  only  those  have  been  included  whose  identity 
has  been  sufficiently  established. 

The  roster  includes  the  names  of  men  in  every  branch  of  the 
service,  many  with  a  distinguished  and  all  of  them  with 
honorable  records. 

B.  Abraham,   Co.  H,  16th  Regiment. 

Surgeon  Morris  Joseph  Asch, 

brevetted    Captain    and    Major   for   meritorious   services; 
served  in  all  from  August  5,  1861  to  March  31,  1873. 

Post  Surgeon  Daniel  M.  Appel, 

with  rank  of  Captain;  entered  army  in  1876,  and  now  in 
service. 

Assistant  Surgeon  Aaron  H.  Appel, 

with  rank  of  Captain;  entered  army  in  1887. 

J.  Bergman,  Co.  B,  1st  Dragoons. 

David  Behrenberg,  18th  Infantry; 
served  five  years. 

Assistant  Surgeon  M.   Block,  14th  Infantry. 

W.  Blondheim,  Co.  B,  14th  Infantry. 

William  Harris  Boas,  Co.  I,  3d  Infantry. 

Alexander  Borg,  2d  Infantry. 

Isaac  H.  Brandon,  12th  Infantry. 

I.  M.  Brandon,  12th  Infantry. 

-—  ChappELL,  Co.  C,  10th  Infantry. 

A.  E.  Cohen,  Co.  G,  17th  Infantry. 

George  Cohen,  7th  Infantry. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  77 

Herman  Cohen,  13th  Infantry. 

Lieutenant  Hyman  Cohen. 

Joseph  Cohen,  Co.  F,  1st  Artillery. 

Leopold  Cohen,  general  service. 

Morris  Cohen,  War  Department. 

Sergeant  Morris  Cohen,  3d  Dragoons, 
enlisted  as  Private. 

R.  P.  Cohen,  5th  Infantrv. 

Benjamin  David,  Co.  I,  2nd  Artillery. 

Henry  M.  Davis,  2nd  Battalion,  18th  Infantry. 

Surgeon  Abraham  Deeeon. 

Simon  H.  De  Young,  4U1  Infantry. 

Brevet  Lieutenant- Colonel  Franx  Mark  Etting 

served  from  1861  to  1868.  Chief  Paymaster  of  the  Army 
from  1864  to  1867. 

Brevet  Captain  D.  I.  EzEKiEE,  4th  Infantry. 

Promoted  from  private  on  account  of  bravery  displayed 
in  battle  ;  was  seriously  wounded. 

Max  Feedman,  2nd  Artillery. 

Jacob  Gabriee,  5th  Artillery, 
killed  at  Cedar  Mountain. 

S.  Gerstman, 

served  five  years. 

N.  GEEiSER,  Co.  G,  10th  Infantry. 

ChareES  Goedsmith,  8th  Infantry. 

Eeeis  M.  Gotthoed, 

1  st  Artillery.  Served  five  years  ;  mustered  out  as  Corpo- 
ral ;  the  recipient  of  a  medal  from  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, New  York  City. 

Lieutenant  Harry  J.  Hirsch 

entered  army  in  1891  ;  now  in  service. 

Theodore  Joseph,  Co.  H,  10th  Infantry. 


78  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

C.  G.  Jacobs,  13th  Infantry. 

Jacob  Jacobson. 

Michael  Jacobson,  Ordnance  Corps. 

Oscar  Jacoby,  2nd  Artillery. 

— Kosminski. 

Max  Leppowitz,  Co.  B,  14th  Artillery. 

Benjamin  Levi,  Co.  B,  14th  Artillery. 

Captain  Chapman  Levy. 

Henry  J.  Levy,  Hospital  Steward. 

John  Levy,  19th  Infantry. 

Albert  LiEBER,  10th  Infantry. 

Aaron  Livingstin,  2nd  Infantry. 

A.  Mantner,  4th  Artillery. 

Simon  Marks 

served  in  General  Custer's  Cavalry  Division. 

Major  Abraham  A.  Massias, 

1st  Lieutenant  of  Riflemen,  1808;  Captain,  1809,  after- 
wards Major ;  promoted  Paymaster  in  United  States  Army 
in  1820. 

H.  Mendel,  Co.  A,  4th  Cavalry. 

M.  Mendel 

served  thirty  years  in  the  United  States  Army,  retiring 
as  Quartermaster  Sergeant. 

Heinrich  Meerholz,  Co.  D,  10th  Infantry. 

Captain  Otto  E.  MichaelES,  Ordnance  Department. 

C.  Mii/TEnberger,  Co.  B,  9th  Infantry. 

Surgeon  Philip  Minis. 

Major  Alfred  Mordecai, 

a  recognized  authority  in  the  military  world  in  the  field  of 
scientific  research,  and  in  the  practical  application  of  me- 
chanical science  to  the  art  of  war ;  he  served  in  the  Mexi- 
can War,  and  was  sent  by  our  Government,  together  with 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  79 

General  George  B.  McClellan,  and  Major  Richard  Dela- 
field,  to  witness  and  report  upon  the  operations  in  the 
Crimea.  Major  Mordecai  was  the  author  of  "  Reports  of 
Experiments  on  Gunpowder,"  an  "  Ordnance  Manual," 
and  other  works. 

Colonel  Alfred  Mordecai,  Jr., 

entered  the  army  as  Lieutenant  in  1861  ;  served  in  Civil 
War  in  various  capacities ;  has  been  an  instructor  at  the 
Military  Academy,  West  Point ;  promoted  for  meritorious 
and  faithful  services ;  is  now  in  command  of  National 
Armory,  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts. 

J.  F.  MOSES,  Battery  A,  4th  U.  S.  Artillery. 

A.  S.  Nelson,  Co.  G,  15th  Infantry. 

1st  Lieutant  George  J.  Newgarden,  M.  D.,  now  in  service. 

Michael  Newman,  5th  Cavalry. 

Moses  Newman,  13th  Infantry. 

Cadet  Samuel  Noah,  1st  Artillery. 

Julius  Okpenheimer,  F,  5th  Artillery. 

Lieutenant  Louis  Ostheim 

entered  army  in  1883  ;  nas  Deen  in  command  of  various 
forts  and  now  in  service. 

Sergeant  Oscar  Pollack,  2nd  Cavalry, 

served  nine  years  ;  enlisted  as  private  ;  wounded  ;  killed 
in  the  fight  with  the  Sioux  at  Wounded  Knee. 

Sergeant  — - —  Pollock,  7th  Cavalry. 
Killed  at  Wounded  Knee. 

George  Poppers,  3d  Infantry. 

Max  Reece,  Co.  B,  4th  Artillery. 

A  note  attached  to  his  discharge  reads  :  "A  sober,  faith- 
ful, intelligent,  brave  and  excellent  soldier." 

1st  Sergeant  Samuel  Reis,  Company  C,  U.  S.  Cavalry. 
Served  ten  years.  Discharged  for  disability  to  serve  any 
longer. 

Adolph  Ressie,  Co.  K,  10th  Infantry. 


80  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Isaac  Rick,  ioth  Infantry. 

D.  S.  RCEDELSHEIMER. 

K.  Rose,  ioth  Infantry. 

RosENFELD,  Co.  C,  ioth  Infantry. 

David  Rosenheim,  ist  Infantry. 

John  Rosenthal,  Ordnance  Corps. 

Nathan  Schcenfarber,  Co.  G,  14th  Infantry. 

Elias  Schumacher,  Co.  C,  2nd  Infantry. 

Isaac  Smith,  Co.  H,  nth  Infantry. 

J.  Sommer,  Co.  E,  4th  Infantry. 

Major  and  Paymaster  Justus  Steinberger. 
[See  Record  i?i  Civil  War  List.~\ 

Julius  Steinmeyer,  7th  Infantry. 

Joseph  Sturmer,  Co.  G,  ioth  Infantry. 

Surgeon  G.  Waage. 

Israel  Waterman, 

in  Civil  War  ;  transferred  from  ranks  of  40th  Regiment  of 
Pennsylvania  Volunteers  November  9,  1862. 

Meyer  Weiler,  Co.  A,  13th  Infantry. 

Marcus  Weiler,  Co.  F,  13th  Infantry, 

wounded  at  Vicksburg. 

Joseph  Wenk,  Cavalry. 

Wilem  WEST,  Fort  Lyon,  Colorado. 

discharged  for  disability  incurred  in  service — (1 882-1 884). 

Emanuel  Wodick,  Co.  K,  ioth  Infantry. 

Adam  Wolf,  2nd  Infantry. 

Isaac  Wolf. 

L.  W.  Worstman, 

Chief  Telegraph  Operator,  Military  Department. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  81 

UNITED    STATES    NAVY. 


The  spirit  of  devotion  to  this  country  and  its  interests  always 
manifested  by  its  Jewish  inhabitants  has  not  failed  to  leave  its 
impress  on  the  rolls  of  the  United  States  Navy.  From  the  time 
of  the  organization  of  that  branch  of  the  national  defense  many 
Jews  have  been  present  in  the  service.  That  they  did  their 
full  duty  the  records  indisputably  show,  and  from  the  man 
before  the  mast  to  flag  officer,  from  stoker  to  chief  engineer, 
sons  of  Israel  have  given  their  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  American 
cause.  At  the  time  of  our  Civil  War  their  ranks  were  especi- 
ally reinforced,  and  at  the  present  day  a  considerable  number 
of  Jews  are  at  posts  of  duty  on  the  vessels  of  our  navy. 

Instances  of  personal  distinction  on  the  part  of  these  de- 
fenders are  numerous,  but  specific  reference  need  here  be  made 
only  to  the  great  advance  accomplished  by  Uriah  Phillips  Levy 
in  behalf  at  once  of  the  Navy  and  of  humanity  at  large,  by  the 
abolition  through  his  influence  of  the  degrading  practice  of  cor- 
poral punishment  in  the  navy  of  the  United  States.  He  had 
long  opposed  the  brutal  system  of  flogging,  and  when  promoted 
to  the  position  of  Flag  Officer — the  highest  rank  registered  be- 
fore the  Civil  War — he  used  his  authority  to  promote  the  self- 
respect  and  well  being  of  the  sailors  of  his  fleet.  The  records 
of  others  besides  Commodore  Levy  are  creditable  in  a  high  de- 
gree, and  all  comprised  in  the  list  are  examples  of  men  who 
devote  to  the  cause  in  which  they  are  enlisted  ' '  their  lives,  their 
fortunes  and  their  sacred  honor." 

S.  American,  U.  S.  Gunboat  Seneca.      . 
Benjamin  Abrahams,  Acting  Assistant  Paymaster. 
Simon  Arnbach,  Mexican  War. 
Solomon  Asher,  U.  S.  Gunboat  Wissahickon, 

promoted  to  Acting  Assistant  Yeoman  (1862- 1863). 
Paymaster  Jonas  Barnett,  U.  S.  Steamer  Essex, 

lost  his  life  by  falling  from  the  rigging  of  his  vessel  while 

at  sea. 

Lieutenant  Henry  Barnett. 
6 


82  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Major  David  M.  Cohen, 

fourteen  years  an  officer  of  the  U.  S.  Marine  Corps; 
appointed  Lieutenant,  1855,  subsequently  appointed  Major 
and  placed  on  retired  list  on  account  of  physical  disability. 

Jacob  da  Silva  Solis  Cohen, 

Acting  Assistant  Surgeon  under  Rear- Admiral  S.  F. 
Du  Pont  (186 1 -1 864). 

Midshipman  JOSEPH  COHEN  (1826). 

GuSTAVE  Duval,  U.  vS.  Steamer  Pawnee. 

William  Durst,  U.  S.  Monitor, 

one  of  the  few  survivors  of  the  memorable  fight  between 
the  Monitor  and  the  Merrimac.  Admiral  Wordeh  expressed 
himself  that  Durst  was  not  only  a  brave,  fearless  and 
patriotic  man,  but  eminently  worthy  to  be  recognized  by 
some  action  on  the  part  of  Congress  (1862- 1864). 

Charles  Edelman,  U.  S.  Steamer  Ohio. 

Jonathan  Manly  Emanuel, 

Past  Assistant  Engineer,  served  under  Commodore  Mead. 
Twice  shipwrecked  (1 862-1 891). 

Purser  Gratz  Etting.  i 

Captain  Henry  Etting 

entered  as  Midshipman,  promoted  to  Purser,  Navy  Pay- 
master and  retired  with  the  rank  of  Captain  —  1818-1861. 

Lieutenant  Theodore  Minis  Etting 

was  appointed  Acting  Midshipman  when  a  little  over 
sixteen  years  old,  promoted  Midshipman,  Ensign,  Navy 
Paymaster,  Lieutenant  ( 1862-1877). 

Acting  Ensign  Isaac  N.  Goldsmith,    • 
Mate,  Acting  Ensign  (1863-1865). 

Mate  Nathan  A.  Goldsmith, 

(1864-1866). 

Jerome  Haas. 

Lieutenant  E.  C.  Hamburger; 

promoted  step  by  step,  finally  commissioned  Lieutenant. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  83 

Captain  Levi  Myers  Harby  (i  793-1 870). 

At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  Midshipman  in  the  U.  S. 
Navy.  During  the  War  of  18 12-18 14,  he  was  captured  by 
the  British  and  confined  for  eighteen  months  in  "Dartmoor 
Prison,"  from  which  he  finally  escaped  by  swimming.  In 
December,  1823,  he  served  as  sailing-master  on  the  U.  S. 
Vessel  Beagle.  He  served  for  fifty -two  years  under  the 
U.  S.  flag  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  Captain.  He  partici- 
pated in  the  Texan  War  of  Independence  and  in  the  Mexi- 
can War.  He  also  served  in  the  Seminole  War  of  Florida, 
and  had  command  of  a  vessel  in  the  expedition  against  the 
pirates  of  Algiers  and  Tripoli.  On  leave  of  absence  he 
also  fought  in  the  Bolivian  War  of  Independence.  In  1861 
he  resigned  his  commission  and  entered  the  Confederate 
service  with  the  rank  of  Commodore,  distinguishing  him- 
self as  Commander  of  the  Neptune,  capturing  the  Harriet 
Lane  at  Galveston,  Texas.  He  was  subsequently  in  com- 
mand of  a  fleet  of  Confederate  gunboats  on  the  Sabine 
River. 

Solomon  Harby 

died  in  the  service. 

J.  Harrison,  U.  S.  Steamer  North  Carolina. 

Samuel  Herford,  U.  S.  Steamers  Richmond  and  Wyoming. 

Frederic  D.  Henriques; 

Acting  Second  Assistant  Engineer  (1 864-1 865). 

Midshipman  Israel  Israel, 
midshipman  (18 13-18 18). 

Midshipman  Joseph  Israel, 

distinguished  himself,  died  in  the  service  (1 801-1804). 
Jacob  Jacobs,  U.  S.  Steamer  Portsmouth, 

was  on  board   the    Ida   when   she   was   blown   up   by    a 

torpedo. 

Augustus  Jacobson, 

transferred  from  Twenty-seventh  Pennsylvania  Regiment. 
Midshipman    and    Master   Henry    M.   Jacoby,    Shenandoah, 

Wachusett,  Worcester,  Yantic,  Lackawanna  (1 866-1 883). 


84  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Surgeon  Gkrshom  R.  Jacques, 

promoted  from  Surgeon's  Mate  to  Surgeon  (1800- 1808). 

Mate  Samuel  Jessurun  (1863- 1864). 

S.  S.  Krauss,  U.  S.  Steamer  Raritan, 
served  four  years. 

C.  C.  Keane. 

David  J.  King,  U.  S.  Steamer  Wissahickon. 

Isaac  M.  King. 

Nathan  Lang. 

Alexander  A.  Lazarus  U.   S.    Steamer   Horace  Beals,   also 
Rhode  Island. 

Henry    Levi,  U.  S.  Steamer  Princeton, 

transferred  to  New  Ironsides,  Vandalia,  etc.   (1862-1865). 

Master  Mears  Levy  (18 12-18 13). 

Second  Assistant  Engineer  Charles  H.  Levy  (1857-1861). 

Mate  Charles  Levin  (1870-1874), 

died  during  his  service. 
M.  Lindheim,  Pocahontas. 
Henry  Lyons. 

Commodore  Uriah  Phillips  Levy, 

one  of  the  best  known  American  naval  officers  of  former 
days.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  1862,  he  was  the  highest 
ranking  officer  in  the  U.  S.  Navy.  He  served  in  the  War  of 
1812,  being  the  master  of  the  brig  of  war  Argus,  which  ran 
the  blockade  to  France  with  Mr.  Crawford,  the  American 
Minister  to  that  country,  on  board.  The  Argus  destroyed 
twenty-one  British  merchantmen.  In  recognition  of  his 
valuable  services  to  the  nation  the  Common  Council  of 
New  York  City  honored  him  with  ' '  the  freedom  of  the 
city."  Commodore  Levy  vigorously  opposed  the  applica- 
tion of  the  lash  to  seamen.  Upon  his  tombstone  at  Cypress 
Hill  is  recorded  the  fact  that  ' '  he  was  the  father  of  the 
law  for  the  abolition  of  the  barbarous  practice  of  corporal 
punishment  in  the  U.  S.  Navy." 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  85 

Captain  Jonas  P.  Levy 

commanded  the  U.  S.  Steamer  America  during  the  Mexi- 
can War  and  was  active  in  the  transportation  of  U.  S. 
troops  to  Vera  Cruz.  At  the  surrender  of  that  port  he 
was  appointed  its  captain  by  General  Winfield  Scott. 

Marx  Maas,  U.  S.  Gunboat  No.  29. 

Jacob  Maas,  Gunboat. 

A.  Meyer. 

Horace  Moses 

served  in  the  U.  S.  fleet  during  the  Mexican  War  and 
was  Secretary  to  Captain  (afterwards  Admiral)  S.  P.  Lee. 

Florian  Moss, 

on  Commodore  S.  F.  Du  Pont's  blockading  squadron  Ver- 
mont and  Massachusetts  (1 862-1 865). 

Midshipman  Philip  Moses. 

Joseph  Moss, 

Mate  and  Acting  Ensign,  (1 861-1863). 

Acting  Master  Edward  Moses, 

( 1 862-1 864);  died  while  in  service. 

William  Noah. 

Louis  Newberger,  U.  S.  Gunboat  Pawpaw. 

Joseph  B.   Nones,  Guerriere. 

In  1 8 14,  when  seventeen  years  of  age,  he  accompanied 
Henry  Clay,  Gallatin  and  John  Quincy  Adams  on  the 
Frigate  John  Adams  to  Europe  on  the  Ghent  Mission  ; 
severely  wounded  and  obliged  to  resign  from  the  service 
(1812-1822). 

Master  Newman  Morris  (1 801-1803). 

Captain  Henry  Benjamin  Nones,  Revenue  Marine, 

promoted  from  3d  Lieutenant  ;  served  from  1831  ;  died 
in  1868. 

Chief  Engineer  Henry  Beauchamp  Nones, 

served  on  various  vessels  ;  rose  from  Second  Assistant 
Engineer  ;  has  served  since  1853. 


86  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Midshipman  Jefferson  H.   Nones,  1840- 1846. 

Second   Assistant  Engineer  Washington  H.  Nones   (1850- 
1853);  died  while  in  service. 

Midshipman  Abram  Phillips  (18 12-18 13). 
Drowned,  18 13. 

Paymaster  Emanuel  J.   Phillips. 

Captain  Isaac  Phillips  (1798-1799). 

Assistant  Surgeon  Manuel  Phillips  (1 809-1 824). 

Solomon  Pinheiro,  Juniata. 

Wounded  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Fisher  (1863-1866). 

Milton  Joseph  Rosen au, 

Past  Assistant  Surgeon  in  the  Marine  Hospital  Service. 

Acting  Ensign  Albert  P.  Sampson  (1 862-1 865). 

Acting  Ensign  Isaac  P.  Sampson  (1863-1865). 

J.   SchlESINGER,   U.  S.  Steamer  Pocahontas. 

M.  J.  SiESEL,   U.  S.  Steamer  Hartford. 

Sergeant  Siegmund  Silverburg,  U.  S.  Marine  Corps. 

Midshipman  Benjamin  Solomon  (1809-18 10). 

Purser  Ezekiel  Solomon  (18 14-18 16). 

Charles  Stein,  Marine  Corps, 

Died  of  exposure  in  the  service. 
Lieutenant  Edward  Taussig, 

served  fourteen  years  on  sea  and  did  seven  years'  duty  on 

land. 

Charles  Wiener 
served  four  years. 

Leo  Wise,  U.  S.  Steamer  Springfield. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  S7 


A  PAGE  FROM  THE  SECRET  HISTORY  OF  THE 
CIVIL  WAR. 

As  a  fitting  prelude  to  the  record  of  Jewish  activity  in  the 
War  of  the  Rebellion,  there  may  be  cited  here  an  episode  in 
its  history  which  has  had  no  counterpart  in  the  course  of  the 
world's  affairs.  Recondite  and  romantic  incidents  are  present 
in  the  annals  of  all  nations,  and  the  history  of  the  Jewish 
people  especially  is  fraught  with  many  striking  instances  of 
unhoped  and  unexpected  deliverance  from  impending  calamity, 
but  they  were  largely  the  outcome  of  times  and  conditions 
widely  at  variance  with  those  of  the  present  day.  The 
narrative  of  Haym  Salomon's  sacrifice  in  behalf  of  American 
freedom  and  the  cause  of  human  liberty  forms  a  singular 
chapter  in  the  annals  of  the  American  Revolution.  But  a  yet 
more  remarkable  incident,  one  that  appears  wholly  foreign  to 
the  laisser-faire  spirit  of  our  modern  time,  and  which  is  likely 
in  the  future  to  centre  a  much  greater  degree  of  attention  than 
it  has  yet  received,  is  a  transaction  that  has  but  lately  become 
part  of  the  history  of  the  Civil  War. 

On  October  2,  1863,  the  British  Government  seized  in  the 
shipyard  of  the  Lairds,  at  Birkenhead,  two  armored  vessels 
which  had  ostensibly  been  built  for  the  government  of  China, 
but  which,  according  to  constantly  reiterated  reports,  had  been 
built  for  the  Southern  Confederacy  in  rebellion  against  the 
United  States.  The  contemporary  chronicles  of  the  Civil  War 
contain  at  most  only  such  reports  of  that  incident  as  became 
public  in  the  course  of  the  controversy  over  the  subject,  but 
the  inner  details  of  the  occurrence,  notable  enough  even  in  its 
most  obvious  features,  remained  for  many  years  a  diplomatic 
secret  until  revealed  by  the  then  Register  of  the  Treasury,  Mr. 
L.  H.  Chittenden,  in  his  "  Recollections  of  President  Lincoln." 

The  two  vessels  had  indeed  been  embargoed  by  the  British 
Government,  but  under  conditions  wdiich  had  been  settled  upon 
by  the  advisers  of  the  Crown  with  the  almost  clearly  mani- 
fest purpose   of    permitting    the    vessels    to    escape,    wmile    at 


88  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

the  same  time  apparently  complying  with  the  requirements 
of  international  law  and  the  representations  of  the  Ameri- 
can Minister.  The  sympathies  of  the  ruling  powers  in  Great 
Britain  were  strongly  with  the  Southern  cause  ;  the  fact  that 
the  success  of  that  cause  meant  the  perpetuation  of  negro 
slavery,  against  which  the  English  people  had  constantly  in- 
veighed, was  held  by  many  of  the  leaders  of  the  party  in 
power  to  be  of  small  moment  in  comparison  with  the  advance- 
ment of  British  interests,  which  these  leaders  believed  would 
result  from  the  disruption  of  the  American  Republic.  They 
were  accordingly  ready  to  take  advantage  of  a  virtual  breach 
of  international  comity  and  law,  under  cover  of  a  technical 
compliance  with  its  provisions,  and  incur  the  risk  of  all  the 
terrible  outcome  of  a  war  between  the  two  great  Anglo- 
Saxon  nations  of  the  world.  That  such  a  war  would  surely 
have  resulted  if  the  two  armored  corsairs  had  eventually  been 
let  loose  upon  this  country,  no  student  of  history  can  doubt. 
It  was  being  busily  fomented  by  that  arch  enemy,  both  of 
England  and  America,  Napoleon  III.,  who  had  assiduously 
been  seeking  an  adequate  pretext  to  recognize  the  independence 
of  the  Confederate  States.  He  was  actively  conferring  with 
British  parliamentary  leaders  with  the  purpose  of  a  joint  inter- 
vention in  our  struggle,  and  if  these  ships  were  liberated  to 
prey  upon  our  commerce,  lift  the  blockade  of  the  Confederate 
ports,  weaken  the  Federal  power  and  strengthen  that  of  the 
Rebellion,  he  would  then  assuredly  be  able  to  build  up  his  em- 
pire in  Mexico.  That  empire  was  already  planted  on  the  soil 
of  the  Mexican  Republic,  and  the  triumph  of  the  Southern 
cause  meant  the  success  of  the  foolhardy  and  villainous  under- 
taking which  Napoleon  III.  had  established  under  Maximilian. 
If  the  outcome  of  British  co-operation  for  the  disruption  of  the 
American  Union  were  eventually  to  be  a  war  between  England 
and  the  United  States,  it  would  but  be  further  grist  for  the  mill 
of  the  French  usurper. 

From  all  of  this  procession  of  possible  and  unmeasured  evils 
it  appears  that  the  world  was  saved  through  the  timely  and 
powerful  interposition  of  a  single  will.  It  was  the  will  of  a 
man  who  was  manifestly  near  enough  to  the  mainspring  of 
affairs  to  be  aware  of  its  primary  movements,  who  was  yet  so 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  89 

hidden  from  public  view  that  his  action  would  remain  as  secret 
as  he  himself  determined  it  to  be;  whose  purpose  was  clearly 
in  opposition  to  the  motives  of  the  ruling  powers,  and  who 
possessed  the  means  with  which  to  effect  his  purpose. 

Who  was  it  that  so  signally  changed  the  current  of  the 
world's  affairs?  whose  influence  yet  remains  as  mysterious  as 
it  was  far-reaching?  The  question  has  been  often  asked  and 
still  remains  unanswered.  He  still  remains  unnamed  on  the 
page  of  history.  His  position,  his  motive  and  his  means  of 
action  appear  to  be  defined,  and  it  was  clearly  with  these  con- 
siderations in  view  that  Mr.  Chittenden  wrote  the  letter  which 
is  here  subjoined.  The  "process  of  exclusion"  to  which  he 
so  pointedly  adverts  leaves  but  very  few  among  whom  he  is  to 
be  sought,  and  to  the  almost  unerring  indication  which  Mr. 
Chittenden  has  given  is  to  be  added  a  still  nearer  one  which  the 
author  of  the  present  work  obtained  from  another  source.  Miss 
Kate  Chase,  daughter  of  Salmon  P.  Chase,  the  then  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  while  assuring  Mr.  Wolf  that  the  name  of  the 
mysterious  personage  was  unknown  to  her,  was  yet  able  to  in- 
form him  that  the  man  was  a  JewT.  That  it  was  a  Jew,  one 
well  known  for  his  outspoken  admiration  and  love  for  our 
country  as  the  home  of  religious  liberty,  a  man  who  was  not  of 
the  unsympathetic  government,  nor  of  the  hostile  aristocracy, 
nor  of  the  jealous  manufacturing  class,  might  well  be  surmised 
from  all  the  circumstances  of  this  remarkable  occasion ,  and  his 
identity  can  scarcely  be  misinterpreted  in  the  light  of  Mr. 
Chittenden's  indications. 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  Mr.  Chittenden's  letter,  which 
may  well  serve  as  an  author's  preface  to  the  chapter  of  his 
' '  Recollections ' '  to  which  it  refers,  in  which  the  incident  is 
narrated  in  detail,  and  which  wre  shall  quote  in  full : 

11  Pine  St.,  New  York,  May  7,  1892. 
Dear  Sir  : — 

It  would  give  me  great  pleasure  to  answer  your  letter  of 
April  26th  and  a  large  number  of  others  on  the  same  subject. 
You  will  readily  see  that  the  name  may  be  reached  by  a  process 
of  exclusion  as  definitely  as  by  its  direct  statement.  The  ex- 
traordinary character  of  the  incident  did  not  occur  to  me  at  the 


90  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

time,  or  I  should  have  probably  suppressed  it.     As  it  is  I  have 
no  alternative  but  silence. 

However,  it  gives  me  pleasure  to  say  one  thing.  The  ex- 
perience of  an  active  life  now  drawing  to  its  close  has  taught 
me  that  race  prejudices  have  no  place  in  the  heart  of  a  true 
American,  and  I  am  certainly  not  conscious  tnat  I  have  ever 
entertained  a  shadow  of  them  against  any  one  of  Hebrew  origin. 
On  the  contrary  I  hav£  found  much  in  the  history  of  that  per- 
secuted race  to  respect  and  admire.  Illness  has  delayed  this 
reply  to  your  note. 

Yours  truly, 

L.  K.  Chittenden. 
Mr.  Simon  Wolf, 

Washington,  D.  C. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN  91 


A    REMARKABLE    EPISODE. 

Extract   from    ' '  Recollections   of   President   Lincoln 

and  his  Administration,"  by  L.  E.  Chittenden, 

his  Register  of  the  Treasury. 

(Chapter  XXV,  Pages  197—208.  N.  Y.,  Harper  &  Brothers,  1891.) 

Mr.  Charles  Francis  Adams  (our  minister)  had  for  several 
weeks  been  aware,  and  had  communicated  the  fact  to  his  gov- 
ernment, that  the  Messrs.  Laird,  extensive  ship  builders,  were 
building  at  their  yards  in  Birkenhead,  near  Liverpool,  two 
armored  vessels  for  the  Confederate  government.  They  were 
to  be  furnished  with  powerful  engines,  and  cabable  of  great 
speed.  When  completed  they  were  to  proceed  to  a  small  un- 
frequented British  island  in  the  West  Indies,  where  they  were 
to  be  delivered  to  the  agents  of  the  Confederacy.  They  were 
then  to  receive  their  armament,  previously  sent  thither,  take 
their  crews  on  board,  and  then  set  forth  on  their  piratical 
cruises,  after  the  example  of  the  Alabama.  After  sweeping  our 
remaining  commerce  from  the  seas,  by  burning  and  sinking 
every  merchantship  bearing  our  flag,  they  were  to  come  upon 
our  own  coast,  scatter  our  blockading  fleet,  and  open  all  the 
Southern  ports  to  British  commerce,  which  would  no  longer 
be  required  to  take  the  great  risk  of  breaking  the  blockade. 
This  feat  was  to  be  accomplished  by  vessels  which  had  never 
entered  a  Confederate  port,  nor,  indeed,  any  harbor  which  was 
not  covered  by  the  British  or  some  other  flag  which  protected 
the  ironclads  against  pursuit  or  capture  by  vessels  of  the  United 
States  Navy. 

Greater  danger  than  these  vessels  never  threatened  the  safety 
of  the  Union.  In  tonnage,  armament  and  speed,  they  wrere 
intended  to  be  superior  to  the  Kcarsarge,  and  every  other  vessel 
of  our  navy.  Their  armor  was  supposed  to  render  them  invul- 
nerable. If  the  blockade  was  not  maintained,  an  immediate 
recognition  of  the  belligerent  character  of  the  rebels  by  Great 


92  THE  A  ME  RICA  N  JE  W  A  S 

Britain  was  anticipated.  Even  if  that  did  not  take  place,  all 
the  cotton  gathered  in  Confaderate  ports  would  be  released  and 
find  a  profitable  market,  while  the  old  wooden  vessels,  now 
principally  constituting  the  blockading  fleet,  would  not  resist 
one  of  these  iron -clad  vessels  long  enough  for  a  second  broad- 
side. 

The  impending  danger  was  fully  appreciated  by  Mr.  Adams. 
With  his  accustomed  energy,  notwithstanding  the  secrecy  in 
which  all  the  Confederate  movements  in  Great  Britain  were 
shrouded,  he  had  collected  and  laid  before  the  English  authori- 
ties clear  proofs  of  the  rebel  ownership,  and  intended  unlawful 
purpose  of  these  vessels.  He  had  even  procured  copies  of  the 
contracts  under  which  the  Messrs.  Laird  were  building  them, 
and  had  ascertained  that  payments  on  their  account  had  been 
made  from  proceeds  of  cotton  owned  by  the  Confederacy.  He 
had  represented  that  the  evidence  furnished  by  him,  verified  by 
the  oaths  of  credible  witnesses,  was  sufficient  not  only  to  justify 
their  seizure,  but  to  secure  their  condemnation  in  the  courts, 
and  he  had  insisted  with  a  force  apparently  unanswerable,  that 
it  was  the  duty  of  Great  Britain  to  prevent  the  vessels  from 
leaving  the  Mersey  and  setting  forth  upon  their  piratical 
career. 

But,  unfortunately,  the  sympathies  of  the  party  in  power  in 
England  were  not  with  the  Union  cause.  It  suited  the  view  of 
of  the  law-officers  of  the  Crown  not  to  interfere,  and  to  excuse 
their  inaction  by  raising  objections  to  the  legal  sufficiency  of 
the  evidence.  The  situation  was  perfectly  comprehended,  by 
the  President  and  his  Cabinet,  but  remonstrance  appeared  to  be 
unavailing,  and  the  departure  of  the  vessels  was  expected  at  an 
early  day. 

Hopeless  as  the  task  appeared  to  be,  neither  Mr.  Adams  nor 
his  active  agents  relaxed  their  efforts  for  a  moment.  Their 
recent  investigations  had  been  prosecuted  with  such  energy 
that  the  minister  had  finally  been  able  to  furnish  the  British 
premier  with  the  sworn  affidavits  of  some  of  the  officers  and 
men  actually  enlisted  in  Liverpool,  and  other  English  cities, 
for  service  on  these  vessels;  that  the  advance  payments  to  these 
men  had  been  made  by  Confederate  agents,  that  the  ships  were 
to  leave  the  Mersey  at  an  early  appointed  date  for  an  island 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  93 

near  Bermuda;  that  their  guns  and  ammunition  had  already 
been  sent  thither.  Mr.  Adams  had  also  secured  the  names  of 
the  ships'  officers,  with  copies  of  their  commissions,  bearing 
the  signature  of  President  Davis  and  the  seal  of  the  Con- 
federacy. 

The  last  instalment  of  affidavits  forwarded  by  our  minister 
proved  to  be  more  than  the  crown  lawyers  could  digest.  They 
covered  every  defect  named  in  their  former  objections;  they 
could  not  be  answered  even  by  a  special  demurrer.  They  were 
reinforced  by  the  caustic  pen  of  Mr.  Adams,  whose  arguments 
so  clearly  pointed  out  the  duty  of  the  English  government  in 
the  premises  that  it  would  obviously  be  regarded  as  con- 
clusive by  every  one  but  these  lawyers,  who  possessed  the 
exclusive  power  to  move  the  slow  authorities  of  the  customs  to 
action.  The  crown  lawyers  finally  decided  that  the  demand  of 
Mr.  Adams  must  be  complied  with,  and  that  an  order  must 
issue,  prohibiting  the  departure  of  these  vessels  from  the  Mer- 
sey until  the  charges  of  the  American  minister  had  been 
judicially  investigated. 

There  wTere,  however,  some  incidents  attending  this  most 
important  decision,  which  prevented  its  communication  from 
giving  to  Mr.  Adams  a  satisfaction  wholly  unalloyed.  The 
decision  had  been  withheld  until  the  vessels  were  on  the  very 
eve  of  departure.  The  order  must  be  immediately  served,  and 
possession  taken  by  the  customs  authorities,  or  the  vessels 
would  escape.  The  crown  lawyers,  properly  enough,  observed 
that  the  affidavits  furnished  by  Mr.  Adams  were  ex-parte — the 
witnesses  had  not  been  cross-examined.  If  Mr.  Adams  should 
fail  to  prove  his  charges  by  evidence  which  would  satisfy  the 
judicial  mind,  and  the  vessels  be  released,  the  damages 
caused  by  arresting  them  might  be  very  heavy.  It  was  a 
settled  rule  of  procedure  in  the  courts  in  such  cases  to  secure 
the  payment  of  such  damages  beyond  any  peradventure .  The 
restraining  order  would,  therefore,  be  issued,  but  it  would  not 
be  enforced  against  the  vessels  until  these  damages  had  been 
secured  by  a  deposit  of  £i  ,ooc,ooo  sterling  in  gold  coin. 

The  situation  was  well  known  to  be  critical.  Within  three 
days  the  vessels  were  to  sail  for  their  destination  ;  if  necessary, 
they  might  sail  forthwith.     The  cable   was  useless,  broken  or 


94  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

disabled — and  Mr.  Adams  could  not  communicate  with  his 
own  government.  Without  such  communication  he  had  no 
authority  to  bind  his  government  as  an  indemnitor,  or  to  repay 
the  money  if  he  could  borrow  it.  Even  if  he  had  the  fullest 
authority,  where  was  the  patriotic  Briton  who  would  furnish 
a  million  pounds  on  the  spur  of  the  moment  to  a  government 
which  was  believed  by  the  party  in  power  in  Great  Britain 
to  be  in  articulo  mortis  ?  Unless,  therefore,  the  crown  lawyers 
supposed  our  minister  to  have  anticipated  their  decision  by 
providing  himself  with  this  money,  they  must  have  known 
that  this  condition  could  not  be  complied  with,  and  that  they 
might  just  as  well  have  declined  to  interfere.  If  they  had 
intended  that  these  ships  should  not  be  prevented  from  making 
their  intended  crusade  against  our  commerce  and  our  cause, 
no  better  arrangement  could  possibly  have  been  devised.  It  is 
not  to  be  denied  that  suspicions  existed  that  such  was  their 
purpose. 

But  the  unexpected  sometimes  happens.  The  event  which 
prevented  these  floating  engines  of  destruction  from  entering 
upon  their  intended  work  was  as  unanticipated  as  a  miracle. 
It  constituted,  possibly,  the  most  signal  service  ever  rendered 
by  a  citizen  of  one  country  to  the  government  of  another.  It 
was  all  the  more  noble,  because  it  was  intended  to  be  anony- 
mous. The  eminently  unselfish  man  who  performed  it  made 
a  positive  condition  that  it  should  not  be  made  public,  that 
not  so  much  as  his  name  should  be  disclosed,  except  to  the 
officers  of  our  government,  whose  co-operation  was  required 
in  order  to  transact  the  business  in  a  proper  manner  and  upon 
correct  principles.  So  earnest  was  his  injunction  of  secrecy 
that  his  identity  will  not  even  now  be  disclosed,  although  he 
has  long  since  gone  to  his  reward. 

Within  the  hour  after  the  crown  lawyers'  decision,  with  its 
conditions,  had  been  made  known  to  Mr.  Adams,  and  when  he 
had  given  up  all  hope  of  arresting  these  vessels,  a  quiet  gentle- 
man called  upon  him  and  asked  if  he  might  be  favored  with 
the  opportunity  of  making  the  deposit  of  coin  required  by  the 
order?  He  observed  "that  it  had  occurred  to  him  that  if  the 
United  States  had  that  amount  to  its  credit  in  London,  some 
question  of  authority  might  arise,  or  Mr.  Adams  might  other- 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  95 

wise  be  embarrassed  in  complying  with  the  condition,  especi- 
cially  as  communication  with  his  government  might  involve 
delay  ;  so  that  the  shortest  way  to  avoid  all  difficulty  would  be 
for  him  to  deposit  the  coin,  which  he  was  quite  prepared 
to  do/' 

Had  a  messenger  descended  from  the  skies  in  a  chariot  of 
fire,  with  $5,000,000  in  gold  in  his  hands,  and  offered  to  leave 
it  at  the  embassy  without  any  security,  Mr.  Adams  could  not 
have  been  more  profoundly  surprised.  He  had  accepted  the 
condition  as  fatal  to  his  efforts  ;  he  had  concluded  that  nothing 
short  of  a  miracle  could  prevent  the  departure  of  the  vessels  ; 
and  here,  if  not  a  miracle,  was  something  much  like  one.  He 
made  110  secret  of  the  pleasure  with  which  he  accepted  the 
munificent  offer,  provided  some' method  of  securing  the  liberal 
Englishman  could  be  found.  The  latter  seemed  indisposed  to 
make  any  suggestion  on  the  subject.  "  It  might  be  proper," 
he  said,  "that  some  obligation  might  be  entered  into,  showing 
that  the  American  government  recognized  the  deposit  as  made 
on  its  account ;  beyond  that  he  should  leave  the  matter  wholly 
in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Adams." 

The  existing  premium  on  gold  was  then  about  sixty  per 
cent,  in  the  United  States.  It  would  have  been  largely 
increased  by  the  departure  of  these  ironclads.  The  "five- 
twenties  "  or  "sixes  "  of  1 861,  as  they  were  popularly  called, 
were  then  being  issued,    and   were  the   only  securities   upon 

long  time  ' '  then  authorized  by  Congress.  The  best  arrange- 
ment that  occurred  to  Mr.  Adams,  and  which  he  then  proposed, 
was  that  $10,000,000,  or  ,£2,000,000,  in  these  bonds,  to  be 
held  as  collateral  security  for  the  loan  of  ,£1,000,000  in  gold, 
should  be  delivered  to  the  lender,  to  be  returned  when  the  loan 
was  paid  or  the  order  itself  was  discharged  and  the  coin 
returned  to  the  depositor.  The  proposition  of  Mr.  Adams  was 
satisfactory  to  the  gentleman,  but  he  said  that  to  prevent  the 
disclosure  of  his  name  the  deposit  should  be  made  in  coupon 
and  not  in  registered  bonds.  The  coupons  were  payable  to 
bearer;  the  registed  were  required  to  be  inscribed  on  the  books 
of  the  Treasury  in  the  owner's  name. 

Mr.  Adams  then  volunteered  the  assurance  that  these  bonds, 
to  the  amount  of  $10,000,000,  should  be  transmitted  to  London 


96  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

by  the  first  steamer  which  left  New  York  after  his  despatch 
concerning  the  transaction  was  received  at  the  State  Depart- 
ment at  Washington. 

It  was  this  assurance  of  Mr.  Adams  which  the  President  and 
both  of  the  Secretaries  desired  should  be  made  good.  They 
regarded  the  faith  of  the  government  as  pledged  for  its  per- 
formance, and  that  faith  they  proposed  should  not  be  violated. 

All  the  details  of  this  transaction  were  not  then  disclosed. 
They  reached  the  government  in  private,  confidential  des- 
patches from  Mr.  Adams,  some  of  them  long  afterwards.  The 
despatch  in  question  was  understood  to  be  confidential; 
certainly  that  part  of  it  which  related  to  the  deposit  and 
security  proposed.  It  was  necessarily  brief,  for  in  order  to 
reach  the  steamer  the  special  messenger  had  to  leave  London 
within  a  very  few  hours  after  the  proposition  of  the  deposit  was 
made.  There  was  enough  in  it  to  show  that  an  inestimable 
service  had  been  rendered  to  the  country  by  some  .one  to  whom 
Mr.  Adams  had  pledged  the  faith  of  the  nation  for  the  trans- 
mission of  these  bonds  by  the  next  steamer  which  left  New 
York.  There  was  no  dissent  from  the  conclusion  that  the 
pledge  of  Mr.  Adams,  if  it  were  in  the  power  of  the  govern- 
ment, must  be  performed. 


Since  the  publication  of  the  foregoing  facts  in  Harper's 
Magazine  for  May,  1890,  I  have  been  solicited  by  many  corre- 
spondents to  give  the  name  of  the  gentleman  who  offered  to 
perform  such  a  signal  service  to  our  country.  It  must  be 
obvious  that  nothing  could  give  greater  pleasure  than  to 
publish  his  name,  and  to  secure  for  him  the  enduring  gratitude 
of  the  American  people.  I  have,  however,  a  special  reason  for 
my  present  determination  not  to  disclose  it,  nor  to  permit 
myself  to  speculate  upon  the  consequences  of  the  disclosure. 
When  we  were  informed  that  the  emergency  had  passed,  it 
became  necessary  to  make  a  change  in  the  entries  of  this  large 
amount  upon  the  books  of  the  register.  This  was  found  to  be 
a  difficult  matter,  unless  a  plain  statement  of  the  issue,  to  the 
gentleman  in  question,  and  its  purpose  was  made  with  its 
subsequent  cancellation.     This  course  I  proposed  to  Secretary 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  97 

Chase.  He  was  decided  in  his  opinion  that  the  value  of  the 
service  would  not  have  been  enhanced  if  an  actual  deposit  of 
the  money  had  been  required,  and  that,  as  the  gentleman  him- 
self had  imposed  the  obligation,  he  was  the  only  authority  who 
could  possibly  release  it.  While  I  regarded  his  conclusion  as 
incontrovertible,  I  did  suggest  that  our  first  duty  was  the 
official  one,  to  our  own  obligation  to  conceal  nothing,  and  to 
make  our  official  records  strictly  conform  to  the  fact. 

'  We  should  have  thought  of  that  at  the  time,"  said  the 
vSecretary.  "  We  might  have  declined  his  offer,  coupled  as  it 
was  with  the  obligation  to  conceal  his  name,  but  I  do  not 
remember  that  we  considered  that  question.      Do  you?" 

"No,"  I  said.  "Nothing  was  discussed  in  my  presence 
except  the  possibility  of  compliance  with  his  conditions  to  the 
letter." 

'  Then,  I  think,  we  must  continue  to  keep  his  secret  what- 
ever the  consequences  may  be,  until  he  releases  us  from  the 
obligation,"  was  the  final  conclusion  of  the  Secretary. 

I  am,  I  believe,  the  only  survivor  of  those  to  whom  this 
gentleman's  name  was  known.  I  have  hitherto  declined  to 
discuss  the  question  of  his  name  or  its  disclosure.  I  depart 
from  my  practice  far  enough  to  say  that  I  do  not  believe  he 
was  interested  in  the  price  of  cotton,  or  that  he  was  moved  in 
the  slightest  degree  by  pecuniary  motives  in  making  his  offer. 
More  than  this,  at  present,  I  do  not  think  I  have  the  moral 
right  to  say.  If  I  should  at  any  time  hereafter  see  my  way 
clear  to  a  different  conclusion,  I  shall  leave  his  name  to  be 
communicated  to  the  Secretary  of  Treasury,  who  will  determine 
for  himself  the  propriety  of  its  disclosure. 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


JEWISH  SOLDIERS  IN  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

The  consciousness  of  the  imperfect  nature  of  the  several 
rosters  included  under  our  present  head  has  been  the  only  in- 
fluence that  has  detracted  from  the  satisfaction  which  the  pre- 
paration of  this  work  in  general  has  afforded  the  author.  This 
feeling  has  already  been  adverted  to  in  the  introduction  to  this 
work  and  will  not  further  be  dwelt  upon  beyond  the  hope  that 
the  present  volume  may  become  the  forerunner  of  a  more  com- 
plete and  perfected  result  in  the  future/1' 

The  unquestionably  large  proportion  of  Jewish  soldiers  in 
both  the  Union  and  Confederate  armies  is  vouched  for  by  such 
statistics  as  have  been  thoroughly  verified  and  by  the  statement 
of  many  individual  observers.  In  this  connection  the  follow- 
ing communications  to  the  author  may  well  be  quoted  as  hav- 
ing a  definite  bearing  on  this  subject,  and  as  coming  from 
sources  whose  authority  is  beyond  question  : 

1 20  Broadway,  New  York, 

December  30th,  '91. 
My  Dear  Judge  : 

I  have  your  favor  of  the  22nd  instant,  asking  for  some 
expression  of  opinion  from  me  regarding  the  bravery  and  faith- 
fulness of  Hebrew  soldiers  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion. 
There  were  many  Hebrews  under  me  while  serving  as  Brigade 
and  Division  Commander  ;  and,  while  the  great  lapse  of  time 
renders  it  impossible  for  me  to  recall  names  or  recount  specific 
acts  of  gallantry,  I  take  pleasure  in  saying  that  I  always  found 
the  soldiers  of  Jewish  faith  as  firm   in  their  devotion  to  the 

The  numerous  communications  from  correspondents  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  which  are  being  received  while  this  volume  is 
in  course  of  completion  by  the  printer,  renders  it  altogether  probable 
that  the  author's  hope  will  be  realized.  The  information  conveyed 
by  these  correspondents,  frequently  too  late  for  incorporation  in  the 
present  work,  will  be  collated  with  the  view  to  its  eventual  publica- 
tion, and  all  who  feel  an  interest  in  our  present  subject,  and  who  can 
contribute  such  data  as  will  further  the  correction  of  these  records, 
are  earnestly  requested  to  communicate  their  information  to  the 
author. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  99 

cause  of  the  country  the}'  were  serving  as  any  others,  and  ever 
ready  to  perform  any  duty  to  which  they  might  be  assigned. 
Yours  very  truly, 

To  Hon.  Simon  Wolf, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Headquarters  Department  of  the  East 

Governor's  Island,  New  York. 

^  ,T       TTT  January  2d,    1892. 

Dear  Mr.   Wolf  :  y 

It  is  impossible  for  me  to  do  justice  to  those  who  served  with 
me   under  my  command  who  are    known   to   be  of   Hebrew 
extraction.     I  would  hardly  be  justified  without  their  permis- 
sion to  give  their  names.     I  had  a  Jewish   Aide-de-Camp,  one 
of  the  bravest  and  best,  in  the  first  battle  of  Bull   Run  ;  he  is 
now  a  distinguished  officer  of  the  army,  a  man  of  high'  scien- 
tific attainment.     I  had  another  aide  who  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Chancellorsville,  a  true  friend  and  a  brave  officer. 
Two  of  my  brigade  commanders,   who  answer  to  the  above 
description,  one  of  whom  you  have  mentioned,  served  ably  and 
faithfully  at  Gettysburg  and  in  other  great  battles  of  the  war. 
So  many  of  the  German  officers  and  men,  the  Poles  and  the  Hun- 
garians, were  of  Jewish  lineage  that  I  am  unable  to  designate 
them.     I  can  assure  you,  my  dear  sir,  that,  intrinsically,  there 
are  no  more  patriotic  men  to  be  found   in  the  country  than 
those  who  claim  to  be  of  Hebrew  descent,  and  who  served  with 
me   in  parallel  commands  or  more  directly  under  my  instruc- 
tions.    I  have  always  greatly  esteemed  the  Jewish  people,  and 
in  fact,  the  highest  hopes  I  have  in  the  great  future  are  derived 
from  him  whom  I  think  justly  claimed  to  be  the  spiritual  king  of 
the  Jews.     So  far  as  bravery  is  concerned,  bravery  often  carries 
to  rashness.     History  affords  no  example  superior  to  those  of 
the  Maccabees  and  other  leaders  of  the  Jews,  back  to  the  time 
of  Jacob,  the  prince,  who  prevailed  with  God. 
Very  truly  yours. 

Oliver  O.  Howard, 

0  TTr  _  Major  General  U.  S.  Army. 

Simon  Wolf,  Esq., 

Washington,  D.  C. 


100  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Further  testimony  of  a  like  character  with  reference  to  the 
Jews  in  the  Union  Army  might  be  adduced  from  numerous 
sources  if  space  limits  would  permit,  but  the  following  citations 
regarding  the  Jewish  soldiers  in  the  Southern  Armies  are  not 
only  warranted  by  the  occasion  but  by  the  exceptionally  in- 
teresting data  which  they  contain. 

•  \From  the  Nashville  American ,  May  25,  iS<?^.~\ 

"Among  the  delegates  to  the  recent  Convention  of  the  Bn'ai 
B'rith  there  were  thirty  who  were  old  enough  to  take  up  arms 
during  the  late  war.  Of  this  number  twenty-five  had  shouldered 
their  muskets  in  defence  of  their  country,  twenty-four  belong- 
ing to  the  Confederate  and  one  to  the  Federal  Army.  This 
shows  that  the  Israelite  is  as  much  of  a  patriot  as  any  other 
man  when  the  liberties  of  his  country  are  endangered.  In  this 
connection  the  following  letter  will  be  read  with  interest. ' ' 

"  Galveston,    Texas,  May  iy,   s$p-l. 

Leo  N.   Levi,  Esq.,  Galveston. 
Dear  Sir: — 

' '  My  attention  having  been  called  by  you  to  the  published 
remarks  of  a  writer  in  disparagement  of  the  patriotism  and 
gallantry  of  the  Jew  as  a  soldier,  and  having  had  the  honor  to 
command  a  force  composed  to  a  considerable  extent  of  Israelites, 
I  feel  impelled  by  this  attempted  injustice  to  the  race  to  give 
my  experience  with  them  as  soldiers. 

"Under  a  commission  from  the  Government  I  organized 
'  Waul's  Texas  Legion,'  upon  the  express  terms  that  they  were 
to  leave  the  State,  cross  the  Mississippi  River  and  join  in  the 
fray  where  the  blows  fell  heaviest  and  thickest.  The  Legion 
consisted  of  ten  companies  of  infantry,  five  companies  of  cavalry 
and  two  companies  of  artillery.  Two  of  the  infantry  compa'nies 
had  a  large  number  of  Jews  in  their  ranks,  and  the  largest 
company  in  the  command — 120  men — was  officered  by  Jews, 
and  three-fourths  of  the  rank  and  file  were  of  that  faith.  There 
were  also  a  number  of  Jews  scattered  through  the  command  in 
the  other  companies. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  101 

"  They  were  all  volunteers,  and  I  know  there  was  not  a  Jew 
conscript  in  the  Legion.  As  soldiers  they  were  brave,  orderly 
and  well -disciplined  and  in  no  respect  inferior  to  the  gallant 
body  of  which  they  formed  a  prominent  part.  Their  behavior 
in  the  camp,  as  in  the  field,  was  exemplary.  No  Jew  in  the 
command  was  arraigned  before  a  court-martial,  and,  in  pro- 
portion to  their  numbers,  there  were  fewer  applications  for 
leaves  of  absence,  and  their  regular  habits  caused  very  few  of 
their  names  to  appear  on  the  hospital  rolls. 

"  In  battle,  without  distinction  of  race  or  religion,  all  were 
apparently  willing  and  eager  for  the  contest.  I  will  say,  how- 
ever, I  neither  saw  nor  heard  of  any  Jew  shrinking  or  failing  to 
answer  to  any  call  of  duty  or  danger. 

'  ■  I  regret  I  cannot  go  more  in  details,  but  am  unwilling  to 
permit  an  aspersion  that  remotely  may  affect  the  Jews  who 
served  with  me  to  pass  unnoticed,  as,  to  a  considerable  extent, 
the  reputation  won  by  the  command  and  personally  obtained  by 
myself  was  acquired  by  their  conduct,  courage  and  soldierly 
qualities.  I  state  without  hesitation  that  in  no  atttribute  suited 
to  the  soldier,  whether  as  an  officer  or  in  the  ranks,  will  the 
Jew  suffer  by  comparison  with  the  best  and  bravest  of  our 
army. 

"  As  these  happenings  were  before  your  time,  I  jot  down 
these  recollections  that  you  may  have  the  testimony  of  one 
Gentile  to  attest  the  courage,  endurance  and  patriotism  of  the 
Jew  as  a  soldier. 

Yours  sincerely, 

T.  N.  Watj^ . 

The  discussion  of  the  question  of  Jewish  participation  in  the 
Civil  War  elicited  the  following  expression  from  a  Charleston 
newspaper : 

"The  list  of  South  Carolina  Jews  who  remained  true  to  their 
country  and  to  their  country's  cause  in  the  darkest  hours  and 
who  proved  their  fidelity  and  patriotism  by  laying  down  their 
lives  upon  the  field  of  battle  could  be  greatly  extended.  Their 
names  are  graven  upon  many  a  monument  throughout  the  land, 
and  their  prowess  in  arms  is  a  part  of  the  military  glory  of  the 


102  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

country.  As  Montaigne  says,  the  virtue  and  valor  of  a  man 
consist  in  the  heart  and  in  the  will,  and  by  this  rule  the  Hebrew 
soldiers  of  South  Carolina  may  be  fairly  judged.  What  they 
had  they  gave  freely  to  the  State  and  on  many  a  bloody  field 
did  they  prove  the  high  quality  of  their  courage.  They  pos- 
sessed, what  Napoleon  called  "the  two  o'clock  in  the  morning 
courage"  and  they  followed  the  flag  with  superb  loyalty  to  vic- 
tory and  defeat.  When  the  history  of  South  Carolina's  part  in 
the  great  struggle  is  written  and  the  books  are  finally  posted,  we 
are  sure  that  the  Hebrew  soldiers  of  this  State,  who  wore  the 
grey  will  have  their  full  meed  of  praise." 

Another  communication  which  is  at  hand,  originally  made  to 
one  of  our  Jewish  weeklies,  may  also  be  quoted  as  affording  an 
effective  side  light  on  our  present  subject: 

' '  From  the  beginning  of  the  late  war  until  its  close  I  was 
connected  with  the  War  and  Navy  Departments  of  the  Con- 
federate States  as  a  contractor  for  side  arms  and  accoutrements. 
In  this  capacity  I  became  acquainted  with  the  organization  and 
direction  of  the  Army  and  Navy  and  also  became  well,  ac- 
quainted with'  the  governing  officials  of  the  State,  War  and 
Navy  Departments. 

' '  Shortly  before  the  Fall  Festivals  of  our  Jewish  observance 
in  1864  I  came  to  Richmond,  Va.,  and  as  usual,  met  my  late 
old  friend,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Michelbacher.  After  receiving  an  as- 
surance of  my  readiness  to  aid  him  in  the  purpose  which  he 
outlined  to  me,  he  detailed  his  request  as  follows: 

' '  '  'ftiere  are  right  around  here  and  in  our  other  armies  many 
Jewish  soldiers  who  would  like  to  keep  Rosh  Hashanah  but  espe- 
cially Yom  Kippur  according  to  our  law  and  ritual.  I  am  trying 
to  get  a  furlough  for  these  soldiers  over  these  Holy  Days,  but  do 
not  know  how  to  go  about  it.  Here  is  a  petition  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  War;  you  know  him  well ;  will  you  present  it  or  will  you 
go  with  me  to  introduce  me?  or  will  you  get  Mr.  Benjamin  to 
recommend  it?'  I  informed  Mr.  Michelbacher  that  as  far  as 
Mr.  Benjamin  was  concerned  it  did  not  come  within  the  scope 
of  his  special  office;  that  if  his  recommendation  was  needed  I 
could  pledge  it,  and  that  the  whole  matter  was  for  Mr.  Seddon 


PA  TRW  T,  SOLD IER  A  SD  CITIZEN.  103 

to  decide.  Next  morning  Mr.  Michelbacher  and  myself  went 
to  Mr.  Seddon,  who  received  us,  as  he  did  all  his  petitioners, 
with  kindness.  He  read  the  petition  quietly  and  talked  the 
matter  over  with  us  for  some  time,  even  at  more  length  than  the 
pressing  duties  upon  him  seemed  to  warrant.  After  mature 
deliberation  he  spoke  about  as  follows:  'Well,  gentlemen,  as 
far  as  I  am  concerned  I  wrill  give  my  ^consent,  but  must  refer 
the  matter  to  the  Adjutant  and  Inspector-General.  Whatever 
he  does,  I  will  sanction.'  He  thereupon  wrote  his  endorse- 
ment on  the  petition  and  Mr.  Michelbacher  and  I  took  it  up  to 
General  Cooper,  who,  like  Mr.  Seddon,  received  us  kindly,  and 
with  great  interest  discussed  the  proposition  with  us.  He 
would  gladly,  he  said,  grant  the  furloughs,  but,  'gentlemen,' 
he  added,  'look,  we  have  here  a  roster  of  all  our  soldiers  and 
we  know,  as  far  as  possible  from  their  names,  how  many  of 
them  belong  to  your  religious  denomination,  and  astonishing 
it  is  that  we  count  about  10,000  to  12,000  Jews  who  are  serving 
in  our  Army.  Now  should  I  grant  the  furloughs  you  request, 
you  will  readily  see,  that  for  the  time  being,  it  would  perhaps 
disintegrate  certain  commands  in  the  field  and  might  work  to  a 
bad  effect;  beside-;,  the  commanders  of  the  different  army  corps 
should  certainly  be  consulted.  On  the  whole  it  would  be  im- 
practicable, as  you,  Goldsmith  (turning  to  me)  will  readily 
acknowledge.  In  fact,'  he  pleasantly  added,  'you  will  admit 
that  if  your  forefathers  had  fought  Titus  on  the  Sabbath  day, 
during  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  they  most  certainly  would  have 
beaten  him.  You  see,  therefore,  I  cannot  conscientiously  grant 
.your  request  '  So  it  ended,  but  we  had  the  satisfaction  of 
having  learned  that  out  of  the  small  number  of  Jews  then 
living  in  the  South,  it  was  believed  that  over  10,000  were  serv- 
ing in  the  Confederate  Army.  Those  who  would  not  serve  left 
the  country.  For  many  of  these  latter  I  myself  procured  pass- 
ports and  permits,  deeming  it  better  that  they  should  leave 
quietly  and  unmolested  than  that  they  should  be  forced  into  the 
ranks  where  they  wTould  have  made  unwilling  defenders  of  the 
country. 

' '  I  am  still  a  living  witness  and  can ,  from  my  own  memory , 
give  you  many  names  of  gallant  Jewish  soldiers  of  the  Con- 
federate army.     I  had  ample  opportunity  to  see  and  to  know. 


104  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Many  a  wounded  Jew  have  I  met  in  the  hospitals  of  Richmond 
and  administered  to  his  wants,  and  many  a  JewTish  soldier  have 
I  seen  walking  on  his  crutch  or  having  his  arm  in  a  sling, 
travelling  to  and  from  his  command  during  the  war.  And  I 
know  further  that  it  was  simply  a  sense  of  loyalty  to  their 
homes  and  their  neighbors  that  prompted  them  to  fight  for 
the  South.  If  not,  they  could  readily  have  left  this  country  at 
any  time  as  well  as  I  myself  could  have  done,  had  I  so  chosen. 
But  love  for  our  adopted  country  kept  us  here  and  we  offered 
all  we  had  in  its  behalf. 

M.  Goldsmith." 


The  closing  paragraph  of  Mr.  Goldsmith's  letter  is  truly 
expressive  of  Jewish  sentiment.  It  emphasizes  the  fact  that 
the  Jew,  while  retaining  his  racial  and  religious  distinctiveness, 
identifies  himself  with  the  people  among  whom  he  dwells,  if  he 
is  not  deliberately  excluded  from  the  possibility  of  doing  so. 
Were  further  evidence  of  this  required  beyond  the  records  of 
earlier  times,  a  convincing  proof  can  be  found  in  the  presence 
of  large  numbers  of  Jews  in  both  the  Union  and  Confederate 
armies  throughout  the  Civil  War. 

It  should  not  be  overlooked  that  the  profession  of  arms 
for  its  own  sake  is  not  distinctively  a  Jewish  trait ;  the  busi- 
nesss  of  war  having  always  been  taken  up  as  the  means  to 
an  end  rather  than  the  end  itself.  This  phase  of  the  Jewish 
character  finds  a  significant  expression  in  the  large  proportion 
of  Jewish  combatants  in  both  the  Revolutionary  and  Civil 
Wars.  In  both  cases  the  issue  was  one  in  which  they  felt  a 
deep  and  abiding  interest,  and  they  manifested  their  earnest- 
ness in  the  most  positive  manner  by  taking  an  active  and 
determined  part  in  the  decision  of  the  issue .  That  interest  was 
far  from  being  prevalent  during  the  War  of  1812  and  the  subse- 
quent war  with  Mexico.  The  former  lacked  the  support  of  a 
large  fraction  of  the  people,  being  held  by  the  Federal  party  of 
that  time  to  be  a  heedless  and  needless  undertaking,  which  in 
many  respects  it  was,  and  the  latter,  the  Mexican  War,  was 
regarded  by  the  anti-slavery  Whigs  as  tending  to  aggrandize 
the  slave  power  by  an  extension  of  its  territory.  Both  these 
wars  were  party  measures,  and  in  both  a  decidedly  smaller 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  105 

proportion  of  Jewish  combatants  took  part  than  would  other- 
wise* have  been  the  case.  Where  home,  or  liberty  or  law7  is 
at  stake  the  Jewish  people  have  never  been  chary  of  the  utter- 
most sacrifice,  and  the  muster  rolls  of  the  armies  in  the  great 
war  between  the  States  afford  the  fullest  evidence  of  their 
ample  share  in  its  burdens  and  its  sufferings. 


106  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


MEDALS  OF  HONOR. 

(From  a  paper  read  by  the  present  author  before  the  American  Jewish 
Plistorical  Society,  Washington,  D.  C,  December  26,  1894.) 

On  the  1 2th  day  of  July,  1862,  President  Lincoln  gave  his 
approval  to  an  Act  of  Congress,  authorizing  the  President  to 
cause  to  be  prepared  2,000  ' '  Medals  of  Honor, "  to  be  presented 
to  such  non-commissioned  officers  and  privates  "  as  would 
especially  distinguish  themselves  by  their  gallantry  in  action, 
and  by  other  soldierly  qualities  during  the  war  then  in  progress. 

While  I  am  not  prepared  to  say  how  many  soldiers  of  Hebrew 
faith  were  honored  with  such  medals,  I  can  mention  seven  who 
have  come  under  my  notice. 

Firsts  Leopold  Karpeles,  Color  Sergeant,  of  the  57th 
Massachusetts  Infantry,  at  the  Battle  of  North  Anna,  distin- 
guished himself  by  a  noble  defence  of  the  flag  under  a  terrific 
fire  from  the  enemy.  Although  seriously  wounded,  he  held 
the  colors  aloft  until  through  weakness  from  loss  of  blood  he 
had  at  last  to  give  them  to  a  comrade.  Sergeant  Karpeles  has 
high  testimonials  from  his  superior  officers  for  bravery,  daring 
and  discipline,  and  is  at  present  a  clerk  in  the  General  Post- 
Office  Department. 

Second,  Benjamin  B.  Levy,  who  enlisted  at  the  age  of  six- 
teen as  a  drummer  boy,  in  the  1st  New  York  Volunteers.  He 
was  detailed  as  Orderly  to  General  Mansfield.  While  on  board 
the  steamer  ' '  Express, ' '  carrying  dispatches  to  General  Wool 
at  Fortress  Monroe,  the  vessel  was  attacked  by  the  Confederate 
gunboat ,  ' '  Seabird . ' '  The  ' '  Express ' '  with  all  on  board ,  was  in 
imminent  danger  of  capture,  when  young  Levy  saved  the  steamer 
by  cutting  loose  a  water  schooner  which  was  in  tow.  For  his 
prompt  action,  Levy  was  highly  complimented  by  Generals 
Mansfield  and  Wool.  At  Charles  City  Cross  Roads,  two  of  the 
colors  of  his  regiment  were  saved  by  him  from  capture,  for 
which  act  he  was  promoted  on  the  field  by  General  Kearney  to 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  107 

Color  Sergeant  of  his  regiment.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term, 
he  re-enlisted  in  the  40th  New  York  (Mozart)  regiment,  and 
was  seriously  wounded  at  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness.  He 
was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln  to  the  New  York  Custom 
House. 

Third,  Sergeant  Major  and  Adjutant  Abraham  Cohn,  who 
enlisted  as  private  in  the  6th  New  Hamshire  Infantry.  For  dis- 
tinguished services  he  was  gradually  promoted  to  Adjutant;  he 
served  until  the  close  of  the  war.  Some  time  after  Adjutant 
Cohn  received  the  "Medal  of  Honor,"  from  the  Assistant 
Adjutant  General's  office,  he  was  addresesd  the  following 
highly  complimentary  communication  : 

Adjutant  General's    Office, 
Washington,  August  14,  1879. 

The  Medal,  mentioned  within,  was  given  for  conspicuous 
gallantry  displayed  in  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  in  rallying 
and  forming  disorganized  troops,  under  heavy  fire;  also  for 
bravery  and  coolness  in  carrying  orders  to  the  advance  lines 
under  murderous  fire  in  the  battle  of  the  Mine,  July  30,  1864. 
(Signed)  S.  N.  Benjamin, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Adjutant  Cohn  has  the  most  gratifying  testimonials  from  his 
superior  officers.  Before  enlisting  in  the  6th  New  Hamshire 
he  had  served  in  the  68th  New  York  as  a  private  and  rose 
gradually  to  be  captain.  Owing  to  sickness  he  was  honorably 
discharged,  being  then,  in  the  opinion  of  the  surgeons,  unfit 
for  further  duty.  Notwithstanding  his  discharge  as  Captain, 
when  strong  and  able  again,  he  re-enlisted  as  Private,  in  the 
6th  New  Hampshire,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  Adjutant. 

Fourth,  David  Obranski,  of  the  58th  Ohio  Infantry,  who 
received  a  Medal  of  Honor  for  distinguished  bravery  and 
coolness  under  heavy  fire  at  Shiloh,  Tennesee,  and  at  Vicks- 
burg,  Mississippi. 

Fifth,  Henry  Heller,  of  Company  A,  66th  Ohio  Infantry. 
He  earned  the  Medal  of  Honor  for  daring  bravery  at  Chancel  - 
lorsville. 


108  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Sixth,  Abraham  Grunwalt,  of  Company  G,  104th  Ohio 
Infantry,  who  earned  his  Medal  of  Honor,  at  Franklin,  Tennes- 
see, November  30,  1864  in  the  capture  of  Corps  headquarters' 
flag. 

Seventh,  Corporal  Isaac  Gans,  of  the  2nd  Ohio  Cavalry, 
who  for  bravery  displayed  on  the  battle-field  was  apppointed 
escort  to  the  colors  captured  by  the  Third  Division. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  .CITIZEN.  109 


FAMILIES  OF  "BROTHERS-IN-ARMS." 

[Compiled   from  a  paper  read   by    the    present  author  before  the 
American  Jewish  Historical  Society,  Washington,  D.  C, 

December  26,  1894.] 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  facts  developed  by  the  records  of 
our  Civil  War,  and  especially  gratifying  because  unsurpassed, 
if  equalled,  is  the  spontaneous  and  cheerful  alacrity  with  which 
our  citizens  of  Hebrew  faith  entered  their  country's  service  in 
the  hour  of  its  need.  In  a  number  of  families  all  the  male 
members  able  to  bear  arms  were  enrolled  in  the  army.  My 
list  of  these  may  not  be  complete,  and  there  may  be  other 
equally  notable  examples,  but  I  here  name  only  those  wThich 
have  been  definitely  reported  to  me. 

North  Carolina  is  to  the  fore  with  a  host  of  six  militant 
brothers,  united  in  the  cause  which  they  held  at  heart  as  well 
as  by  the  ties  of  blood.  They  bear  the  titular  name  of  the 
priestly  brother  of  Moses,  and  their  devotion  lends  it  new 
lustre.  The  list  of  these  six  brothers-in-arms  is  as  follows: 
Aaron  Cohen,  Edward  Cohen, 

Jacob  H.  Cohen,  Gustavus  A.  Cohen, 

Julius  Cohen,  Henry  M.  Cohen. 

Mississippi  claims  a  set  of  five  brothers  in  the  field,  but, 
remarkable  enough ,  one  of  these  was  arrayed  on  the  side  of  the 
Union  against  his  four  Confederate  brothers,  a  fair  example  of 
the  Jewish  spirit  of  loyalty  to  conviction.  The  following  is  the 
list: 

Edward  Jonas,  50th  Illinois    Julian  Jonas, 

Infantry.  Major  Charles  H.  Jonas, 

S.  A.  Jonas,  Hon.  Benjamin  F.  Jonas 

(of  Louisiana). 

vSouth  Carolina  also  had  five  brothers  enrolled  in  the  Con- 
federate army.     Their  names  are: 

Percy  Moses,  Jr.,  Horace  Moses, 

Joshua  E.  Moses,  J.  Harby  Moses, 

A.  Jackson  Moses. 


110  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Georgia  mustered  a  family  of  four,  a  father  and  three  sons, 
bearing  the  same  historic  name  as  their  South  Carolina  com- 
rades: 

Raphael  Moses,  Sr.,  Israel  N.  Moses, 

Raphael  Moses,  Jr.,  A.  L.  Moses, 

Arkansas  furnishes  an  instance  of  three  brothers,  namely: 
Peter  Cohen,  Jacob  Cohen, 

Po'el  Cohen. 

Another  trio  hail  from  the  South,  two  from  Georgia  and  one 
from  South  Carolina: 

Isaac  A.  Goldsmith,  A.  A.  Goldsmith, 

M.  M.  Goldsmith. 

Virginia  sent  out  another  three: 

Leopold  Levy,  Samson  Levy, 

Solomon  Levy. 

Louisiana  has  also  a  list  of  three  brothers  on  her  muster  rolls: 
Eugene  H.  Levy,  Julius  H.  Levy, 

Joseph  C.  Levy. 

And  yet  another  trio  went  forth  from  Alabama : 

Mordecai  Moses,  Henry  C.  Moses, 

Alfred  Moses. 

This  makes  a  total  of  nine  families  on  the  Southern  side, 
embracing  a  membership  numbering  thirty-five,  of  whom  one 
was  enrolled  in  the  Union  army. 

The  preponderance  of  such  instances  in  the  ranks  of  the 
Confederates  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  Jews  of  the  Southern 
States  were,  in  a  much  larger  proportion  than  those  of  the 
North,  natives  of  the  soil  or  residents  of  long  standing.  While 
the  Jews  were  doubtless  more  numerous  at  the  North  than  at 
the  South,  they  were,  for  the  most  part,  immigrants  of  a  com- 
paratively recent  date,  and  therefore  less  intensely  imbued  with 
the  spirit  of  the  conflict. 


•» 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  Ill 

On  the  Union  side,  New  York,  the  nucleus  of  the  Jewish 
population  of  this  country,  naturally  furnished  the  largest 
quota. of  Jewish  soldiers,  and  among  them  were  three  bands  of 
brothers;  one  of  the  families  being  reinforced  by  the  presence 
of  the  father.  The  roll  is  as  follows; 
First,  a  family  of  five: 

Leopold  Wenk,  Joseph  Wenk, 

August  Wenk,  Julius  Wenk, 

Aaron  Wenk. 

Second,  a  father  and  his  three  sons: 
Simon  Levy,  Benjamin  C.  Levy.  Albert  Levy, 

Hon.  Ferdinand  Levy,  Ex-Coroner  and  present  Register 
of  New  York  City . 

Third,  a  trio  of  brothers: 

Abraham  Feder,  Henry  Feder, 

Adolph   Feder. 

Pennsylvania  also  sent  three  Jewish  brothers  to  the  front: 

Lyon  L.  Emanuel,  Louis  M.  Emanuel, 

Jonathan  M.  Emanuel. 

From  Ohio  we  have  another  list  of  three  brothers  who  to- 
gether took  part  in  the  War  for  the  Union: 

Herman  Koch,  Moses  Koch, 

Joseph  Koch. 

We  have  thus  a  list  of  five  families  on  the  Union  side,  con- 
taining eighteen  men,  a  total  for  both  the  Confederate  and 
Union  sides  of  fourteen  families  sending  fifty-three  men  to  the 
war. 


112  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


JEWISH  STAFF  OFFICERS  IN  THE  UNION 

ARMY. 

Assistant  Adjutant-General  Myer  Asch 

entered  the  service  September  19,  1861,  as  2d  Lieutenant 
Company  H,  1st  New  Jersey  Cavalry  Volunteers;  promoted 
to  1  st  Lieutenant  and  Adjutant,  December  29,  1861,  and 
Captain,  March  24,  1862;  served  on  staff  of  Major-General 
John  Pope,  subsequently  appointed  Assistant  Adjutant- 
General  to,  Major-General  Kautz;  also  distinguished  in 
other  ways;  held  civic  honors,  particularly  during  the 
Centennial  Exhibition  of  1876  at  Philadelphia. 

Doctor  Morris  J.  Asch, 

on  staff  of  Major-General  Philip  H.  Sheridan. 

Major  Newman  Borchardt 

enlisted  as  Private  in  Company  K,  6th  New  York  Volun- 
teers; promoted  to  serve  on  staff  of  Major-General  Oliver 
O.  Howard. 

Captain  Isidore  Bush,  aide-de-camp  to  General  Fremont. 

Captain  Max  Cohnheim 

enlisted  in  the  41st  New  York;  promoted  with  rank  of 
Captain  on  the  staff  of  General  Sigel. 

Captain Dessauer, 

on  staff  of  Major-General  Oliver  O.  Howard;  killed  "at 
Chancellorsville. . 

Rev.  Jacob  Frankel, 

of  Philadelphia,  served  as  Chaplain  of  United  States 
Hospitals  during  the  Civil  War,  by  appointment  of 
President  Lincoln. 

Captain  Edward  Joxas 

enlisted  in  Illinois  on  staff  of  Major-General  Prentice. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  113 

Major  M.  Lulley, 

formerly  on  staff  of  Louis  Kossuth,  during  the  Hungarian 
Revolution  of  1848;  rendered  valuable  services  during  the 
Civil  War,  under  direction  of  Secretary  of  War. 

Colonel  Isaac  May,  aide-de-camp  to  Governor  Andrew  G. 
Curtin,  of  Pennsylvania. 

Sergeant  Louis  H.  Maykk 

enlisted  in  the  27th  Ohio  Regiment,  served  on  staff  of 
General  Pope;  also  with  Generals  Rosecrans  and  Grant, 
taking  part  in  various  campaigns. 

Captain  Nathan  D.  Mknkkn, 

on  staff  of  Major-General  John  Pope,  as  Commander  of 
his  body-guard;  he  sacrificed  his  life  by  remaining  in 
Memphis,  Tennessee,  and  tending  to  the  suffering  during 
a  terrible  visitation  of  Yellow  fever  in  1878. 

Isaac  Mosks,  Adjutant-General  3d  Army  Corps,  staff  of 
Major  General  Heintzelman;  subsequently  under  General 
Banks. 

Captain  Juuus  Spring, 

on  staff  of  General  Van  Buren. 

Lieutenant  M.  SzEGEIyY, 

on  staff  of  General  Sigel. 

Major  Joseph  Fkankun  Tobias,  aide:de-camp  with  rank  of 
Major  to  Major-General  D.  B.  Birney  (April  14,  1862  — 
May  16,  1864). 


1 14  THE  A M ERICA N  JEW  A S 


JEWISH   STAFF   OFFICERS    IN   THE   CON- 
FEDERATE ARMY. 

Jacob  Abrams, 

on  staff  of  General  Klzey. 

Doctor  I.  BaruCH,  Assistant  Surgeon-General. 

Marcus  Baum, 

on  the  staff  of  General  Kershaw;  enlisted  as  private; 
wounded  at  first  Battle  of  Manassas;  mentioned  in  general 
orders  for  distinguished  bravery;  killed  at  the  Battle  of 
the  Wilderness. 

Captain  H.  U.  Bknjamix,  General  Staff. 

Honorable  J ud ah  P.  Benjamin,  Secretary  of  War. 

General  David  de  Leon,  Surgeon-General. 

The  first  surgeon-general  of  the  Confederate  Army.  He 
was  born  in  South  Carolina  in  1822.  In  the  Mexican  War 
he  twice  took  the  place  of  commanding  officers,  who  had 
been  killed  or  wounded  and  acted  with  such  gallantry  and 
ability  as  to  receive  twice  the  thanks  of  the  United  States 
Congress.  In  February,  186 1,  he  resigned  his  rank  as 
Surgeon  and  Major  in  the  United  States  Army  and  was  ap- 
pointed Surgeon-General  of  the  Armies  of  the  Confederacy. 

Honorable  Edwin  DE  Lkox, 

Special  Confederate  States  Envoy  to  Court  of  Napoleon  III. 

Captain  Joseph  Kraxklaxd, 

on  Staff  of  General  Wheeler,  1st  Tennessee  Battalion  of 
Cavalry;  entered  as  private;  promoted  step  by  step; 
Assistant  Provost  Marshal. 

Orderly  Howard  KAUFFMAN,  Staff  of  General  Bagly,  Green's 
Brigade. 

N.  Kraus,  Staff  of  General  Miller. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  115 

Lieutenant  Alexander  Levy,    Richmond,   Virginia;  Staff  of 
General  Magruder;  wounded  at  Big  Bethel. 

Captain    M.    LEW,   6th   Arkansas,  Staff   of    General   Baxton 
Bragg;  Enlisted  Co.  K,  6th  Arkansas. 

Lieutenant  M.  J.  Marcus,  Staff  of  General  Benning. 

Victor  Mkykr,  Staff  of  General  Barksdale. 

Assistant- Adjutant-General  J.  Randolph  Mordecai 

entered  the  service  of  the  Confederate  States  as  private  in 
the  Washington  Artillery,  South  Carolina,  December  19, 
i860;  shortly  afterwards  was  appointed  2nd  Lieutenant, 
when  transferred  to  theC.  S.  Army,  afterward  assigneds  to 
duty  as  Assistant-Adjutant-General  to  General  White's 
Brigade  Light  Artillery  until  July,  1863,  to  A.  A.  M., 
C.  S.  Army,  and  assigned  to  General  Taliaford's  Division. 

Captain  A.  J.  MosES,  Staff  of  General  Hannon. 

Major  AlkrEd  T.  MosES,  Staff  of  General  R.  Taylor; 
enlisted  Co.  K,  6th  Arkansas. 

Altamont  MosES,  Military  Telegraph  Service. 

F.  J.  MoSKS,  Assistant  Surgeon. 

Colonel  Raphael  J.  MosES,  Staff  of  General  Longstreet. 

Appointed  chief  commissary  for  the  State  of  Georgia. 
Known  to  Generals  Lee  and  Longstreet  as  the  "  honest 
commissary/'  He  turned  over  thirty  thousand  dollars  in 
gold  to  General  Molyneux  at  the  close  of  the  war  on  con- 
dition that  it  should  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  the  Con- 
federate soldiers  and  Confederate  hospitals,  which  was 
done. 

General  A.  C.  Myers,  Quartermaster  General  C.  S.  A. 

Major  J.  M.  Nanez,  Staff  of  General  Longstreet. 

Major  Isaac  Scherck,  Staff  of  General  Hardee: 
enlisted  in  Mississippi. 

Morris  Straus,  Staff  of  General  Jenkins; 
enlisted  in  South  Carolina. 


116  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


JEWISH  OFFICERS  IN  THE  CONFEDERATE 

NAVY. 

Lieutenant  Barnham. 

Perry  de  Leon,  South  Carolina. 

Captain  L.  C.  Harby,  South  Carolina. 

When  South  Carolina  seceded  he  resigned  his  commission 
in  the  United  States  Navy  and  entered  the  Confederate 
service  with  the  rank  of  Commodore  in  the  Navy  and  after- 
wards distinguished  himself  in  the  defence  of  Galveston, 
when  he  commanded  the  Neptune  at  the  capture  of  the 
Harriet  Lane,  and  later  on  when  in  command  of  a  fleet  of 
gunboats  on  the  Sabine  river. 

Louis  P.  Levy,  Gunboat  Chicora,  Virginia; 
A  midshipman  at  the  age  of  fifteen. 

Midshipman  Randolph  Lyons; 

detailed  as  Signal  Officer  on  blockade  running. 

Lazarus  Weil,  C.  S.  Navy. 

Simon  Weil,  C.  S.  Navy. 

Isaac  Moise,  C.  S.  Navy. 

Paymaster  I.  C.  MoSES,  Navy. 

Lieutenant  R.  J.  MoSES,  Jr.,  C.  S.  S.  Merrimac,  Georgia. 

Z.  P.  MoSES,  Navy  Department. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


11 


LISTS   OF  JEWISH  SOLDIERS  IN  THE   UNION 

AND  CONFEDERATE  ARMIES  DURING  THE 

CIVIL  WAR,  CLASSIFIED   ACCORDING 

TO  STATES  AND  ALPHABETICALLY 

ARRANGED. 


ALABAMA 

• 

Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Abraham,  Jacob 

3d  Infantry 

Abraham,  Isaac 

1st  Artillery 

Abraham,  Joseph 

B 

2d  Cavalry. 

Altemount,  Simon 

c 

1 2th  Infantry. 

Abraham,  D. 

B 

1st  Cavalry. 

Ai/tman,  

1 2th  Infantry. 

Abraham,  A. 

G 

6th  Infantry. 

Block,  Maurice 

27th  Infantry. 

Killed  at  Seven  Pines. 

Bean,  Lewis  33d  Infantry. 

Bamburger,  Solomon  S.,  Major  6th  Infantry. 
Wounded  at  Seven  Pines  ;  after  which  General  Johns- 
ton appointed  him  Private  Secretary. 

Blum,  Eli  as  10th  Infantry. 
Wounded  at  Frazier's  Farm. 

V 

Benedick,  F.  3d  Infantry. 

Bernstein,  P.  Kufala  Light  Artillery. 

Barwald,  M.  G               6th  Infantry. 

Barwald,  D.  3d  Infantry. 


Cohn,  L.  J. 
Cohen,  Louis 
Coleman, 


Sergeant 


3d  Infantry. 
4th  Infantry. 
6th  Infantry. 


118 


Name. 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Rank.  Company, 


Cahn,  Jacob 
Colling,  William 
Cahn,  S. 


Regiment. 

4th  Infantry 

4th  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 


Daniel,  William                                       A  1st  Infantry. 

Captured  ;  died   and   buried  at  Wood  lawn  Cemetery, 

Klmira,  New  York. 

Dreyfus,  Samuel                                 B  1st  Artillery. 

DRYFUS,  L.  B  4th  Infantry. 

Kinhorn,  Aaron 
Khlbrrt,  M. 

Falk,  L.  M. 

Fischer,  E.  Captain 

Promoted  from  private. 

Goodman,  Henry 
Goldstein,  Isidore 
Gerson,  M.  Iv. 
Gkrson,  A. 
Goldstein,  I. 
Gutman,  Joseph 
Griel,  Louis 
Gutman,  Emanuel 

Hirschpeld,  Jacob 

Killed  at  Sharpsburg. 
HEYMAN,  S.  A  i  8th  Cavalry. 

Wounded  at   New  Hope  Church  ;  disabled  from  field 

duty  ;  on  detached  service  until  surrender. 
Herzbkrg,  H.  Lieutenant  J  18th  Cavalry 

Killed  at  New  Hope  Church. 
Hevman,  Isaac  J  18th  Cavalry. 

Wounded  seven  times  ;   promoted  on  the  field  of  battle 

for  bravery. 
Haas,  SiEGMUND  C  12th  Cavalry. 

Hartman,  Joseph  3d  Cavalry. 


B 

4th  Infantry 

21st  Infantry 

D 

5th  Cavalry 

A 

12th  Infantry 

A 

10th  Infantry 

E 

4th  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

B 

1st  Cavalry 

B 

1st  Cavalry 

14th  Infantry 

G 

10th  Infantry, 

E 

14th  Infantry, 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


119 


Namk.  Rank.  Company.  Hkgimknt. 

Hirschpiklder,  Jacob  5th  Cavalry 

Killed  at  Gettysburg. 
Hokiieimer,  Henry 
Hirschrr,  E. 
Henlein,  A. 
Harrison,  Joseph 

Captured  ;  died  and   buried  at  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 

Elmira,  New  York. 
Israel,  I.  D  6oth  Infantry 

Captured  ;   died  and  buried   at  Woodlawn   Cemetery, 

Elmira,  New  York. 


Washington  Light  Artillery. 

3d  Infantry. 

B  4th  Infantry. 

A  1  st  Infantry. 


Jacobson,  Joseph 

A 

42d  Infantry 

Jonas,  Israel 

3d  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

Jacobson,  Adolph 

B 

20th  Infantry 

Wounded  at   Vicksburg,   June 

14,  1863 

;   served  bal- 

ance  of  time  in  hos] 

)ital. 

Joseph,  Leonce  G. 

H 

Temple's  Batter)' 
and  7th  Cavalry 

Joseph,  J. 

Lafayette  Guard 

Jaretzky,  Morris 

G 

6th  Infantry 

Jackson,  

G 

6th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Solomon 

D 

14th  Infantry 

Kraus,  Lee 

D 

7th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Jacob 

B 

1  st  Infantry 

Kuleman,  E. 

3d  Infantry 

Karcher,  E. 

Captain 

A 

12  th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  pri\ 

ate. 

Koefsky,  S. 

Lieutenant 

A 

1 2th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Seven  Pines. 

Kern,  Simeon 

K 

17th  Infantry 

Klein,  Louis 

E 

State  Reserves 

Kaiser,  Lazarus  M. 

E 

State  Reserves 

Kahn,  Karl 

23d  Infantry 

Klein,  Abraham 

A 

42  d  Infantry 

120 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


\  ami:. 


Rank. 


Levey, 

Lost  a  leg  ;  subsequently  killed. 

L'Etondal,  E. 

Levis,  Lazarus 

Loewi,  Henry 

L'Etondal,  F.  Captain 

Promoted  for  bravery. 
Lowentiial,  Jacob 
Lewy,  Henry 
Levy,  B.  M. 

LOBMAN,  H. 

Levy,  Samuel 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 
Loewi,  Samuel 
Lemlo,  L. 
Leiter,  I. 
Levy,  Julian  C. 

Killed  at  battle  of  Malvern  Hill. 
Levy,  Solomon 


Company. 

Regiment. 

3d  Infantry 

A 

12  th  Infantry 

24th  Infantry 

E 

State  Reserves 

1 2th  Infantry 

12  th  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

E 

State  Reserves 

B 

1st  Cavalry 

B 

1  st  Cavalry 

E 

3d  Infantry 

. 

3d  Infantry, 

(Montgomery  Blues.) 

Moses,  Monteeiore,  Surgeon 


Moses,  Mordkcai   \ 
Moses,  Henry  C. 
Moses,  Alered       ) 

Brothers 

Infantry 

Meyer,  Herman 

A 

42 d  Infantry 

Mkktif,  S.  A. 

3d  Infantry 

Marks,  Samuel 

Lieutenant 

3d  Infantry 

Myer,  Moses 

B 

1st  Artilery 

Mvkk,  Charles 

A 

42d  Infantry 

Myek,  Henry 

B 

4th  Infantry 

Mook,  A. 

K 

1 1  th  Infantry 

Meyerberg,  L. 

3d  Infantry 

Markstein,  Max 

C 

5th  Infantry 

Neubrik,  K. 

1 2th  Infantry 

Pepperman,  Marx 

B 

1st  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  121 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Pickard,  Samuel  C  i  2th  Infantry 

Proskauer,  Adolph     Captain  A  12th  Infantry 

Entered  the  Confederate  Army  as  private  ;  was  ap- 
pointed Color  Sergeant ;  rose  to  be  Captain  ;  was 
wounded  four  times. 


Richmond,  Charles 

B 

2d  Cavalry 

Richards,  Julius 

K 

44th  Infantry 

Discharged  1862  for  disability. 

Raufman,  S. 

nth  Infantry 

Rohotsch, 

3d  Infantry 

Richard,  J. 

G 

3d  Infantry 

Richard,  Aaron 

A 

44th  Infantry 

Solomon,  David  Colonel 

Appointed  by  the  Governor  of  Alabama,  as  Aide-de- 
Camp,  with  the  rank  of  Colonel. 


Steiner,  L. 

3d  Infantry 

Sussman,  David 

27th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Seven  Pines. 

Steiner,  M. 

3d  Infantry 

Strass burger,  H.         Lieutenant 

3d  Infantry 

Sussman,  H. 

B 

4th  Infantry 

SCHOENBACHER,    H. 

B 

1st  Infantry 

Straus,  I. 

B 

1st  Infantry 

Served  until  disabled. 

Scharf,  E. 

B 

1st  Cavalry 

Solomon,  Joseph 

B 

1st  Cavalry 

SULSBACHER,  A. 

4th  Infantry 

Schalhofer,  Philip 

K 

8th  Infantry 

Sterne,  Samuel 

Eufala  Artillery 

Wounded  at  Atlanta. 

Stern,  Joseph 

1 2th  Infantry 

Strauss,  Leopold 

Cavalry 

Served  three  years  until  disabled  by  wounds. 
SiEGEL,  MoSES  C  12th  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 


122  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Name.  Hank. 

Somrnthkil,  Jacob 
Schiffman,  Jacob 

Killed  at  Seven  Pines. 

SlKGLE, 

TuRGUEiM,  David 
Tanhauser,  Gustav 

Killed  in  action. 

Ulfelder,  M. 
Ullman,  William 

Waldmax,  Iy. 
Weil,  D. 
Weil,  H. 
Wambacher,  Louis 

Killed  at  Vicksburg,  June  14,  1863 
Wolf,  Max 

Young,  h. 

Yaretski,  Julius  Lieutenant 

Served  four  years;  promoted  from  private 


Company. 

Regiment. 

c 

r2th  Infantry 

(G 

3d  Infantrj- 

(A 

44th  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

23d  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

A 

8th  Wheeler 

Cavalry 

3d  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

B 

1 

20th  Infantry 

0' 

C 

2nd  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

A 

33d  Infantry 

Zadick,  Abraham 


2d  Cavalry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


123 


ARKANSAS. 


Na.mk.  Rank. 

AlTKRBACH,   A.    K. 

BlTRGAUER,   I. 

burgaubr,  k. 

Baum,  Henry 

Cohn,  Wolf 
Cohkn,  Albert 

Daniel,  David 
Dryfus,  Marcus 
Dryfus,  Theo. 

Erb,  Jacob 
Erb,  S. 

Frank,  Isaac 

Flechter,  J.  G.  Captain 

Franklin,  Samuel 

Fox,  W. 

Febs,  E. 

Frank,  I. 

Gans,  Morris 
Gates,  David 

Served  four  years. 
Gates,  Eerdinand 

Served  four  years. 
Gates,  Isaac 

Served  four  years. 
Goodman,  Herman 

Hirschfield,  Henry 
Hineman,  M.  L,. 


Company. 


Regiment. 
8th  Cavalry 


Woodruff  Battery 
Woodruff  Battery 
Woodruff  Battery 


West's  Artillery 

6th  Infantry 

i  st  Infantry 

ist  Cavalry 

ist  Cavalry 

i  st  Cavalry 

ist  Mounted  Rifles 

ist  Cavalry 

A             6th  Infantry 

ist  Cavalry 

B             2nd  Cavalry 

6th  Infantry 

4th  Cavalry 

Parson's  Cavalry 
A  Woodruff  Battery 

A  Marmaduke 

Command 

Ross  Arkansas 

Battalion 

ist  Infantry 


A 

A 


5th  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 


124 


Namk. 

Heilbroner,  Henry 
Hoover,  E. 

Kempner,  Jacob 

Kalischer,  S, 
Klein,  Abraham 

KUHN,  SlGlSMUND 

Kempner,  Jacob 

Levy,  Julius 

Killed  at  Shiloh. 

Lewis,  L. 

Meyer,  Henry 
Meyer,  Gabriel 
Mock,  Moses 
Mook,  Samuel 

Newman,  Myer 

Ottenheimer,  Philip 
Ottenheimer,  Abraham 

Pkarffer,  Philip 
Pollock,  Abraham 
Pollock,  M.- 
Pollock,  Leo 
Pfeifer,  Philip 

Rich,  Rudolph 

Simmons,  Jacob 
Stern,  Solomon 
Samuels,  J. 
Simmons,  Harvey 

Vollener,  Louis 

Winters,  Samuel 
Winters,  Moses 


THE  AMERICAN 
Rank. 


JEW  AS 

COMPA  n  ■>  . 


ReOtIJIENT. 


3d  Infantry 
West's  Artillery 

3d  Cavalry 
1  st  Cavalry 
3d  Cavalry 
West's  Artillery 
3d  Cavalry 

A  6th  Infantry 

B  4th  Infantry 

34th  Infantry 

4th  Infantry 

E  6th  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 

19th  Infantry 

1st  Infantry 
1  St  Infantry 

4th  Cavalry 

3d  Cavalry 

3d  Cavalry 

Woodruff's  Battery 

1  st  Cavalry 

6th  Infantry 

1st  Infantry 
1st  Cavalry 
3d  Cavalry 

1st  Infantry 


II 
H 


4th  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


125 


CALIFORNIA. 


COMPANY 


Alexander,  A. 
Adler,  L. 

Bacharach, Joseph 

Cohn,  S.  B. 
Cohen,  Solomon 

Served  three  years. 

Davidson,  Solomon 


Corporal 


REGIMENT. 

2nd  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 

2nd  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 
3d  Infantry 


1  st  Cavalry 

An  officer  of  distinction  made  the  following  remarks  concern- 
ing this  gallant  soldier: 

' '  Personally  I  know  several  Hebrews  who  served  in  the 
California  regiments  known  as  the  '  California  Column  '  but  in 
the  long  years  that  have  elapsed  I  have  forgotten  their  names. 
They  were  all  good,  faithful  soldiers  to  the  flag  they  enlisted  to 
defend.  One  I  remember,  by  name,  Solomon  Davidson. 
Comrade  Davidson  belonged  to  a  cavalry  regiment;  I  think  it 
was  the  1st  California,  ordered  for  service  in  Arizona,  Texas 
and  New  Mexico.  That  regiment  has  seen  more  hard  service 
in  the  saddle  than  any  other  I  know  of  wearing  Uncle  Sam's 
uniform.  Comrade  Davidson  was  a  brave  man,  carrying 
dispatches  and  orders  from  one  part  of  the  command  to  another, 
regardless  of  storms  and  dangers  of  Indian  ambush  so  often  to 
be  encountered  in  the  Territories.  Davidson  was  a  loyal, 
gallant  soldier,  and  I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  say  this  much  for 
our  old  Jewish  comrades  in  arms.  We  knew  no  distinction  on 
account  of  birth  or  religion  in  the  army,  but  we  loved  all  loyal 
men  who  gave  their  lives  to  the  government  in  the  hour  of  its 
need.  Let  me  in  conclusion  express  my  conviction  that  a  com- 
parison of  services  will  not  be  determined  detrimentally  to  our 
Hebrew  comrades." 


126 


N  A  M  K. 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  \V  AS 

Rank. 


Faught,  Solomon 
Fox,  A. 
Frank,  M. 

Guggenheim,  Solomon 

Harris,  David 

Served  three  years. 
Hoffman,  J. 
Hess,  Louis 
Heubsman,  J.  B. 

Klaus,  Moses 

Lambert,  F.  H. 
Levick,  L. 

Miller,  Louis 
Meyers,  Otto 
Meyer,  A. 

Solomon,  E. 
Simon,  Emil 
Sichel,  Eugene 
Simon,  Is  adore 

Schiller,  Henry  Sergeant 

Entered  as  private. 


To  k  las,  Jacob  W.      2nd  Lieutenant 

Enlisted  as  private;  promoted  for  bravery 

Toklas,  Ferdinand 
Served  three  years. 


I'ANY. 

Regiment. 

1st  Infantry 

H 

1st  Infantry 

F 

1st  Cavalry 

E 

6th  Infantry 

M 

1  vSt  Cavalry 

D 

1st  Cavalry 

C 

2nd  Cavalry 

C 

4th  Infantry 

B 

2nd  Infantry 

H 

1st  Infantry 

H 

1st  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 

H 

1st  Infantry 

I 

6th  Cavalry 

H 

1st  Infantry 

A 

2nd  Infantry 

H 

2nd  Cavalry 

G 

6th  Cavalry 

A 

2nd  Cavalry 

K 
very . 

6th  Cavalry 

K 

6th  Infantry 

Zach arias,  Jacob  K  6th  Infantry 

Protecting  United  States  Mail  overland  from  Indian  and 
Mormon  attacks  and  riot  at  San  Francisco. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


127 


CONNECTICUT 


Namk.                              Rank. 

Company. 

IvEfilM  KNT. 

Cohen,  Henry 

7th  Infantry 

Cline,  Samuel 

E 

26th  Infantry 

Cantrowitz,  Samuel 

D 

10th  Infantry 

Dettelbach,  Harry 

D 

10th  Infantry 

Dryfuss,  Charles 

D 

10th  Infantry 

Hoshland,  Nathan 

I 

7th  Infantry 

Harris,  Henry 

"D 

10th  Infantry 

Isaac,  Julius     . 

D 

10th  Infantry 

LAUBER,  L/OUIS 

D 

10th  Infantry 

Morris,  Simon 

I 

20th  Infantry 

Newman,  Leon 

B 

3d  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Samuel 

10th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Simon 

C 

10th  Infantry 

Straus,  Moses 

10th  Infantry 

Schiff,  Ludwig 

D 

10th  Infantry 

Wolfsohn,  S. 

K 

7th  Infantry 

Wertheimer, 

D 

10th  Infantry 

128  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


DISTRICT  OF   COLUMBIA. 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Bkhrknd,  A.,  Doctor. 

entered  as  Private,  transferred  to  2nd  U.  S.  Regulars, 
promoted  to  Hospital  Steward,  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Frririck,  Charts  j   B  Tlf ner  Rifles 

(  8th  Battalion 

Mundhicim,  Lkwis  8th  Artillery 

Junior  Vice  Commander  Garfield  Post  No.  7,  G.  A.  R. 


FLORIDA. 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment- 

Cohkn,  Gus  Milton  Artillery 

Daniex,  M.  A  1st  Infantry 

Captured ;  died  and  buried    in  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 
Khnira,  New  York. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


129 


GEORGIA. 


Name. 

Aaronheim,   D. 
Abrams,  J.  J. 
Abrahams,  J.  M 


Rank. 


Company. 
D 


Regiment. 
49th  Infantry 

1st  Infantry 
49th  Infantry 


I) 


Baer,  Samuel 

Served  until  close  of  war. 
Benjamin,  S. 
Brown,  M. 
Brandt,  Adolph 
Bloomfield,  Isaac 
Bear,  Samuel 

Killed;  buried  in  Jewish  cemetery  at  Richmond,  Vir 

ginia. 


6th  Infantry 

51st  Infantry 

2nd  Battalion 

5th  Infantry 

10th  Infantry 


Coleman, 


51st  Infantry 
51st  Infantry 
20th  Infantry 


Cohen,  Solomon 

Crone,  Herman  A 

Sixteen  years  old   when  enlisted;  taken  prisoner   at 

Williamsburg. 

Cohen,  Philip  A  8th  Infantry 


Dreyer,  Louis  A. 

De  Young,  Harry 

Davisson,  D. 

Davidson,  David         Captain 


1  st  and  63d  Infantry 
2nd  Battalion 
2nd  Battalion 
50th  Infantry 


Eichbaum,  Joseph  44th  Infantry 

Wounded  several  times. 
ELKAN,  M.  63d  Infantry 

Ehrlich,  A.  Ist  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 
Eberhart,  Jacob  G  .      7th  Cavalry 

Captured;  died  and  buried  at   Woodlawn  Cemetery, 

Elmira,  New  York. 

9 


130  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Falkner,  C.  B  4th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Hanover  Court  House. 
FriedenThal,  L.  i st  Cavalry 

Feuchtw anger,  2nd  Battalion 

Foote,  Abraham  14th  Infantry 

Fries lehkn,  Jacob  D         4th  Infantry 

Frank,  J. 

Killed;  buried  at  Jewish  cemetery  at  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Goldsmith,  M.  M.  Lieutenant  Home  Guards 

Killed  near  Macon,  Georgia. 
Green,  William  57th  Infantry 

Goodman,  Charles  2nd  Battalion 

Gans,  Jacob  A  4th  Infantry 

Greenbaum,  Jacob  51st  Infantry 

Killed  at  Gettysburg. 
Goodman,  Isaac  3rd  Battalion 

Goldman,  Edward  A  2nd  Battalion 

vSubsequently  Drill  Officer  of  38th  North  Carolina  In- 
fantry. 
Geisenheimer,  M.  B  1st  Infantry 

Goodman,  Henry  Sergeant  B  14th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private;  wounded  in   three   actions — Har- 
per's Ferry,  Chancellorsville  and  the  Wilderness. 

Goldstein, 18th  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 
Goldsmith,  I.  Wellington  Ranger 

Died  of  fever  contracted  in  camp. 

Haas,  Solomon  A                 1st  Infantry 
Enlisted,  1861;  when  mustered  out,  re-enlisted 

in  12th  Artillery. 

Hertz,  J.  H.  I                 2nd  Infantry 

HirschlER,  I.  D                2nd  Infantry 

Harris,  Elisha  Cobb's  Legion 

Captured;  died  and  buried  at   Woodlawn   Cemetery, 
Ehnira,  New  York. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


131 


Name. 


Rank. 


Company. 

D 


Regiment. 

4th  Infantry 


Heyman,  Isaac 

Wounded  at  Malvern  Hill. 

Hayman,  Charles  D  4th  Infantry 

General  Phil.  Cook  introduced  this  soldier  to  General 
Gordon  at  the  reunion  of  the  old  brigade  with  the 
words:  "General,  this  was  one  of  the  bravest  men 
in  my  brigade. ' ' 

Heyman,  A. 

Killed;  buried  at  Jewish  cemetery  at  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia. 


Isaacs,  A. 
Isaacs,  Emanuel 
Isaacs,  Isaac 
Isaacs,  M. 
Jonas,  Siegfried 
Jacobus,  Jacob  H. 

Killed  at  Shiloh. 
Jackson,  I. 
Jacobs,  William  M. 


Lieutenant 


46th  Regiment 

2nd  Battery 

2nd  Battalion 

13th  Battalion 

8th  Infantry 

5th  Infantry 

51st  Infantry 
5th  Infantry 


Koppel,  Jacob 

Killed  at  Shiloh. 
Kahn,  Moses 
Kohn,  Bernard 
Kaufman,  Selig 
Kohn,  Jacob 


A 


Lippman,  Julius  E 

Levy,  Jacob  Sergeant 

Wounded  ;  served  until  close  of  war. 
Levy,  Morris  . 
Lippman,  Louis 

Wounded  at  Bull  Run. 
Lehman,  A. 
Lippman,  Jacob 
Levy,  Simon 

S-Tved  three  years. 


5th  Infantry 

5th  Infantry 

Cherokee  Artillery 

8th  Infantry 

63d  Infantry 

12th  Infantry 
2 2d  Infantry 

4th  Infantry 
8th  Infantry 

63d  Infantry 
63d  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 


132 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Levy,  Nathan  Lieutenant  5th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks  ;  killed. 
Levy,  Jacob  Lieutenant  5th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private  ;  killed  at  Petersburg. 
Leon,  Morris  44th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  private. 
Levy,  Dick  10th  Infantry 

Levy,  M.  D.  1st  Infantry 

LEISSER,  L.  A  4th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  the  Wilderness. 
Lyon,  Leonareande,    Colonel 
Lyons,  James  de 

Graduate  of  West  Point ;   Adjutant  of  State  Troops. 


Mount,  Samuel  B.,  Lieutenant 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 
Marcus, 


9th  Infantry 


63d  Infantry 
63d  Infantry 
63d  Infantry 
3d  Batter)^ 


C 

A 


Meinhart,  Isaac 

Meinhart,  Samuel 

Morris,  W.  C 

Captured  ;   died  and  buried  at  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 

Elmira,  New  York. 
Mehlinger,  J. 
Metzger,  Isaac 
Mayer,  Gabriel 
Moss,  L.  A. 
Marcus,  M.  Captain 

Killed,  October   13th,    1864 

tery  at  Richmond,  Virginia. 

Magnus,  Solomon 

Killed  at  Resaca,  Georgia. 
Manners,  Jacob 
Meyer,  Bernard 

Killed  at  Manassas. 

Manes,  E, 

Color -bearer  at  2nd  battle  of  Manassas,  and  at  Sharps 
bur"-. 


2d  Battalion 
2d  Battalion 
4th  Infantry 
4th  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 
buried   in  Jewish  Ceme- 

Cherokee  Artillerv 


I 
A 

H 


8th  Infantry 
1  st  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  133 

NAJfB.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Meyer,  Simeon  5th  infantry 

Mayers,  Aaron  Silver  Grays 

Morris,  Philip  Silver  Grays 

Mayer,  Isaac  Major                                  5th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Lazarus  3d  Infantry 

MoSES,  -                           Lieutenant  C                      2d  Battery 

Moses,  I.  Clifton  A               10th  Infantry 

Moses,  Montefiore  J.  2d  Infantry 
Promoted  Surgeon. 

Moses,  William  Moultrie  2d  Infantry 

Mehlinger,  M  B                 4th  Infantry 

Myers,  Bernard  Ist  infantry 
Killed  at  Rich  Mountain. 

Merz,  Louis  D  4th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Sharpsburg 

MoiSE,  Edward  M.        Captain  A  10th  Infantry 

Enlisted  in  7th  Cavalry  ;  served  until  surrender ; 
commanded  the  10th  ;  had  three  horses  shot  from 
under  him  in  one  day  ;  commanded  the  advance  in 
the  Hampton  cattle  raid  ;  captured  2785  head  of 
cattle  in  the  rear  of  General  Grant's  army  in  the  fall 
of  1864. 

MoiSE,  A.  W.  Lieutenant  H  24th  Infantry 

Enlisted  at  the  age  of  sixteen  years  as  private  in  first 
battalion  of  Maryland  Cavalry  ;  transferred  to  24th 
Regiment ;  wounded  at  the  Wilderness  carrying  the 
colors  until  disabled  ;  promoted  from  the  ranks. 

Newman,  C.  49th  infantry 

Popper,  I.  63d  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  I.  3d  Infantry 

Killed  ;  buried  at  Jewish  Cemetery  at  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Rush,  George  W.         Captain  22d  Infantry 

Killed  at  Petersburg. 


131 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 
Hank.  Company 


Name.  Hank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Robinson,  A.  15th  Infantry 

Killed   in   action  June   26th,    1863;  buried  at  Jewish 

Cemetery,  Richmond,  Virginia. 

Rosen  walt,  Lazarus  3d  Infantry 

Russell,  Philip  M.  ist  Infantry 

Sherlein,  Leopold 
Stern,  Isaac 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

Schiff,  Joseph 
Sterne,  Levi 
Sterne,  Anselm 

Wounded  by  a  shell. 

Simon,  N. 
Segal,  M. 
Sylvester,  L. 
Sarling,  Solomon 
Schiff,  Jonas 
Schiff,  P. 
Stern, Jacob 

Triest,  Jacob 
Wallerstein,  H. 
Wertheimer,  Samuel 
Weil,  Jacob 
Wittkowsky,  David 
Wittkowsky,  Alexander 
Warner,  L. 
Wertheimer,  Harris 

Wertheimer,  Henry 

Weiss,  L. 

Killed;  buried  in  Jewish  cemetery  at  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia. 


5  th  Infantry 

A 

2d  Battalion 

C 

2d  Infantry 

D 

4th  Infantry 

D 

4th  Infantry 

51st  Infantry 

50th  Infantry 

5th  Infantry 

5th  Infantry 

44th  Infantry 

44th  Infantry 

63d  Infantry 

13th  Battalion 

44th  Infantry 

K 

2nd  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

51st  Infantry 

Lieutenant 

19th  Infantry 

Silver  Grays 

Carten  Battalion 

Artillery 

B 

4th  Regiment 

ZlTTERBART, 


4th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


YV 


Macon,  Georgia,  German  Artillery. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  there  existed  in  Macon, 
Georgia,  an  Artillery  Company  named  ''The  Macon,  Georgia, 
German  Artillery,"  composed  entirely  of  American  citizens  of 
German  birth,  about  one-third  being  of  Hebrew  faith.  We 
give  the  names  and  positions  of  a  few  only,  remembered  by  a 
survivor. 


Namb. 
BlNSWANGER,  NATHAN 

BlNSWANGER,   J. 
BlNSWANGER,   G. 

Binswanger,  Moses 

Einstein,  

Fendig, 

HOCHSER, 

Kaiin, 


Rank. 
2nd  Lieutenant 
Corporal 
Private 


Orderly-Sergeant 
Miller,  H.  Private 

Nordlinger,  B.  Bugler 

Nordwalt,  A.  Private  , 

Sanger,  A.  " 

Sanger,  R.  " 

ist  Camp,  Harrison,  between  Savannah  and  Brunswick. 

2nd  Camp,  Satilla,  near  Brunswick,  Georgia. 

3d  Camp,  Failfair,  near  Savannah,  Georgia. 

Under  Brigadier- General  Capers.     The  Company  was  subse- 
quently transferred  to  General  Walker. 


186 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


ILLINOIS. 

Namk.                              Rank.                 Company. 

Regiment. 

Alexander,  Isaac 

8th  Infantry 

Asher,  JUNIUS             Sergeant 

B 

9th  Infantry 

Auerbach,  Salomon 

Served  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

(  10th  Infantry 
(31st  Infantry 

Abrahamson,  Otto 

E 

10th  Infantry 

Arnold,  Aaron 

B 

12th  Infantry 

Adler,  Charles 

G 

14th  Infantry 

Abraham,  August 

B 

20th  Infantry 

Abraham,  William 

2 1  st  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Stone  River. 

Adler,  W. 

C 

30th  Infantry 

Abrams,  Samuel 

34th  Infantry 

Ash,  David  L.         ist  Lieutenant 

B 

37th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 

Abrams,  Frank 

A 

39th  Infantry 

Abrahams,  Frederick     Lieutenant 

44th  Infantry 

Adolph,  Jacob 

44th  Infantry 

Arnold,  Isaac  A.              Captain 

A 

46th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 

Arnold,  David                   Captain 

57th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Abraham,  Jacob 

67th  Infantry 

Ash,  Nathan 

81st  Infantry 

Aaron,  G. 

A 

83d  Infantry 

Abrahamson,  William 

K 

84th  Infantry 

Arnold,  Simon 

92 d  Infantry 

Aarons,  George 

120th  Infantry 

Arnold,  Jacob 

130th  Infantry 

Arnold,  Reuben 

E 

131st  Infantry 

Adler,  Ferdinand 

153d  Infantry 

Asher,  Samuel 

E 

154th  Infantry 

PA  TRIO 7\  SOL D IER 

Namk.  Rank. 

Aaron,  Julius 
Adler,  Henry 
Arnold,  Israel 

Died  in  service. 
Alexander,  W. 

Died  in  camp. 
Abrams,  Henry 

Enlisted  as  private 

Abraham,  Alexander 
Aaron,  William 
Abrams,  H. 
Ackerman,  Jacob 
Arnold,  Benjamin 
Arnold,  Abraham 
Abrahamson,  J. 
Adler,  Daniel 
Adler,  Dankmar 

Behrens,  A. 
Berlin,  David 
Blind,  Philip 
Bachman,  Jacob 
Benjamin,  Charles  A. 
Bernard,  George 
Benjamin,  W. 
Breslauer,  Morris 
Breslauer,  Josfph 
Behrends,  Bernhart 
Benjamin,  John 

Served  three  years. 
Blumenthal,  Isidore 

Enlisted  as  private  ; 
Blumenthal,  Edward 
Bamberger,  Alexander 
Baum,  Benjamin 

Enlisted  as  private 
Benjamin,  Jacob, 


AND  CITIZEN.  137 

Com  i'a  n  v.  Reg  i  m  knt- 


156th  Infantry 

3d  Cavalry 

M 

3d  Cavalry 
4th  Cavalry 

vSergeant 

4th  Cavalry 

5th  Cavalry 
10th  Cavalry 

C 

nth  Cavalry 

H 

nth  Cavalry 

Lieutenant 

1 2  th  Cavalry 
17  th  Cavalry 
1  st  Artillery 

Corporal 

Hershaw  Artillery 

Corporal 

\  t-f  i11m-i- 

rvrniiery 

8th  Infantry 

B 

8th  Infantry 

K 

8th  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 

13th  Infantry 

K 

13th  Infantry 

A 

13th  Infantry 

K 

19th  Infantry 
19th  Infantry 
21st  Infantry 

K 

2  2d  Infantry 

Corporal 

K 

24th  Infantry 

served  three 

years 

K 

24th  Infantry 

£R 

K 

24th  Infantry 

Corporal 

25th  Infantry 
25th  Infantry 

13  i 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


Name.                               R 

ANK. 

Company. 

Rkoimkxt. 

Brucker,  S.  S.                Lieutenant 

C 

39th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Baer,  Josfph 

C 

39th  Infantry 

Bien,  Frederick 

G 

39th  Infantry 

Bien,  David  C. 

42d  Infantry 

Baum,  Henry 

44th  Infantry 

Bamberger,  V. 

49th  Infantry 

Baum,  George 

49th  Infantry 

Blum,  Gustav 

57th  Infantry 

Bauer,  Ferdinand 

E 

58th  Infantry 

Bernhard,  Jacob 

63d  Infantry 

Killed  in  battle. 

Bamberger,  vSalomon 

A 

65th  Infantry 

Bernstein,  Samuel 

Sergeant 

K 

67th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Brum,  Samuel         Captain 

8 1  st  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gnntown 

;  promoted  to  Captain  for  brav- 

ery  on  the  battlefield  ; 

served  three  years. 

Baum,  George 

Sergeant 

B 

82d  Infantry 

Blum,  Louis 

82d  Infantry 

Bauer, Jacob 

H 

82d  Infantry 

Brand,  Jacob 

82d  Infantry 

Brede,  Charles 

C 

8 2d  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chaneellorsville. 

Burgheim,  Herman 

C 

8 2d  Infantry 

Baum,  Charles 

1 12th  Infantry 

Behrens,  Ferdinand 

E 

1 1 3th  Infantry 

Bien, Jacob 

B 

1  26th  Infantry 

Baum,  Samuel 

i42d  Infantry 

Breslauer,  Moritz 

Sergeant 

147th  Infantry 

Baer,  Reuben  B. 

D 

4th  Cavalry 

Baum,  Franklin 

4th  Cavalry 

Baer,  Daniel 

M 

7th  Cavalry 

Bauer,  Herman 

9th  Cavalry 

Blum,  Charles 

1 6th  Cavalry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Behrens,  Heinrich 
Blum,  Louis 

1 6th  Cavalry 
1 6th  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


189 


NAME.                                            RANK.                        COMPANY. 

RKGIMENT. 

Blumenberg,  LEWIS 

2d  Artillery 

Coleman,  Alexander 

8th  Infantry 

Cornelius,  Adolph 

9th  Infantry 

Re- enlisted  as  Veteran;  died  of  wounds. 

Cerff,  George 

13th  Infantry 

Killed  at  little  Rock,  Arkansas. 

Coleman,  Isaac 

15th  Infantry 

Re-enlisted  after  expiration  of  term. 

Cohn,  J. 

E 

1 8th  Infantry 

Coleman,  Henry 

1 8th  Infantry 

Cornelius,  Samuel 

B 

26th  Infantry 

Cauffman,  Albert        Lieutenant 

K 

33d  Infantry 

Coleman,  Isaac 

D 

42nd  Infantry 

Cohen,  A. 

H 

46th  Infantry 

Coleman,  J. 

56th  Infantry 

Cohn,  Friedrich 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Cohen,  Henry 

K 

82nd  Infantry 

Cohen, Jacob 

H 

147th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Louis 

7th  Cavalry 

Cohen,  William     ist  Lieutenant 

B 

1 2th  Cavalry 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 

Darmstadter,  Jacob 

A 

8th  Infantry 

Davidson,  Henry 

12th  Infantry 

Died  from  wounds. 

Davidson,  Samuel,     Assistant- Surge 

on 

14th  Infantry 

De  Wolf,  Henry 

A 

15th  Infantry 

David,  Daniel 

1 8th  Infantry 

Daniels,  Abraham 

H 

29th  Infantry 

Davidson,  Marcus  L. 

G 

35th  Infantry 

Daniels,  Joseph 

35th  Infantry 

Davidson,  David, J. 

F 

38th  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

Davidson,  Benjamin  T.       Sergeant 

B 

40th  Infantry 

De  Wolf,  David                  Captain 

47th  Infantry 

Killed  at  the  battle  of  Corinth. 


140 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


Name.  Rank. 

Daniel,  Joseph 

Durst,  Jacob 

Daniels,  Alexander 

David,  E. 

David,  Leaser 

Daniel,  Jacob 

David,  Jacob 

David,  Isaac 

Danielson,  Elof 

David,  Isaac  Captain 

Davidson,  David 

Danielson,  Gustav 

De  Wolf,  William 

Danielson,  August 

Erlacher,  Max 
Esslinger,  Joseph 
Engel,  Ferdinand 
Engel,  Asa 

Wounded. 
Engel,  Frank 
Eckstein,  Lewis 
Einden,  Salomon         Lieutenant 

Enlisted  as  private. 
Ehrlich,  William 
Engel,  Moritz 

Franks,  William 
Frank,  Joseph 

Re-enlisted  as  Veteran. 
Frank,  Philip 
Freeman,  Joseph 
Frank,  David  E. 
Frank,  Frederick 
Freeman,  Moses 
Franks,  E.  S. 
Frank,  Carl 

Killed  in  action. 


Company. 

Rkgimkxt. 

49th  Infantry 

G 

57th  Infantry 

65th  Infantry 

65th  Infantry 

A 

65th  Infantry 

K 

87th  Infantry 

97th  Infantry 

B 

132nd  Infantry 

.  I 

132nd  Infantry 

151st  Infantry 

5  th  Cavalry 

B 

9th  Cavalry 

B 

1st  Artillery 

1st  Artillery 

D 

24th  Infantry 

30th  Infantry 

H 

43d  Infantry 

72nd  Infantry 

B 

132nd  Infantry 

3d  Cavalry 

12th  Cavalry 

1 2th  Cavalry 

12  th  Cavalry 

F 

8th  Infantry 

10th  Infantry 

12th  Infantry 

H 

14th  Infantry 

2 1  st  Infantry 

28th  Infantry 

C 

32nd  Infantry 

39th  Infantry 

D 

43d  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


141 


Name.                               Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Frank,  Hkrman 

43d  Infantry 

Badly  wounded. 

Frankknbkrg,  Eli 

46th  Infantry 

Frank,  Simon 

c 

57th  Infantry 

Freeman,  J. 

A 

66th  Infantry 

Faekenthal,  Adoeph 

D 

70th  Infantry 

Friedenberg,  Isaac 

75th  Infantry 

Frank, Jacob 

76th  Infantry 

Frank,  I. 

A 

82nd  Infantry 

Frank,  Meier             Captain 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Frank,  Moritz 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Frank,  Mayer           Captain 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Enlisted  at  Chicago;  was  elected  Lieutenant  of  Com- 
pany C  of  the  82nd  Regiment,  in  which  he  served 
about  two  years,  when  he  was  promoted  to  Captain. 
He  was  at  Chancellorsville  and  Gettysburg  from  first 
to  last.  Subsequently  he  was  apppointed  Brigade 
Inspector  and  ordered  West.  He  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Wauhatchie  and  at  Missionary  Ridge,  com- 
manding the  80th.  He  went  with  Sherman  to  Knox- 
ville  to  relieve  Burnside.  Captain  Frank's  deeds 
entitle  him  to  a  place  among  the  bravest  Captains  in 
the  service  of  the  United  States.  When  Captain 
Frank  volunteered  to  dislodge  Confederate  sharp- 
.  shooters,  his  whole  Company  to  a  man  followed  him. 
It  was  subsequent  to  this  act  that  he  was  appointed 
Brigade  Inspector.  Two  horses  were  shot  from  under 
him  at  the  first  days  battle  at  Gettysburg.  He  scouted 
for  some  time  in  Georgia,  Tennessee  and  Alabama 
against  guerilla  chief  ' '  Roddy. ' ' 
Frank,  JESSE  86th  Infantry 

Frank,  Isaac  104th  Infantry 

Frank,  David  Sergeant  I  105th  Infantry 

Franks,  Wieeiam      1st  Lieutenant        B  168th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 
Frank,  Isaac  118th  Infantry 

Frankenberg,  Benjamin  119th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  in  battle. 


142 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.  Rank 

Frank,  Emanuel 
Fishel,  Samuel 
Fishel,   Daniel 
Frankenberger,    David 
Frankenberger,  Ephraim 
Frank,  Israel 
Frank,  Noah 

Died  in  the  service. 
Freeman,  Marcus 
Frank,  Henry 
Freund,  Ludwig 

Died  in  the  service. 
Frank,  Philip 

Goldsmith,  David 

Greenwall,  David 

Gottlob,  Theo.         Lieutenant 

Gleiser,  N. 

Goldsmith,  J.  Corporal 


Company, 


B 


H 
A 

G 


Regiment. 

130th  Infantry 
135th  Infantry 
135th  Infantry 
1 50th  Infantry 
150th  Infantry 
2nd  Cavalry 
3d  Infantry 

7th  Infantry 

9th  Infantry 

13th  Infantry 

2nd  Artillery 

7  th  Infanrty 

8th  Infantry 

9th  Infantry 

10th  Infantry 

14th  Infantry 


At  expiration  of  term  re-enlisted  as  a  veteran. 
Gottlob,  Adolph  G  14th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Geroge  14th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Alexander  10th  Infantry 

Re-enlisted      after      being      honorably      discharged. 

Wounded  in  action  at  Stone  River. 
Goldsmith,  Alexander      Corporal      F  19th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Stone  River,  Kentucky. 
Goldsmith,  Jonas  F  19th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private;  re  enlisted  after  being  honorably 

discharged.     Killed  at  Stone  River,  Kentucky. 


Goldsmith,  Abraham 
Goodman,  Daniel 
Goldsmith,  Henry 
Gottlieb,  Joseph 
Gottshalk,  Emanuel 
Goldsmith,  Jacob 
greenebaum,  samuel 
Green,  S.  W. 


E 

K 

G 

H 

I 

C 


24th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 
37th  Infantry 
37th  Infantry 
39th  Infantry 
42nd  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  143 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Greenwalt,  Samuel  49th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Beujamin  F               70th  Infantry 

Goldman,  H.  71st  Infantry 

GoTTLOB,  Joseph                  Captain  I               82nd  Infantry 
Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

GrEENhut,  Joseph  B.  Captain        K  82nd  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  a  private  at  Chicago,  April,  1861,  in  12th 
Illinois  Infantry,  being  the  second  man  on  the  enroll- 
ment list  of  those  who  enlisted  in  Chicago  for  the 
war.  He  was  promoted  to  Sergeant,  August,  1861; 
was  with  the  12th  Illinois  Regiment  through  all  the 
campaigns  under  General  Grant,  in  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee, up  to  and  including  the  Battle  of  Fort  Donald- 
son, in  February,  1862,  at  which  battle,  while  storm- 
ing the  Fort  and  just  before  its  surrender,  he  was 
badly  shot  in  the  right  arm  which  caused  his  retire- 
ment from  the  12th  Illinois  shortly  thereafter.  In 
August,  1862  he  was  appointed  Captain  of  Company 
K,  82nd  Illinois  Infantry,  in  which  Regiment  he 
passed  through  the  various  campaigns  and  battles  in 
Virginia,  under  Generals  Burnside,  Hooker  and  Meade. 
Captain  Greenhut  participated  in  the  memorable  Battle 
of  Gettysburg,  July  1st,  2nd  and  3d,  1863.  He  was 
then  transferred  to  the  staff  of  Brigade  Commander 
Hecker,  being  appointed  Adjutant- General  of  the 
brigade.  This  brigade,  after  the  Gettysburg  Battle, 
Rosecrans  who,  with  his  army,  was  surrounded  at 
was  transferred  to  the  Western  army  to  relieve  General 
Chattanooga,  Tennessee.  The  brigade  had  a  severe 
battle  at  Wauhatchie,  near  Chattanooga,  in  opening 
communications  with  Rosecrans.  The  same  brigade 
also  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  battles  of  Mission 
Ridge  and  Lookout  Mountain,  as  well  as  shortly  there- 
after of  that  of  Knoxville,  Tennessee.  On  the  retire- 
ment of  General  Hecker,  in  February,  1864,  Captain 
Greenhut  also  resigned  his  position  in  the  army;  the 
following   communication  being  handed  him  on  his 


144  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

retirement,  by  General  McGroarty,  who  succeeded  in 
the  command  of  the  brigade: 

"Headquarters  3d  Brigade,  3d  Division,  nth  Corps. 

Whiteside,  Tenn.,  February  28th,  1864. 

General  order  No.  9. 

Captain  Joseph  B.  Greenhut,  of  the  82nd  Regiment  Illinois 
Volunteers,  having  tendered  his  resignation,  is,  in  pursuance  of 
special  order,  No.  55,  Headquarters  Department  of  the  Cum- 
berland, February  24,  1864,  relieved  from  duty  as  Assistant 
Adjutant-General  of  this  Brigade,  and  Lieutenant  Rudolph 
Muller  is  announced  as  his  successor.  In  parting  with  Captain 
Greenhut,  the  Colonel  commanding  feels  it  both  a  duty  and  a 
pleasure  to  bear  testimony  to  his  diligence,  zeal  and  fidelity  in 
the  performance  of  his  duty  in  the  office,  as  well  as  in  the  field, 
and  he  regrets  to  see  so  excellent  and  brave  an  officer  as  Cap- 
tain Greenhut  leave  his  command. 

Matters  of  important  character  only  could  induce  Captain 
Greenhut  to  leave  the  army  in  which  he  served  three  long  and 
hard  years,  taking  active  part  in  all  the  most  decisive  battles 
east  and  west. 

To  be  read  on  dress  parade  to  the  troops  to-day. 
By  order  of  Colonel  McGroarty, 

Commanding  Brigade  and  Post. 

Rudolph  Muller, 

1  st  Lieutenant  and  A.  A.  A.  General. 

Captain  Joseph  B.  Greenhut, 

Assistant  Adjutant-General,  3d  Brigade." 
In  recent  years  Captain  Greenhut  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Fifer  one  of  the  three  commissioners  to  erect  a  monument  on 
the  battle-field  of  Gettysburg,  in  honor  of  the  Illinois  soldiers 
who  participated  in  that  battle.  He  delivered  the  dedicatory 
address  at  the  unveiling  of  the  monument,  September  3,  1891'. 
in  the  presence  of  Governor  Fifer,  and  a  large  multitude  of 
veterans  and  representative  citizens  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  who 
visited  the  battle-field  on  that  occasion. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER, AND  CITIZEN.  145 

The  Chicago  Tribmie,  of  September  4,  1891,  prints  Captain 
Greenhut's  speech,  as  follows: 

"  Friends  and  Comrades:  We  are  assembled  here  to-day  on 
the  spot  where,  on  the  first  day  of  July,  1863,  our  regiment 
stood  in  line,  at  the  beginning  of  the  first  day's  memorable 
Battle  of  Gettysburg.  More  than  twenty-eight  years  have 
passed  since  that  eventful  struggle,  but  our  memory  is  re- 
freshed and  brightened  when  we  cast  our  eyes  about  us  and 
view  these  familiar  surroundings,  and  we  are  impressed  in  part 
with  the  feelings  which  raged  in  our  breasts  when  we  were 
formed  into  line  on  this  field  to  stem  the  advance  of  the  Rebel 
Army.  It  was  an  herculean  task  to  perform  when  we  consider 
that  only  a  small  portion  of  our  army  was  in  the  field  on  the 
first  day  of  the  battle,  while  the  larger  portion  of  Lee's  Army 
was  concentrated  on  our  front  and  right. 

"  None  of  us  knew  what  a  hot  day's  fight  was  before  us  when 
we  broke  camp  at  Kmmetsburg  early  on  the  morning  of  July 
1  st,  and  began  our  march  towards  Gettysburg.  We  had  not 
gone  far  when  orders  came  to  move  faster  and  to  be  prepared 
for  an  engagement.  As  we  approached  the  town  of  Gettysburg 
on  the  Kmmetsburg  road,  we  could  hear  the  first  .shots  that 
were  being  fired  on  the  cavalry  skirmish  lines  and  soon  there- 
after received  word  that  the  First  Corps,  which  was  ahead  of  us, 
was  already  engaging  the  enemy,  and  then  came  the  sad  news 
that  General  Reynolds  had  been  killed.  We  then  moved  double- 
quick  through  the  town  to  this  field  where  our  batteries  were 
placed  in  position,  and  at  once  opened  fire  on  the  advancing 
enemy.  I  was  detailed  in  command  of  two  companies  of  our 
regiment  to  support  Dilger's  battery,  and  I  can  bear  witness  to 
the  effective  work  done  by  that  gallant  battery  in  holding  the 
enemy  in  check.  We  were  exposed  to  the  fearful  cannonade 
fire  which  the  enemy  opened  in  our  front,  and  by  which  we  had 
several  of  our  men  wounded.  We  held  our  ground  for  a  long 
time  against  the  large  force  in  our  front,  but  later  in  the  after- 
noon Ewell's  corps  flanked  us  on  the  right,  and  as  our  numbers 
were  still  entirely  too  small  to  combat  with  the  overwhelming 
forces  of  the  approaching  enemy  on  our  right,  there  was  no 
alternative  for  us  but  to  retreat  through  the  town  and  take  up  a 
10 


146  THE  A MERICAN  JE  W  AS 

position  on  Cemetery  Hill.  It  was  in  this  retreat  through  the 
town  that  our  regiment  suffered  most  severely,  the  rebels  com- 
ing in  through  the  side  streets,  which  compelled  us  to  fight  our 
way  through  the  entire  town. 

' '  Besides  the  killed  and  wounded  we  suffered  in  this  street 
conflict,  a  number  of  our  officers  were  cut  off  and  captured  by 
the  enemy.  It  was  a  fearful  struggle  against  great  odds,  and 
as  our  regiment  covered  the  rear  of  our  brigade  in  that  retreat 
it  has  been  a  surprise  to  me  that  we  were  not  entirely  annihilated 
in  our  endeavors  to  force  our  way  through  the  town  up  to 
Cemetery  Hill.  Each  one  of  us  can,  however,  vividly  recollect 
the  hair- breadth  escapes  experienced  on  that  occasion  without 
any  allusions  on  my  part.  From  Colonel  Salomon,  who  had 
his  horse  shot  from  under  him  in  the  street,  down  through  the 
entire  rank  of  officers  and  men,  none  will  ever  forget  that 
terrible  day.  As  soon  as  we  reached  Cemetery  Hill,  we  felt 
that  we  were  in  a  better  position  and  could  resist  any  further 
attacks,  if  they  should  be  made,  and  the  rebels  evidently  came 
to  that  conclusion,  as  they  did  not  make  any  further  attempt 
that  day. 

"  During  the  night  we  were  reinforced  by  the  remainder  of 
our  army,  which  reached  Gettysburg  from  different  points  and 
which  brought  confidence  and  encouragement  to  us  who  had 
withstood  the  hardships  of  the  engagement  of  the  first  day's 
battle.  When  daylight  appeared  July  2nd,  we  were  prepared 
and  ready  for  the  second  day's  struggle. 

11  Early  morning  hours  on  the  second  day  were  spent  in  com- 
parative quiet,  each  army  in  full  view  of  the  other,  and  each 
waiting  for  the  other  to  begin  the  fight.  The  rebels,  however, 
who  had  possession  of  the  town,  had  filled  the  houses  standing 
on  the  outskirts  of  the  town,  just  below  Cemetery  Hill,  with 
sharpshooters  for  the  purpose  of  picking  off  our  officers,  whom 
they  could  easily  spy  standing  or  walking  about  on  the  hill. 
This  had  become  quite  troublesome  and  General  Schurz  re- 
quested Colonel  Salomon  to  send  a  detail  of  about  one  hundred 
men  to  dislodge  the  sharpshooters.  I  had  the  honor  to  com- 
mand that  detail,  which  was  made  up  of  volunteers,  and 
stormed  those  houses,  driving  out  the  sharpshooters  and  keep- 
ing possession    of  the    houses   the    balance    of  the    day.      In 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  147 

making  up  this  detail  an  incident  happened  which  I  shall  surely 
remember  as  long  as  I  live,  and  I  cannot  refrain  from  referring 
to  it  at  this  time.  Brave  John  Ackerman,  a  private  in  my 
company,  who  on  every  previous  occasion  was  the  first  to 
respond  when  volunteers  were  asked  for  to  engage  in  some 
daring  work,  did  not  come  to  the  front  on  this  occasion.  I  was 
much  surprised  at  his  action,  and  stepped  over  to  speak  to  him 
about  it.     He  said  to  me: 

"  '  Captain,  I  cannot  go  with  you  this  time;  I  feel  as  though 
something  terrible  was  going  to  happen  to  me  to-day.' 

"  He  looked  pale  and  despondent.  Believing  that  he  did  not 
feel  well,  I  left  him,  after  saying  a  few  encouraging  words  to 
him.  Within  an  hour  after  I  left  him,  Ackerman  was  killed, 
a  rebel  shell  cutting  off  more  than  half  his  head.  His  remains 
were  buried  on  Cemetery  Hill,  close  to  where  he  was  killed. 
It  is  singular,  that  he  is  the  only  one  of  our  regiment  killed  at 
Gettysburg  whose  name  appears  on  any  headstone  in  the 
National  Cemetery. 

"The  great  artillery  duel,  consisting  of  the  firing  of  more 
than  200  cannon,  which  was  the  beginning  of  the  second  day's 
battle,  was  especially  severe  on  the  exposed  position  occupied 
by  the  Eleventh  Corps  on  Cemetery  Hill,  and  the  rebels  seemed 
determined  to  dislodge  us  from  our  position,  but  were  unsuc- 
cessful in  their  efforts.  All  of  us  can  recollect  the  myriads  of 
shells  and  bombs  that  flew  in  our  midst  and  over  our  heads, 
dealing  out  death  wherever  they  struck  in  our  ranks,  and  few 
of  the  headstones  which  marked  the  graves  in  the  old  cemetery 
were  left  unbroken  after  that  shower  of  shells. 

"  The  terrible  charge  the  rebels  made  in  the  evening  of  the 
second  day  to  force  us  from  our  position  on  Cemetery  Hill  has 
passed  into  history  as  one  of  the  most  desperate  and  bloody  of 
this  memorable  battle.  The  charge  was  made  from  the  streets 
of  the  town  by  the  rebel  brigade  known  as  the  '  Louisiana 
Tigers,'  and  it  is  officially  stated  that  out  of  1700  men  in  that 
brigade  less  than  300  '  Tigers  '  returned  to  the  town  after  that 
charge.  The  third  day's  battle  was  nearly  a  duplicate  of  the 
day  previous,  our  regiment  holding  the  same  position  on  Cemtery 
Hill  and  standing  the  terrible  fire  of  the  enemy  with  the  same 
bravery  and  gallantry  that  had  characterized  our  organization 


148  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

from  the  beginning.  We  can  all  recollect  how  with  frantic 
desperation  the  rebels  tried  to  dislodge  us  from  the  position  we 
occupied,  but  all  their  attempts  were  unavailing,  and  when  the 
radiant  sun  sank  behind  the  western  horizon  after  the  third 
day's  fight,  the  rebels  signalized  their  defeat  by  a  hasty  retreat 
southward.  We  can  also  vividly  remember  how  light-hearted 
and  joyous  we  felt  on  that  early  Fourth  of  July  morning  when 
we  gazed  on  those  fields  and  hills  in  our  front  which  only  the 
evening  before  were  full  of  life,  covered  with  rebel  soldiers  and 
cannon,  and  now  looked  deserted  and  forsaken.  We  then  first 
began  to  realize  the  great  victory  we  had  won,  a  victory  which 
I  confidently  believe  was  the  turning  point  for  the  salvation  of 
this  country.  But  while  the  face  of  every  Union  soldier  on 
that  morning  was  glowing  with  the  flush  of  heroism,  there  were 
but  few,  however,  who  could  pass  without  sad  emotions  over 
the  fields  which  were  so  thickly  strewn  with  dead  and  dying 
that  in  some  places  it  was  impossible  to  walk  without  stepping 
on  some  of  the  dead  bodies.  But  these  are  the  consequences  of 
war,  and  I  sincerely  hope  it  may  never  again  become  necessary 
in  this  glorious  country  to  call  out  large  armies  and  to  bring 
such  great  sacrifices  in  order  to  perpetuate  our  liberties  and 
freedom.     (Cheers.) 

"  It  is  not  necessary  to-day  to  eulogize  the  many  brave  deeds 
of  the  officers  and  men  of  our  regiment  on  this  battle-field,  as 
the  official  records  bear  ample  testimony  on  that  subject,  and  I 
doubt  whether  any  regiment  can  show  a  better  record  for 
bravery  than  the  old  82nd  Illinois.     (Applause. ) 

' '  This  monument  which  has  been  erected  through  the 
generosity  of  the  State  of  Illinois  to  commemorate  the  noble 
deeds  of  the  82nd  Regiment  will  stand  for  ages  as  a  tribute  of  a 
grateful  people  to  her  sons,  now  living  or  dead,  who  partici- 
pated in  this,  the  greatest  battle  which  was  fought  during  the 
war  for  the  preservation  of  the  Union.     (Cheers. ) 

"We,  the  surviving  members  of  the  82nd  Regiment,  fully 
appreciate  this  token  erected  in  our  honor  by  the  vState  of 
Illinois  and  in  behalf  of  our  comrades  I  desire  to  express 
through  his  excellency,  Governor  Fifer,  our  sincere  thankful- 
ness for  the  same. ' '     ( Applause. ) 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


149 


11  Mr.  Greenhut  concluded  by  paying  a  handsome  compliment 
to  the  old  Colonel  of  the  82nd,  Colonel  E.  S.  Salomon,  and  the 
ceremonies  closed  with  the  recitation  of  a  short  poem  in 
German  by  Lieutenant  John  Baus,  of  Chicago." 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Goodman,  Abraham  83d  Infantry 

Goodman,  Lewis  87th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  W.  93d  Infantry 

Wounded  in  battle. 

Goldsmith,  J.  103d  Infantry 

Goodman,  Moses         Lieutenant  109th  Infantry 

Goodman,  Jacob  116th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Joseph  D            ii 8th  Infantry 

Goodman,  K.  120th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  David  155th  Infantry 

Gans,  Henry  C                   2d  Cavalry 

Goldsmith,  J.                  Corporal  4th  Cavalry 

Gans,  Levi  10th  Cavalry 

Goldsmith,  William  10th  Cavalry 

Goldsmith,  G.  W.  I                 14th  Cavalry 

Gotthele,  Joseph           Adjutant  16th  Cavalry 
Enlisted  as  private  ;  promoted  for  bravery  to  1  st  Lieu- 
tenant and  Adjutant.     After  being  mustered  out  re- 
enlisted  in  4th   Regiment,  Hancock's  Veteran  Corps; 
served  as  Quartermaster  Sergeant. 

GoTTHART,  Moritz  E                  2d  Artillery 


Hays,  Benjamin  B  7th  Infantry 

HESS,  Joseph  A  8th  Infantry 

Severely  wounded  at  Fort  Donelson. 

Hahn,  Martin  D                8th  Infantry 

Heineman,  Henry  A               9th  Infantry 

Haas,  Ferdinand  A                9th  Infantry 

Heineman,  J.  A               9th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Frank  B              9th  Infantry 

Hess,  Alexander  ■  B              nth  Infantry 

Heineman,  William  A             12th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Fort  Donelson. 


ISO 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.  Rank. 

Hays,  Moses 
Hess,  Abraham 

Re-enlisted  as  a  veteran. 

Heller,  Adolph 
Herrick,  C.  K. 

Died   from  wounds  received   at 

tucky. 

Heeler,  Albert 
Hahn,  Charles 
Hays,  Abraham  Corporal 

Mustered  out  as  Sergeant. 

Hays,  Franklin 
Hays,  David 
Hays,  Henry 

Hess,  Jacob  Corporal 

Hays,  Morris 
Hays,  Levi 
Hart,  Aaron 
Hays,  Daniel 

Hoffman,  Adolph  Captain 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 

HERRMAN,   M.  )  2  Brothers 

Herrman,  Henry  ) 
Heineman,  George 
Herrman,  Louis 
Hess,  Jacob 
Heineman,  Henry 
Heilbrun,  Joseph 
Hahn,  Daniel 

Wounded  and  captured. 

Hess,  Aaron 
Hays,  Morris 
Hays,  B 
Hays,  Levi 
Hayman,  A. 
Heineman,  Joseph 
Heineman,  Jacob 


Company. 

Regiment. 

1 8th  Infantry 

19th  Infantry 

19th  Infantry 

1 9th  Infantry 

Elizabethtown,  Ken- 

19th  Infantry 

22nd  Infantry 

C 

25th  Infantry 

C 

25th  Infantry 

C 

25  th  Infantry 

25th  Infantry 

A 

20th  Infantry 

33d  Infantry 

34th  Infantry 

34th  Infantry 

35th  Infantry 

39th  Infantry 

41st  Infantry 

41st  Infantry 

A 

43d  Infantry 

B 

43d  Infantry 

G 

43d  Infantry 

K 

43d  Infantry 

43d  Infantry 

44th  Infantry 

B 

46th  Infantry 

C 

47th  Infantry 

B 

54th  Infantry 

55th  Infantry 

F 

57th  Infantry 

A 

58th  Infantry 

F 

58th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


151 


Name. 

Rank.                Company. 

Regiment. 

Hkrrman,  Frank 

59th  Infantry 

Hart,  Isaac 

63d  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Joseph 

F 

64th  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Julius 

64th  Infantry 

Hays,  Joseph 

65th  Infantry 

Haas,  Joseph 

F 

65th  Infantry 

Harris,  Charles 

66th  Infantry 

Hays,  Isaac 

66th  Infantry 

Heineman,  William 

E 

67th  Infantry 

Haas,  Morris 

72nd  Infantry 

Hess,  Alexander 

79th  Infantry 

Hirschberg,  Louis 

80th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Julius 

A 

82nd  Infantry 

Herrman,  Jacob 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Hessberger,  Leopold 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Henshall,  Alexander 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

IJeyman,  Jacob 

c 

82  nd  Infantry 

Hirschlein,  Leopold 

c 

82  nd  Infantry 

Hirsch,  L. 

c 

82  nd  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

Hesslein,  Isidore 

c 

82nd  Infantry 

Hahn,  Isaac 

93d  Infantry 

Hahn,  Jacob 

93d  Infantry 

Hirsch,  August 

Lieutenant 

c 

1  ooth  Infantry 

HlRSCHBERGER,   AAROIS 

i     Lieutenant 

107th  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Benjamin 

1 08th  Infantry 

HlRSCHBERGER,  HERMAN 

1 1 1  th  Infantry 

Hirschman,  Jacob 

H 

1 1 7th  Infantry 

Herzberger,  F. 

117th  Infantry 

Heineman,  Henry 

1 20th  Infantry 

Hess,  Jacob 

1 20th  Infantry 

Harris,  Jacob 

130th  Infantry 

Harris,  Charles 

K 

134th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Holzman,  S.  L. 

A 

140th  Infantry 

Hays,  Jacob 

Captain 

142  nd  Infantry 

Harris,  Benjamin 

Lieutenant 

143d  Infantry 

Herrman,  Gottlieb 

K 

144th  Infantry 

52 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name 


Rank. 


Company, 


Hirsch,  Henry 

Hkrz,  David 

Hart,  Aaron 

Herrman,  Herman 

Hirschman,  Joseph 

Hkrrman,  Jacob  G 

Hahn,  Henry  K 

Herold,  Herman         Lieutenant 

Enlisted  as  private;  promoted  for  gallant 
Hahn,  Samuel 
Hart,  Levi  Captain 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 
Herman,  Gottlieb 
Hess,  Henry 
Hvman,  L.  Chicago  Board 


Rboimbnt. 

152nd  Infantry 

156th  Infantry 

1st  Cavalry 

3d  CaYalry 

3d  Cavalry 

5th  CaYalry 

7th  Cavalr}' 

1  ith  CaYalry 

conduct. 

1st  Artillery 
1  st  Artillery 

2nd  Artillery 

2nd  Artillery 

of  Trade  Battery 


Isaacs,  Joseph 
Israel,  Samuel 
Israel,  Aaron 
Isenstein,  George 
Isaacs,  Aaron 
Isaac,  Charles 
Isaacson,  Isaac 
Isaacs,  W.  A. 
Isaac,  David 
Israel,  W. 


Sergeant 
Captain 


F 
K 


8th  Infantry 

1 8th  Infantry 

23d  Infantry 

24th  Infantry 

42nd  Infantry 

59th  Infantry 

92nd  Infantry 

1 1 7th  Infantry 

119th  Infantry 

1 2th  Cavalry 


Jacobs,  C.  8th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Benjamin  Corporal              G                9th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Fort  Donelson. 

Joseph,  Joseph  H               10th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  James  A              12th  Infantry 

Jacobson,  Fr.  D              12th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  G.  18th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Daniel  Corporal                   H              25th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Joseph  N.  A              26th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Samuel  30th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Fr.  37th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


loa 


Name, 


Hank. 


Jacobs,  Elias 
Jacobs,  J.  B. 
Jacobs,  Bkknhart 
Jacob,  Phllip 
Jacobson,  Jacob 
Jacobs,  Henry 
Jacobson,  Jacob 
Jacobs,  Abraham 
Jacobs,  E. 
Jacobs,  Benjamin 
Jacobs,  Samuel 
Jacobs,  S. 

Died  in  the  service. 
Jacobs,  Henry 
Jacob,  Aaron 
Jacobs,  Samuel 
Jacobson,  A. 
Jacobs,  William 

Died  in  the  field. 
Jacobson,  Charles 
Jacobs,  Joseph 
Jacobs,  Aaron 
Jacobs,  Samuel 
Jacobs,  W.         Corporal 
Jacobs,  Joseph 
Jacobs,  Henry  C. 
Jacobs,  Joseph  E. 
Jonas,  Edward         Captain 
Julian,  David 
Jacobs,  Charles 
Jacobs,  J. 
Jacobs,  Joseph,  Jr. 
Jacobson,  J. 
Jacobs,  Charles 
Jacobs,  Charles         Corporal 
Jacobs,  Henry 
Jacobs,  Alexander 
Jacobs,  Bernhard 


Company. 

Regiment. 

D 

38th  Infantry 

38th  Infantry 

39th  Infantry 

K 

43d  Infantry 

44th  Infantry 

K    . 

47th  Infantry 

53d  Infantry 

53d  Infantry 

56th  Infantry 

57th  Infantry 

C 

59th  Infantry 

62nd  Infantry 

H 

65th  Infantry 

66th  Infantry 

F 

78th  Infantry 

I 

82nd  Infantry 

93d  Infantry 

94th  Infantry 

C 

98th  Infantry 

98th  Infantry 

E 

98th  Infantry 

103d  Infantry 

133d  Infantry 

C 

1 34th  Infantry 

143d  Infantry 

149th  Infantry 

153d  Infantry 

2nd  Cavalry 

3d  Cavalry 

H 

9th  Cavalry 

9th  Cavalry 

H 

1 1  th  Cavalty 

F 

nth  Cavalry 

nth  Cavalry 

12th  Cavalry 

1 2  th  Cavalry 

154 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Jacobs,  A. 

1 5th  Cavalry 

Jacobs,  David  F. 

A 

1  st  Artillery 

Jacobs,  Jacob 

G 

1st  Artillery 

Jacobs,  David  M. 

2nd  Artillery 

Jacobs,  Daniel  W. 

• 

2nd  Artillery 

Jacobs'  Daniel 

Chicago  Mercantile  Artillery 

Jacobs,  C.  G. 

13th  United  States  Infantry 

Jonas,  Edward 

Major 

50th  Infantry 

Enlisted    as   private;    promoted    to    2nd 

Lieutenant, 

Captain  and  Ma 

jor;  captured 

at  Shiloh. 

Kahn,  Moses 

D 

9th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Edward 

H 

12th  Infantry 

Kurz,  Eli  as 

C 

14th  Infantry 

Katz,  Eli  as 

C 

14th  Infantry 

Kuhn,  George 

1 6th  Infantry 

Kahn,  Henry 

20th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Henry 

24th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Moritz 

1st  Lieutenant        H 

24th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 

Kaufman, Jacob 

K 

24th  Infantry 

Krauskopf,  G. 

Sergeant 

A 

39th  Imfantry 

Kaufman,  Isaac 

Corporal 

47th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Reuben 

Corporal 

54th  Infantry 

King,  Louis 

H 

57th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Joseph 

58th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Levi 

Corporal 

I 

68th  Infantry 

Koch,  Herman 

Sergeant 

F 

82nd  Infantry 

Koch,  Frank 

F 

82nd  Infantry 

Koch,  Gustav 

H 

82nd  Infantry 

Kramer,  Samuel 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Karminski,  Jacob 

G 

88th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Stone  River. 

Kohn,  Jacob 

95th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Levi 

1 06th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Isaac 

106th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Isaac  C. 

F 

1 1 5th  Infantry 

Konig,  Jacob 

132nd  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


155 


Name. 

Kaufman,  Jacob 
Kaufman,  Philip 
Kaufman,  K.  B. 
Kohn,  N. 
Kaufman,  Philip 
Konigstfin,  Jacob 

Wounded  in  action 
Kohn,  Frederick 
Kohn,  Charles 
Kahn,  Frikdrich 
Kaufman,  Benjamin 

Died  in  the  service. 
Koch,  Louis 
Kaufman,  Michael* 
Kaufman,  Martin, 
Koch,  Joseph  M. 
Koch,  Lewis 


Rank. 


Corporal 


Company. 

Regiment. 

149th  Infantry 

I 

1st  Cavalry 

c 

2nd  Cavalry 

3d  Cavalry 

E 

7th  Cavalry 

7th  Cavalry 

8th  Cavalry 

9th  Cavalry 

H 

13th  Cavalry 

14th  Cavalry 

Sergeant 


C  1 6th  Cavalry 

1  st  Artillery 

2nd  Artillery 

2nd  United  States  Veteran  Volunteers 

2nd  United  States  Veteran  Volunteers 


Leavit,  Levi 

Lesser,  Samuel  B. 

Leib,  Herman  Major 

Lehman,  Jacob  Corporal 

Enlisted  as  private. 
Lehman,  Reuben 
Loeser,  Levi 
Levin,  Charles 
Levy,  Michael 
Lang,  Adolph 
Lehman,  Ernst 
Ludwig,  Oscar         Captain 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 
Lehman,  Frank 

Died  in  the  service. 
Lehman,  Jacob 
Lieberman,  Martin 

Died  of  wounds. 
Levy,  Joseph 


G 

3d  Infantry 

I 

8th  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 

F 

10th  Infantry 

H 

14th  Infantry 

E 

17th  Infantry 

19th  Infantry 

19th  Infantry 

A 

20th  Infantry 

20th  Infantry 

20th  Infantry 

20th  Infantry 

21st  Infantry 

A 

24th  Infantry 

156 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank.                 Company. 

Regiment. 

Leopold,  William 

45th  Infantry 

Lorch,  Alexander 

46th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Joseph 

B 

47  th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Henry 

B 

47  th  Infantry 

Loeb,  Philip 

49th  Infantry 

Lyon, Jacob  F. 

50th  Infantry 

Louis,  Levi 

50th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Henry  L. 

1st  Lieutenant 

A 

59th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Henry 

Corporal 

59th  Infantry 

Lederman,  David 

E 

59th  Infantry 

Lederman,  Daniel 

E 

59th  Infantry 

Lehman,  J. 

70th  Infantry 

Loeb,  William           2nd  Lieutenant 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Levy,  Louis 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Lammfromm,  Jacob 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Lasalle,  Jacob 

Captain 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Loeb,  William 

Captain 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Entered  as  private 

;  promoted  for 

gallant 

conduct. 

Lehman,  Lewis 

B 

86th  Infantry 

Lichtenberg,  Jacob 

87th  Infantry 

Listner,  Louis 

93d  Infantry 

Lederman,  Abraham 

F 

113th  Infantry 

Lederman,  A. 

130th  Infantry 

Landenburg,  Abraham 

137th  Infantry 

Lyon,  David  M. 

Captain 

138th  Infantry 

Lorch, Jacob 

144th  Infantry 

Leib,  Levi  H. 

2nd  Cavalry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Ludwig,  Daniel 

3d  Cavalry 

LlCHTENBERGER,   ALFRED 

3d  Cavalry 

Lehman,  Frederick 

4th  Cavalry 

Leopold,  Wiliam 

8th  Cavalry 

Loeser,  Jacob 

9th  Cavalry 

Liebman,  Daniel 

10th  Cavalry 

Died  of  disease  contracted  in  camp. 

Lehman,  Jacob 

1 2th  Cavalry 

Levi,  R. 

B 

13th  Cavalry 

Lehman,  Frederick 

F 

13th  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  157 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment- 

Lehman,  Michael     2nd  Lieutenant  13th  Cavalry 

Lehman,  Max             1st  Lieutenant  16th  Cavalry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 

Leopold,  William  1st  Artillery 


Mendel,  Noah  E.         Captain 

7th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant; 

killed  at  Fort  Donel- 

son. 
Myers,  Leo  W.          1st  Lieutenant 

7th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Shiloh. 

Morrison,  Samuel 

8th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Leo 

9th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Charles 

G 

12th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Meyers,  Herman 

12th  Infantry 

Meyers,  David 

7th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Henry 

8th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Jacob 

9th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Moses,  Frank 

C 

9th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Moses 

9th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Meyers,  Aaron 

H    . 

9th  Infantry 

Myers,  Daniel 

9th  Infantry 

Meerholz,  Heinrich 

D 

10th  Infantry 

Marks,  A.  L. 

K 

13th  Infantry 

Served  four  years  under  the  name  of  Charles  Harris. 

Morris,  Levi 

C 

14th  Infantry 

Myers,  Frank 

14th  Infantry 

Moses,  George 

15th  Infantry 

Menken,  Herman 

1 6th  Infantry 

Meyers,  David 

19th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Jacob 

A 

20th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Samuel 

20th  Infantry 

Myer,  Alexander 

20th  Infantry 

Myer,  Jonas 

G 

22nd  Infantry 

Mayer,  A.                      Sergeant 

A 

24th  Infantry 

158 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                              Rank. 

Company. 

Regtment. 

Meykr,  Samuel             Sergeant 

24th  Infantry 

Meier,  Jacob 

E 

25th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Charles            Corporal 

F 

24th  Infantry 

Captured;  died  in  Andersonville  Prison. 

Meier,  Isidore 

K 

24th  Infantry 

Captured;  died  in  Andersonville  Prison. 

Meier,  Louis 

26th  Infantry 

Myers,  Joseph 

26th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Manuel,  Joseph 

G 

27th  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

Moses,  Albert               Major 

28th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Meier,  Charles 

28th  Infantry 

Mann,  Isaac           Corporal 

B 

30th  Infantry 

Promoted  to  ist  Lieutenant. 

Marks,  Isaac            Corporal 

30th  Infantry 

Meier,  Jacob 

31st  Infantry 

Morris,  Simeon 

31st  Infantry 

Morris,  Levi  E. 

31st  Infantry 

Meyers,  Abarahm 

A 

33d  Infantry 

Killed  at  Vicksburg. 

Myers,  Joseph                 Captain 

34th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 

Marcus,  Frederic 

36th  Infantry 

Morris,  Solomon 

37th  Infantry 

Myers,  Abraham 

G 

40th  Infantry 

Mann,  Charles 

B 

43d  Infantry 

Mp:ier,  Frank 

43d  Infantry 

Meyer'  Louis 

K 

43d  Infantry 

Mann,  Gustav 

44th  Infantry 

Meier,  Lewis 

44th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Joseph         ist  Lieutenant 

44th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Moses,  Lewis 

46th  Infantry 

Moses,  William 

46th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Isaac 

H 

46th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


159 


Name.  Rank, 

Mykrs,  Jacob 
Mendel,  David 
Moritz,  William 
May,  Charles  Lieutenant 

Myers,  Louis 

Mayer,  Charles  Adjutant 

Promoted  from  private. 

Meyers,  Henry 
Moses,  Charles 
Mayer,  Benjamin 
Mayer,  Abraham 
Meyer,  Frederick 
Meyers,  Simeon         2nd  Lieutenant 
May,  Aaron  E.  Adjutant 

Meyer,  Charles  Sergeant 

Meier,  Charles  E.     Corporal 
Meier,  Samuel 
Mann,  Margin  Captain 

Mantel,  A. 
Meyer,  Charles 
Meyers,  William 
Meyers,  Alexander 
Meyer,  Gustav 
Meier,  Ferdinand 
Mantel,  Charles 
Killed  in  action. 

Mayer,  Samuel 
Marx,  C.  H. 
Marks,  Nathan 
Meier,  Daniel 
Meier,  Philip 
Mannheim,  E. 
Meier,  Gottlieb 
Mayer,  William 
Meier,  Jacob  Corporal 

Killed  at  Chancellorsville. 
Meyers,  David 


Company. 


H 


G 
G 


G 
C 
C 
C 
C 
I) 
I) 
K 


Regiment. 

47th  Infantry 
47th  Infantry 
48th  Infantry 
50th  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
58th  Infantry 

58th  Infantry 

58th  Infantry 

59th  Infantry 

62nd  Infantry 

63d  Infantry 

63d  Infantry 

64th  Infantry 

65th  Infantry 

65th  Infantry 

65th  Infantry 

65th  Infantry 

69th  Infantry 

69th  Infantry 

69th  Infantry 

70th  Infantry 

72nd  Infantry 

72nd  Infantry 

73d  Infantry 

76th  Infantry 
80th  Infantry 
82nd  Infantry 
82nd  Infantry 
82  nd  Infantry 
82nd  Infantry 
82nd  Infantry 
82nd  Infantry 
82nd  Infantry 

82nd  Infantry 


160 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Nam*.                             F 

lAKK.                          (' 

ONPANY. 

Regiment. 

Manheimkr,  Godfrey 

c 

82nd  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Atlanta. 

Meyers,  Isaac 

83d  Infantry 

Mann,  Isaac             Corporal 

85th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Solomon 

85th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Jacob 

87th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Joseph 

F 

87th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Frank 

89th  Infantry 

Mayers,  W. 

Lieutenant 

92nd  Infantry 

Myers,  Isaac 

103d  Infantry 

Myers,  Henry 

1  nth  Infantry 

Morgenthal,  Jacob 

1 1 6th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Charles 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

May,  Abraham 

Lieutenant 

130th  Infantry 

Myers,  Lewis 

131st  Infantry 

Morris,  Nathan 

D 

131st  Infantry 

Meyer,  Gustav 

D 

134th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Henry 

i42d  Infantry 

Meier,  Joseph 

i42d  Infantry 

Moses,  Reuben 

Lieutenant 

146th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 

Moses,  Aaron 

Sergeant 

1st  Cavalry 

Moses,  Reuben 

Sergeant 

1  St  Cavalry 

Meyers,  Henry 

2nd  Cavalry 

Mann,  Levi 

7  th  Cavalry 

Meyers,  Morris 

G 

7  th  Cavalry 

Meier,  Henry 

7th  Cavalry 

Meyers,  Daniel 

8th  Cavalry 

May,  Oscar 

9th  Cavalry 

Meier,  Herman 

9th  Cavalry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Meier,  William 

9th  Cavalry 

Meier,  Herman 

10th  Cavalry 

Meier,  August 

Lieutenant 

10th  Cavalry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

• 

Mayer,  Moses 

A 

12th  Cavalry 

Marks,  Samuel 

L 

12th  Cavalry 

Meyers,  Henry 

13th  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


161 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Meyer,  Ferdinand 

13th  Cavalry 

Marx,-  Felix 

Captain 

13th  Cavalry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Meier,  Moses 

B 

15th  Cavalry 

Mann,  Eugene 

Corporal 

H 

15th  Cavalry 

Meyers,  Charles 

A 

1 6th  Cavalry 

Mayer,  J. 

B 

1 6th  Cavalry 

Meier,  Herman 

1 6th  Cavalry 

Marx,  John  F. 

Lieutenant 

1 6th  Cavalry 

Meiers,  Nathan 

17th  Cavalry 

Meyers,  David 

C 

1  st  Artillery 

Meiers,  Frank 

G 

1st  Artillery 

Meyers,  Henry 

Sergeant 

1st  Artillery 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Marx,  Louis 

A 

2nd  Artillery 

Moses,  Ferdinand 

K 

2nd  Artillery 

Mann,  Lewis 

Chicago  Mercantile  Artillery 

Meyer,  Henry 

Elgin  Artillery 

Neuman,  Albert 

C 

9th  Infantry 

At  expiration  of  term  re-enlisted 

in  Company  B;  was 

killed  at  Fort  Donelson. 

Nathan,  G.  M. 

B 

24th  Infantry 

Nathan,  Morris 

24th  Infantry 

Newman,  Joseph 

F 

42nd  Infantry 

Newman,  J. 

66th  Infantry 

NlEMAN,   MORITZ 

A 

8 2d  Infantry 

Newman,  Benjamin 

91st  Infantry 

Newman,  Jacob 

F 

82nd  Infantry 

Nattinger,  S.  L. 

E 

104th  Infantry 

Newman,  Jesse 

1 1 2th  Infantry 

Newman,  Simon 

Captain 

145th  Infantry 

Newman,  J. 

4th  Cavalry 

Newman,  David 

13th  Cavalry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Newman,  Jacob 
11 

Corporal 

Springfield  Artillery 

1(52 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                               Rank.                  Company. 

IlKGIMKNT. 

Ochs,  George 

C 

9th  Infantry 

Ochs,  Ferdinand 

H 

24th  Infantry 

Opperman,  Julius 

24th  Infantry 

Ochs,  Martin 

27th  Infantry 

Ochs,  Charles              Corporal 

B 

71st  Infantry 

Ochs,  Friedrich 

72  nd  Infantry 

Oppenheimer,  Abraham 

17  th  Cavalry 

Phillipson,  Aaron 

D 

3d  Cavalry 

Rose,  E. 

E 

10th  Infantry 

Ressie,  Adolph 

K 

10th  Infantry 

Rosenbach,  Moses 

Cx 

10th  Infantry 

Rose,  Daniel 

H 

1 2th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Henry 

21st  Infantry 

Rosenfeld,  Frank 

K 

23d  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  M. 

K 

43d  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Charles 

49th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  C.  W.        Lieutenant 

57th  Infantry 

Rose,  Daniel 

58th  Infantry 

Mortally  wounded  at  Shiloh. 

Rice,  Joseph 

58th  Infantry 

Rosenbaum,  Alexander 

A 

75th  Infantry 

Rosenbaum,  William 

76th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Sampson 

82nd  Infantry 

Rosenhaupt,  Joseph 

107th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  S. 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Rosenhaupt,  Simon 

I 

142nd  Infantry 

Rapp,  Jacob 

146th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  J. 

3d  Cavalry 

Ruben,  Frederick 

12th  Cavalry 

Simpson,  Elias 

7th  Infantry 

Simpson,  David 

K 

7th  Infantry 

Simonson,  Isaac 

E 

8th  Infantry 

At  expiration  of  term  re-enlisted 

as  veteran 

;   promoted 

to  Sergeant;  killed  at  Fort  Blakely. 

Sturmer,  Joseph 

G 

roth  Infantry 

Sanders.  Frank 

1 6th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


163 


Name.                               Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Samuels,  Charles 

H 

19th  Infantry 

Simon,  Joseph 

G 

24th  Infantry 

Summerfield,  Eli  AS 

24th  Infantry 

Simon,  Adam                Corporal 

24th  Infantry 

Sanders,  Jacob 

25th  Infantry 

Solomon,  F. 

A 

25th  Infantry 

Stern, Jacob 

30th  Infantry 

Simpson,  Isaac 

I 

31st  Infantry 

Simpson,  William 

I 

31st  Infantry 

Stern,  Joseph 

35th  Infantry 

Simons,  Adolph 

C 

37th  Infantry 

Simons,  Marcus 

C 

37th  Infantry 

Simons,  Levi                Corporal 

F 

37th  Infantry 

Simpson,  Joseph 

38th  Infantry 

Simpson,  Daniel 

40th  Infantry 

Samuelson,  Alexander 

C 

43d  Infantry 

Samuelson,  Charles 

c 

43d  Infantry 

Samuelson,  Charles  A. 

c 

43d  Infantry 

Sanger,  Louis 

47th  Infantry 

Solomon,  Henry 

D 

48th  Infantry 

Simon,  Lewis 

51st  Infantry 

Solomon,  David 

52nd  Infantry 

Sampson,  Samuel 

53d  Infantry 

Simpson,  Samuel           Corporal 

55th  Infantry 

Samuelson,  Charles 

55th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Kenesaw  Mountain 

Solomon,  D. 

58th  Infantry 

Strauss,  Charles 

E 

59th  Infantry 

Stine,  Isaac 

68th  Infantry 

Simons,  Alexander 

78th  Infantry 

Sommer,  Frank             Corporal 

B 

82nd  Infantry 

Salomon,  A. 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Simon,  Gustav 

c 

82nd  Infantry 

Steinbach,  M.  Joseph 

82nd  Infantry 

Simpson,  Herman          Corporal 

82nd  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chancellorsville 

Shoenwalt,  Frank      Lieutenant 

K 

82nd  Infantry 

Salomon,  Abraham 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

164  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

SiESEL,  SiEGmund  C  82nd  Infantry 

Salomon,  Edward  S.     Brigadier-General  82nd  Infantry 

Joined  the  24th  Illinois  as  2nd  Lieutenant,  participat- 
ing in  the  battles  of  Frederickton  and  Mainfordsville, 
Kentucky.  His  gallantry  in  action  and  general  pro- 
ficiency in  tactics  were  the  cause  of  successive  pro- 
motions till  in  1862  Lieutenant  Salomon  was  gazetted 
Major  of  the  regiment.  Owing  to  disagreement  among 
the  officers  of  the  command  of  Colonel  Hecker,  Major 
Salomon  and  other  officers  resigned  and  organized 
another  regiment  under  the  official  designation  of  the 
.  82nd  Illinois  Infantry,  of  which  Major  Saloman  ulti- 
mately became  Colonel.  As  a  member  of  the  nth 
Army  Corps  under  General  Howard,  he  participated 
in  the  campaign  of  which  the  actions  at  Chancellors- 
ville  and  Gettysburg  were  salient  features.  He  also  • 
took  part  in  the  battles  round  Chattanooga,  Lookout 
Mountain,  and  Missionary  Ridge-;  fought  in  fact 
throughout  all  the  campaign  in  the  Southwest  and 
was  ultimately  brevetted  to  the  rank  of  Brigadier- 
General. 

President  Grant  appointed  General  Salomon  to  the 
Governorship  of  Washington  Territory  which  position 
he  held  four  years  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  citizens 
and  to  the  increased  industrial  prosperity  of  the  North- 
west. 

As  the  subject  of  this  sketch  has  also  been  promi- 
nent in  politics  on  the  Republican  side,  his  military 
service  has  frequently  been  attacked  by  political 
enemies.  To  show  with  what  little  justice  these 
attacks  have  been  made,  we  publish  a  few  of  the 
opinions  entertained  by  prominent  Generals  of  the 
army : 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  165 

"Headquarters  3D  Division, 

August  20,  1863. 
Major  General  Howard, 

Commanding  nth  Corps. 
General: 

Of  the  part  taken  by  my  Division  in  the  actions  of  July  2 
and  3  at  Gettysburg,  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following 
report:  One  of  the  five  regiments  of  the  1st  Brigade,  the  74th 
Pennsylvania,  was  left  with  General  Ames  to  strengthen  his 
right  wing;  the  remaining  four  were  directed  towards  a  strip  of 
woods  on  the  right  of  the  Division,  in  which  the  firing  had 
become  very  heavy,  and  where,  according  to  a  report  of  some 
staff  officers  of  the  1st  Corps,  immediate  aid  was  needed.  Two 
regiments,  the  157th  New  York  and  the  61st  Ohio,  were 
guided  by  one  of  their  officers,  while  the  other  two,  the  82nd 
Illinois  and  the  45th  New  York,  were  led  by  my  Chief  of 
Staff,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Otto,  of  the  50th  New  York. 

It  had  meanwhile  become  quite  dark,  the  direction  of  the 
fight  being  indicated  by  nothing  but  the  sound  of  musketry. 
The  regiment  entered  the  woods  with  the  greatest  determina- 
tion, and  drove  the  enemy  from  our  rifle  pits. 

It  is  my  pleasant  duty  to  mention  as  especially  deserving, 
the  names  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Otto,  who  superintended  this 
operation  with  great  judgment  and  courage,  and  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Salomon,  of  the  82nd  Illinois,  who  displayed  the 
highest  order  of  coolness  and  determination  under  very  trying 
circumstances. 


I  am,  General, 


Very  respectfully  yours, 
(Signed)  C.  Schurz, 

Major- General  Commanding  Division. 


166  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


Headquarters  3D  Brigade,   ist  Division,   20TH 
Army  Corps. 

Near  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Ga. 

June  26th,  1864. 
Allen  Fuller, 

Adjutant-General,  State  of  Illinois. 
Sir  : 

I  have  the  honor  to  respectfully  request  that  you  issue 
a  Colonel's  commission  to  Lieutenant-Colonel  Edward  S.  Salo- 
mon, commanding  the  82nd  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, belonging  to  his  brigade.  I  take  pleasure  in  saying 
that  it  is  my  sincere  belief  that  Lieutenant- Colonel  Salomon 
fully  deserves  this  favor,  not  only  by  his  inherent  ability  and 
merit  as  an  officer,  but  more  particularly  by  the  gallantry  and 
efficiency  he  has  displayed  during  this  campaign.  The  regi- 
ment he  commands  is  his  best  recommendation,  it  being  sol- 
dierly, gallant  and  thoroughly  disciplined.  It  will  be  accepted 
as  a  personal  favor  if  you  will  make  special  effort  to  obtain 
the  approval  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Salomon's  commission  as 
Colonel,  and  his  muster  as  such  by  the  War  Department. 
Respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

J.    S.  Robinson, 
Colonel  Commanding  3d  Brigade, 
1  st  Division  20th  Army  Corps. 

Headquarters  ist  Division,  20TH  Army  Corps. 

June  28th,  1864. 
Respectfully  forwarded,  heartily  concurring  with  the  within 
recommendation . 

(Signed)  A.  S.  Williams, 

Brig.  Gen.  Commanding  Division. 

Headquarters  20TH  Army  Corps. 

June  28th,  1864. 
Respecfully  forwarded.     I  fully  concur  in  the  within  reconf- 
mendation   Lieutenant    Colonel   Solomon    has   won   the   good 
opinion   of  all   his  comrades   by  his  great  gallantry  and  good 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  167 

conduct,  and  it  will  be  but  a  just  and  grateful  appreciation  of 
his  services  to  confer  the  preferment  upon  him. 

(Signed)  Joseph   Hooker, 

Major-General  Commanding. 

Headquarters  3D  Brigade,   ist  Division,  20TH 
Army  Corps. 

Goldsboro,  N.  C,  April  2nd,  1865. 
Hon.  H.   M.   Stanton, 

Secretary  of  War. 
Sir  : 

I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  and  earnestly  request  the 
appointment  of  Colonel  Edward  S.  Salomon,  of  the  82nd  Regi- 
ment, Illinois  Volunteers,  as  Brevet  Brigadier-General  for  gal- 
lant and  meritorious  services. 

Colonel  Salomon  joined  this  brigade  with  his  regiment  at 
the  opening  of  the  campaign  against  Atlanta  in  the  spring  of 
1864.  During  the  fighting  before  Resaca,  Georgia,  on  the  14th 
and    15th  of  May,  this  regiment  behaved  with  great  gallantry. 

Again,  at  New  Hope,  Georgia,  on  the  25th  of  the  same 
month,  Colonel  Salomon  led  his  command  with  admirable  cool- 
ness and  courage  against  the  enemy.  After  having  advanced 
under  a  severe  fire  of  musketry  and  artillery  more  than  a  mile, 
he  held  his  line  close  to  the  entrenched  position  of  the  enemy, 
without  a  breastwork,  and  with  a  scanty  supply  of  ammunition. 

At  the  battle  near  Peach  Tree  Creek,  before  Atlanta,  Geor- 
gia, on  the  20th  of  July,  1864,  Colonel  Salomon  performed  a 
most  gallant  and  meritorious  part  in  repulsing  the  repeated  on- 
slaughts made  by  the  enemy.  In  the  face  of  a  furious  raking 
fire,  he  held  his  line  for  four  hours,  when  the  enemy  withdrew 
from  his  front  with  great  loss. 

During  the  siege  of  Atlanta,  Colonel  Salomon  was  ever 
prominent  for  his  energy,  coolness  and  judgment. 

In  the  fight  near  Averysboro,  North  Carolina,  on  the  16th 
of  March,  1865,  Colonel  Salomon,  as  usual,  led  his  regiment 
into  action  with  great  gallantry  and  skill. 

At  the  battle  of  Bentonville,  on  the  19th  of  March,  1865, 
Colonel  Salomon  and  his  command  drew  the  unqualified 
admiration  of  all  who  witnessed  their  coolness  and  discipline 


168  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

under  fire,  and  their  effectual  services  in  repulsing  several  de- 
termined attacks  of  the  enemy. 

Colonel  Salomon  has  distinguished  himself  in  other  engage- 
ments besides  those  which  have  been  mentioned.  At  Gettys- 
burg and  Missouri  Ridge  his  gallantry  was  conspicuous  and 
challenged  the  highest  admiration. 

I  consider  Colonel  Salomon  one  of  the  most  deserving  offi- 
cers of  my  acquaintance.  His  regiment  is  his  highest  praise. 
In  point  of  drill  and  discipline  it  is  second  to  none  in  this 
corps.  Its  record  will  bear  safe  comparison  with  any  other  of 
the  same  age  in  the  army. 

Colonel  Salomon  has  had  a  commission  as  Colonel  since 
April,  1864,  but  his  regiment  not  containing  the  requisite 
number  of  men  he  has  been  unable  to  get  mustered. 

Earnestly  hoping  that  his  claims  will  meet  your  favorable 
attention. 

I  remain,  sir,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

(Signed)  J.  S.  Robinson, 

Brig.  Gen.  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding  3d  Brigade, 
1st  Division,  20th  Army  Corps. 

Headquarters  2oth  Army  Corps. 

Goldsboro,  April  2,  1865. 
I  cordially  concur  in  the  recommendation  of  General  Robin- 
son. The  officer  (Colonel  Salomon)  has  just  merits.  He  is 
intelligent,  gallant,  brave  and  faithful.  I  have  had  several 
occasions. to  mark  his  distinguished  merit.  There  can  be  no 
promotion  more  deserved. 

A.  S.  Williams, 
Brevet  Maj.  Gen.  Commanding. 

War  Department, 

Washington,  June  15,  1865. 
Sir  : 

You  are  hereby  informed  that  the  President  of  the  United 
States  has  appointed  you  for  distinguished  gallantry  and  meri- 
torious services  during  the  war,  a  Brigadier  General  of  Volun- 
teers, by  brevet  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  to  rank  as 
such   from  the  thirteeenth  day  of  March,  one  thousand  eight 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  169 

hundred  and  sixty-five.  Should  the  Senate  at  the  next  session 
advise  and  consent  thereto,  you  will  be  commissioned  accord- 
ingly. 

Edwin  M.  Stanton, 

Secretary  of  War. 
To    Brevet    Brigadier-General    Edward  S.    Salomon, 
U.  S.  Volunteers. 

What  was  thought  of  General  Salomon  and  his  administration 
as  Governor  by  the  people  of  Washington  Territory  is  best  ex- 
plained by  quoting  the  following  article  from  the  Pacific  Tribune, 
published  at  the  time  he  resigned  his  office  of  Governor: 

"  Resignation  of  Governor  Salomon. 

"  The  acceptance  of  Governor  Salomon's  resignation  by  the 
President  is  universally  regretted  by  our  people.  He  was 
honest,  fearless  and  capable.  He  mingled  freely  with  the 
people,  identified  himself  with  their  interests  and  generously 
expended  his  time  and  means  to  bring  hither  population  and  to 
promote  our  material  interests.  He  has  established  a  reputa- 
tion in  the  office  which  will  make  his  administration  a  source 
of  pride  to  his  fellow-citizens,  and  he  carries  into  his  retire- 
ment the  consolation  that  the  good  and  true  of  all  parties  re- 
gard it  fortunate  that  he  should  have  been  called  to  preside 
over  our.  destinies.  We  speak  the  sentiment  of  our  people 
when  we  express  unfeigned  regret  that  he  felt  it  his  duty  to 
resign  his  office.  His  official  acts  are  his  best  records;  they 
have  all  met  with  the  heartiest  commendation  of  our  people. 

"A  thorough  and  consistent  Republican,  baptized  in  the  fire 
of  battle,  when  gallantly  sustaining  the  flags,  he  has  always 
been  true  and  steadfast  to  the  principles  of  the  party  of  which 
he  was  so  distinguished  a  member.  While  ever  ready  with 
purse,  pen  and  tongue  to  maintain  his  partisan  principles,  he  was 
singularly  free  from  a  partisan  bigotry  in  the  exercise  of  official 
functions.  He  governed  the  Territory.  Party  behests  never 
made  him  swerve  from  official  integrity  or  duty  to  the  whole 
people.  How  proudly  can  he  look  to  this  episode  of  his  life. 
He  governed  well.  He  satisfied  all,  for  the  welfare  of  the 
whole  was  constantly  in  his  eye ;  he  was  true  to  the  position  he 
so  happily  filled. 


170 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


"  But  his  successor  is  soon  to  come  among  us.  We  are  ready 
to  accord  to  the  new  Executive  a  cordial  welcome.  We  can 
wish  him,  however,  no  higher  or  better  aspiration  than  that  he 
may  prove  worthy  to  be  the  successor  of  one  who  so  faithfully 
and  well  performed  all  his  duties  as  Edward  S.  Salomon." 


Name. 

Rank.                   (Y 

IMPANY. 

Rkgiment. 

Shanwalt,  Jacob 

91st  Infantry 

Samuelson,  G. 

105th  Infantry 

Stink,  Abraham 

1 1  ith  Infantry 

Simon,  Joseph 

1 1 7th  Infantry 

Switzer,  Moses 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Salomon,  Tobias 

122nd  Infantry 

Salomon,  Levi 

c 

123d  Infantry 

Salomon,  Samuel 

c 

123d  Infantry 

Strauss,  David 

1 24th  Infantry 

Simons,  Samuel 

132nd  Infantry 

Strauss,  Albert 

156th  Infantry 

Simon,  David  S. 

2nd  Cavalry 

Sternberg,  H. 

2nd  Cavalry 

Simons,  Daniel 

4th  Cavalry 

Strauss,  Charles 

4th  Cavalry 

Schiff,  Gottlieb 

8th  Cavalry 

Strauss,  Lewis 

8th  Cavalry 

Samuelson,  David 

Corporal 

10th  Cavalry 

Salomon,  Henry, 

1  st  Lieutenant 

10th  Cavalry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Sampson,  Simon 

10th  Cavalry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Solomon,  H.  J. 

2nd  Lieutenant 

10th  Cavalry 

Strouse,  Charles 

12  th  Cavalry 

Sachs,  Adam 

Captain 

13th  Cavalry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 

Simon,  Henry 

A 

17th  Cavalry 

Schoneman,  Jacob 

2nd  Artillery 

Ulman,  A. 

58th  Infantry 

Vogel,  Bernhard 

D 

9th  Infantry 

Vogel,  Louis 

D 

43d  Infantry 

Veteran. 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


171 


Name.  Rank. 

Vogel,  Louis 

Vogel,  Jacob 

Vogel,  Gottlieb 

Vogel,  Jacob 

Vogel,  Charles  Captain 

Vogel,  Lewis, 


Company. 


Regiment. 

44th  Infantry 

67th  Infantry 

72nd  Infantry 

93d  Infantry 

132nd  Infantry 

2nd  Cavalry 


Wolf,  Julius  K  7th  Infantry 

At  expiration  of  term  re-enlisted  as  Veteran. 

Wolf,  Louis  A  9th  Infantry 

Weil,  Louis  E  9th  Infantry 

Wodic,  Emanuel  K  10th  Infantry 

Has  testimonies  from  his  superior  officers,  speaking  in 

the  highest  terms  of  his  devotion  and  courage. 


Weise,  Simon 

G 

nth  Infantry 

Wolf,  M.  P. 

G 

1 2th  Infantry 

Wolfson,  R. 

1 6th  Infantry 

Wolf,  G.  W. 

1 6th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Charles 

K 

1 8th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Joseph 

21st  Infantry 

Wolf,  Henrv 

G 

21st  Infantry 

Wellner,  Jacob 

A 

23d  Infantry 

Wollner,  Jacob 

B 

23d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Wolf,  Charles 

24th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Jacob 

F 

25th  Infantry 

Wise,  Simon 

A 

26th  Infantry 

Wise,  Isaac 

31st  Infantry 

Wurzburger,  Abraham 

A 

82nd  Infantry 

Wolf,  Moses 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Weiss,  Joseph 

H 

82nd  Infantry 

Waterman,  Alfred         Surgeon 

105th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Assistant  Surgeon 

de  Wolf,  Henry              Sergeant 

D 

134th  Infantry 

Waterman,  David 

9th  Cavalry 

Weil,  Samuel 

1st  Artillery 

Zucker,  Simon 

F 

10th  Infantry 

Zaellner,  Louis 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

172 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


INDIANA. 

Name. 

PvAN  K. 

Com  pant. 

Regiment. 

Adler,  Henry 

Corporal 

I 

15th  Infantry 

Adolph,  Jacob 

A 

22nd  Infantry 

Aaron,  Allen 

33d  Infantry 

Asher,  W.  H. 

E 

33d  Infantry 

Asher,  H.  C. 

33d  Infantry 

Ash,  Isaac 

B 

37th  Infantry 

Appel,  Mose;s 

A 

38th   Infantry 

Died  of  wounds 

received  at  Stone  River. 

Appel,  Joseph 

A 

38th  Infantry 

Asher,  S. 

54th  Infantry 

Ascher,  David 

E 

57th  Infantry 

Ash,  Joseph 

H 

67th  Infantry 

Abraham,  Benjamin 

C 

68th  Infantry 

Ash,  C.  M. 

E 

70th  Infantry 

Abraham,  Ezekiel 

B 

83d  Infantry 

Aaron,  Daniel 

90th  Infantry 

Ash,  Daniel 

Captain 

99th  Infantry 

Arnold,  Moses 

D 

99th  Infantry 

Ash,  Salomon 

E 

99th  Infantry 

Albert,  Levi 

1 06th  Infantry 

Aaron,  Adolph 

H 

107th  Infantry 

Asher,  Noah 

Corporal 

E 

128th  Infantry 

Mustered  out  as 

Sergeant. 

Asher,  Simpson 

F 

133d  Infantry 

Ash,  Henry 

E 

144th  Infantry 

Abrahamson,  Eugene 

K 

152nd  Infantry 

Alexander,  Levi 

13th  Battery 

Baer,  Samuel  A. 

* 

I 

7th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds 

received  at  the  Wilderness 

Berlin,  Jacob 

C 

9th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Shiloh. 


PA  TBIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


173 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Benjamin,  Abraham 

Corporal 

c 

ioth  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private 

Benjamin,  Theodore 

F 

6th  Infantry 

Bair,  Manasseh 

K 

8th  Infantry 

Barnett,  Isaac 

D 

9th  Infantry 

Barnett,  Lewis 

D 

i  ith  Infantry 

Bachman,  Benjamin 

A 

13th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Julius 

F 

13th  Infantry 

Barnett,  S. 

1 8th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  David 

B 

20th  Infantry 

Bernard, Jacob 

Corporal 

D 

20th  Infantry 

Bernard,  M. 

1  St 

Heavy  Artillery 

Bair,  Simon 

E 

26th  Infantry 

Bernard,  Henry 

K 

1st  Cavalry 

Benjamin,  David  J. 

G 

29th  Infantry 

Bernard,  William 

E 

32nd  Infantry 

Blum,  Marcus 

H 

32nd  Infantry 

Bernard,  A. 

32nd  Infantry 

Barnhard,  David 

G 

33d  Infantry 

Benson,  David  S. 

3d  Cavalry 

Bernard,  L. 

V 

38th  Infantry 

Barnhard,  Jacob 

F 

40th  Infantry 

Beers,  Marcus 

G 

40th  Infantry 

Bachman,  L. 

42nd  Infantry 

Bean,  Solomon 

G 

44th  Infantry 

Bear,  Levi 

E 

46th  Infantry 

Baum,  C. 

46th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Abel 

G 

46th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Philip  M. 

G 

46th  Infantry 

Baer,  Manasseh  N. 

Corporal 

B 

47th  Infantry 

Baer,  Daniel 

B 

47th  Infantry 

Baer,  David 

G 

72nd  Infantry 

Baer,  Aaron 

I 

74th  Infantry 

Mustered  out  as  Qi 

jiartermaster 

.Sergeant. 

Blum,  B. 

77th  Infantry 

Baier,  J. 

89th  Infantry 

Bamberger,  Herman 

J- 

A 

107th  Infantry 

Bear,  Manasseh 

B 

1 1 6th  Infantry 

174 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Baum,  Adam  E. 

E 

i  1 6th  Infantry 

Baum,  Zachariah 

E 

1 1 6th  Infantry 

Bernheimer,  Leopoli 

) 

A 

136th  Infantry 

Coffman,  Marcus 

F 

nth  Infantry 

Cahn,  Ad. 

32nd  Infantry 

Cahn,  Julius 

32nd  Infantry 

Coffman,  Isaac 

D 

40th  Infantry 

Coffman,  Samuel  L. 

B 

2nd  Cavalry 

Coffman,  Levi 

A 

8th  Cavalry 

Coffman,  Nathan 

B 

43d  Infantry 

Captured;  died  in  Rebel  prison. 

Coffman,  Levi 

Sergeant 

L 

3d  Cavalry 

Cornelius,  Abraham 

B 

51st  Infantry 

Cohn,  Gabriel 

Sergeant 

C 

68th  Infantry 

Coffman,  Jacob 

E 

75th  Infantry 

Coffman,  Jonas 

75th  Infantry 

Coffman,  Isaac 

D 

81st  Infantry 

Coffman,  Isaac 

D 

97th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Charles,  Jr. 

noth  Infantry 

Coffman,  Joseph 

F 

1 1 6th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Charles 

F 

1 1 6th  Infantry 

Coffman,  Joseph 

K 

128th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Isaac 

B 

13th  Cavalry 

Coffman,  Jacob 

8th  Battery 

Cahn,  Albert 

Lieutenant 

135th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Max 

3d  Cavalry 

Cohn,  A.  J. 

Captain 

Pleasanton's  Cavalry 

David,  Daniel 

C 

6th  Infantry 

David,  Levi 

F 

7  th  Infantry 

David,  Ephraim 

Corporal 

H 

7th  Infantry 

Davidson,  Mordecai 

A 

17th  Infantry 

Davidson,  David 

G 

20th  Infantry 

Dryfus,  Jacob 

I 

32nd  Infantry 

Daniel,  J 

44th  Infantry 

De  Witt  John 

52nd  Infantry 

Desar,  David 

Lieutenant 

107th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


175 


Name, 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Epstein,  Frank 

D 

7th  Infantry 

ESLINGER,   ISIDOR 

Captain 

E 

32nd  Infantry 

Emanuel,  Benjamin 

E 

50th  Infantry 

Eeeinger,  Jacob  S. 

D 

53d  Infantry 

Eslinger,  A. 

59th  Infantry 

Engee,  Elias  (Minute  Men) 

D 

105th  Infantry 

Engel,  N.  (Minute  Men) 

A 

1 06th  Infantry 

Emanuee,  Daniee 

A 

1 1 6th  Infantry 

Engeehart,  H.  D. 

C 

83d  Infantry 

Eeeinger,  Reuben 

25th  Battery 

Franks,  Ernst 

K 

17th  Infantry 

Friedeein,  Adam 

K 

19th  Infantry 

Frank,  Samuee 

F 

1st  Cavalry 

Freund,  Henry 

I 

32nd  Infantry 

Fred,  Ephraim 

H 

53d  Infantry 

Fred, Jacob 

H 

53d  Infantry 

Fryberger,  A.  J. 

I 

54th  Infantry 

Frank,  Moses 

H 

59th  Infantry 

FlSHEL,   SOEOMON 

K 

99th  Infantry 

Fishel,  David 

K 

99th  Infantry 

Faek,  Isaac  W. 

F 

1  ooth  Infantry 

Faek,  Joseph 

B 

1  ooth  Infantry 

Friedeein,  Michael 

C 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Frankfoder,  D. 

Lieutenant 

142nd  Infantry 

Friedeein,  Joseph 

E 

147th  Infantry 

Friedeein,  Emanuel 

E 

147th  Infantry 

Frank,  Adam 

Lieutenant 

6th  Battery 

Frank,  Joseph 

10th  Battery 

Frank,  Morris  F. 

25th  Battery 

Grunburg,  Marks 

8th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Joseph 

F 

1  ith  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  J.  L. 

K 

15th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Joel  L,. 

E 

1 8th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Pea  Ridge. 

Goodman,  C. 

Corporal 

23d  Infantry 

Goldman,  W.  H. 

A 

23d  Infantry 

176 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


Name.                               1 

ElANK.                     C< 

DMPANY. 

Regiment. 

Goodman,  Benjamin  S. 

B 

24th  Infantry 

Goodman,  D. 

26th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Frederick 

H 

26th  Infantry 

Goodman,  Jacob 

D 

30th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  G.  B. 

A 

31st  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  J.  L. 

G 

33d  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  John 

F 

34th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  M. 

B 

38th  Infantry 

Goodman,  J. 

38th  Infantry 

Goodman,  Maier 

E 

38th  Infantry 

Greenfield,  Henry 

G 

2nd  Cavalry 

Goldsmith,  Henry 

B 

44th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  J.  W. 

F 

44th  Infantry 

Green,  Solomon  A. 

A 

54th  Infantry 

Goodman,  Charles  B. 

B 

54th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  George  W 

B 

57th  Infantry 

Goodman,  A. 

58th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Stone  River. 

Goldman,  Jesse 

I 

60th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  M.  H. 

K 

67th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  W.  H. 

I 

68th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  James 

D 

80th  Infantry 

Goldman,  Alexander 

I 

80th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Joseph 

K 

103d  Infantry 

Goldstein,  Samuel    (Minute  Men) 

E 

107th  Infantry 

Goodman,  Abraham    (Minute  Men) 

A 

1 13th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Bernard 

D 

136th  Infantry 

Goldman, Jonathan 

I 

142nd  Infantry 

Goldman,  P. 

D 

144th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  J.  G. 

Corporal 

9th  Battery 

Goldsmith,  Edwin 

Adjutant 

100th  Infantry 

Hayman,  Louis 

Corporal 

K 

1 8th  Infantry 

Harris,  Simon 

H 

20th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Gettysburg 

Hess,  Leopold 

B 

23d  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Philip 

K 

26th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


177 


Name. 


Rank. 


Hess,  LEVI  M.         .    Lieutenant 
Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Hess,  Joseph 

Hahn,  C 

Hahn,  J. 

Hirsch,  Jacob 

Hinneman,  David 

Hinneman,  Joseph 

Hoffman,  Solomon 

Hess,  Alexander         Lieutenant 
Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Hoffman,  Emanuel  L. 

Hersh,  J.  W. 

Hoffman,  Aaron  Corporal 

Herrman,  Abraham  B. 

Herman,  Joseph  Corporal 

Hess,  J. 

Hoffman,  Jacob 

Huffman,  Simon 

Hess,  Jacob  Captain 

Herschman,  G.  W. 

Heller,  Daniel 

hochstetter,  joseph 
Killed  by  guerillas. 

hochstetter,  jacob 

Heachburger,  Levi 

Herzog,  Isaac 

Hochstetter,  Benjamin    Lieutenant 

Hirschberger,  Abraham 

HlRSCHBERGER,  NOAH 

Hyneman,  J. 

Hyneman,  Lewis 

Hirsch,  Wolf 

Wounded   at    Chickamauga    and 
served  throughout  the  Civil  War. 

Hirschman,  Ezekiel 

Hart,  Aaron  Corporal 

12 


Company.             Keqiment. 

B 

29th  Infantry 

H 

31st  Infantry 

32nd  Infantry 

32nd  Infantry 

C 

37th  Infantry 

B 

8th  Cavalry 

B 

8th  Cavalry 

A 

2nd  Cavalry 

F 

2nd  Cavalry 

E 

42nd  Infantry 

C 

44th  Infantry 

D 

3d  Cavalry 

D 

46th  Infantry 

F 

46th  Infantry 

46th  Infantry 

D 

47th  Infantry 

D 

47th  Infantry 

K 

2 1  st  Infantry 

B 

51st  Infantry 

H 

51st  Infantry 

A 

52nd  Infantry 

C 

52  nd  Infantry 

C 

63d  Infantry 

D 

63d  Infantry 

t 

67th  Infantry 

D 

72nd  Infantry 

D 

72nd  Infantry 

E 

80th  Infantry 

D 

83d  Infantry 

C 

86nd  Infantry 

taken 

prisoner;  he 

G 

100th  Infantry 

D 

103d  Infantry 

178 


Name. 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 
Rank.  Company. 


Hahn,  Joseph  (Minute  Men) 
Herrman,  A.  (Minute  Men) 
Hart,  Aaron 
Herman,  Reuben 
Hirsch,  George 
Hirsch,  Jacob 
Hahn,  Jacob 
Hess,  L. 
Hirsch,  August 
Heineman,  William     Corporal 
Herman,  Jacob 
Herzog,  Jacob  C. 
Heller,  Abraham 
Hirsch,  Ferdinand 
Hirschler,  Abraham 
Died  in  Libby  Prison. 


Isaacson,  J.  A. 

Josephs,  Abraham  C. 
Joseph,  Mark  P. 

Enlisted  as  private: 
Jacobs,  Nathan 
Judah,  Samuel 
Joseph,  Marx 
Jacobs,  Elias 
Judah,  Israel 
Jacoby,  S. 

Died  of  wounds. 

Judah,  H. 
Jacobs,  A.  M. 
Judah,  Th.  O. 
Joseph,  John, 
Jacobson,  Samuel 

Kaufman,  Jacob  C. 
Kaufman,  Adolph 
Koch,  Joseph 


Sergeant 
Captain 
wounded. 


I 

H 

G 

A 

A 

A 
F 
F 
D 
H 

M 


II 

K 
K 


Regiment, 

106th  Infantry 

107th  Infantry 

9th  Cavalry 

12th  Infantry 

135th  Infantry 

136th  Infantry 

136th  Infantry 

136th  Infantry 

142nd  Infantry 

146th  Infantry 

149th  Infantry 

154th  Infantry 

155th  Infantry 

6th  Battery 

4th  Cavalry 


15th  Infantry 

nth  Infantry 
nth  Infantry 


G  13th  Infantry 

K  20th  Infantry 

1  st  Heavy  Artillery 
K  30th  Infantry 

F  31st  Infantry 

48th  Infantry 


90th  Infantry 

E 

114th  Infantry 

D 

1 1 7th  Infantry 

A 

3d  Cavalry 

14th  Battery 

G 

20th  Infantry 

F 

32nd  Infantry 

A 

60th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


Name. 


Rank. 


Corporal 


Corporal 


Benjamin 
Abraham 


Sergeant 
died  in  Andersonville  Prison 


Koch,  L. 
Koch,  P. 
Kahn,  Julius 
King,  Isaac 
Kiskr,  Moses 
Kaufman,  Jacob 
Kahn,  Eu  (Minute  Men) 
Kauffman,  Benjamin 
Kauffman,  Abraham 

Kuhn,   IyEO 

Kauffman, 

Kauffman, 

Kuhn,  S. 

Kirschler,  A 
Captured; 

Kubitshek,  Michee 

Kubitshek,  Henry        Lieutenant 
Promoted  from  ranks. 

Knefeer,  Frederick     Brigadier-C 

Attained  the  highest  rank  of  any  Israelite  who  served 
during  the  Civil  War.  He  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
79th  Regiment,  Indiana  Volunteers,  and  rose  step  by 
step  until  he  was  promoted  to  the  Colonelcy  of  his 
Regiment.  Subsequently  he  was  appointed  Brigadier- 
General,  then  Brevet  Major- General  for  meritorious 
conduct  at  Chickamauga.  He  participated  in  the 
principal  battles  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  under 
Generals  Rosecrans,  Thomas,  Sherman,  and  Grant, 
and  took  part  in  the  engagements  under  Sherman  in 
the  march  to  the  sea.  General  Knefler  has  the  repu- 
tation of  having  been  one  of  the  most  gallant  soldiers. 
He   is    now    living    in      Indianapolis,    honored    and 


Company. 

Rkgiment. 

60th  Infantry 

60th  Infantry 

I 

76th  Infantry 

B 

88th  Infantry 

B 

88th  Infantry 

A 

89th  Infantry 

D 

noth  Infantry 

A 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

G 

nth  Cavalry 

B 

136th  Infantry 

E 

139th  Infantry 

G 

149th  Infantry 

3d  Battery 

M 

Prison. 

4th  Cavalry 

I 

88th  Infantry 

G 

48th  Infantry 

neral 

79th  Infantry 

respected . 

LlCHTENBERGER,  IyOUlS 

G 

6th  Infantry 

I^ieiEnthae,  Henry 

H 

nth  Infantry 

LlPPMAN,    Fr.    L. 

A 

12th  Infantry 

LOWENTHAE,   ISIDOR  S. 

Corporal 

G 

1 8th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Simon 

Corporal 

C 

2 1  st  Infantry 

180 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank.                   C 

OMPANY. 

Regiment. 

Lehman,  C. 

c 

2  i  st  Infantry 

Lehman,  Rudolph 

23d  Infantry 

Levi,  J.  S. 

E 

23d  Infantry 

Lazarus,  Henry 

C 

24th  Infantry 

Lowenthal,  Adam  S. 

Captain 

H 

29th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private; 

promoted  at  the  battle  of  Stone 

River. 

Lehman,  Henry 

F 

31st  Infantry 

Lehman,  H.  D. 

F 

31st  Infantry 

Levi,  Nathan 

H 

32nd  Infantry 

Levy,  Nathan 

Lieutenant 

32  nd  Infantry 

Levy,  Abraham 

K 

32nd  Infantry 

Leopold,  W.  W. 

8th  Cavalry 

LlCHTENWATER,  DAVID 

B 

44th  Infantry 

Lorsch,  David  C. 

K 

44th  Infantry 

Levi,  Morris 

I 

52nd  Infantry 

Lehman,  Samuel  J. 

K 

57th  Infantry 

Lippold,  Julius 

G 

58th  Infantry 

Leavit,  Samuel 

44th  Infantry 

Levi,  J.  S. 

Corporal 

G 

66th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Richmond, 

Kentucky. 

Levi,  Washington 

G 

123d  Infantry 

Letterman,  Joseph 

M 

10th  Cavalry 

Lowenthal,  Theodore 

D 

135th  Infantry 

Loeb,  Isaac 

G 

138th  Infantry 

Ludwig,  Herman 

Lieutenant 

20th  Battery 

Loeb,  Jacob 

1st  Battery 

May,  Frank 

2nd  Infantry 

Myers,  Levi  D, 

7th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Jacob 

D 

7th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Ferdinand 

Corporal 

10th  Infantry 

Promoted  to  Lieutenant. 

Marx,  Isaac  I. 

I 

nth  Infantry 

Manuel,  Julius  P. 

B 

12th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Abraham 

K 

12th  Infantry 

Marks,  Samuel 

D 

13th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


181 


Name. 

Rank.                   Company. 

Regiment. 

Meyer,  Adolph 

Lieutenant 

K 

14th  Infantry 

Mendel,  G.  W. 

Corporal 

E 

1 6th  Infantry 

Meyers,  David  R. 

17th  Infantry 

May,  Isaac  M. 

Major 

19th  Infantry 

Meyers,  L. 

F 

19th  Infantry 

Moritz,  Jacob 

B 

22nd  Infantry 

Moritz,  Frederick 

B 

22nd  Infantry 

Marcus,  Alexander  B. 

G 

24th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Joseph 

K 

27th  Infantry 

Manuee,  Simon 

E 

29th  Infantry 

Moritz,  Charles 

F 

29th  Infantry 

Marks,  Jesse  N. 

I 

29th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Ernst 

Lieutenant 

32nd  Infantry 

Maier,  Henry 

F 

30th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Leopold 

B 

32  nd  Infantry 

Maier,  Jacob 

E 

32  nd  Infantry 

Meier,  Ferdinand  C. 

Sergeant 

K 

32nd  Infantry 

Meyer,  Henry 

♦ 

G 

33d  Infantry 

May,  Lewis 

K 

34th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Jacob 

Sergeant 

I 

37th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 

Mayer,  Herman  L- 

C 

44th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Julius 

I 

46th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Samuel 

D 

48th  Infantry 

Moritz,  Daniel 

i 

C 

54th  Infantry 

May,  Simon 

F 

58th  Infantry 

Mayer,  J.  G. 

Lieutenant 

7  th  Cavalry 

Mayer,  Abraham 

I 

59th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Henry 

D 

60th  Infantry 

Myer,  Isaac  F. 

Corporal 

C 

63d  Infantry 

Moses,  Samuel 

D 

63d  Infantry 

Maas,  Isaac 

Captain 

65th  Infantry 

Moses,  Isaac 

A 

66th  Infantry 

Maier,  Joseph 

C 

67th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Henry 

D 

69th  Infantry 

Mann,  David 

E 

69th  Infantry 

Mann,  Isaac 

E 

69th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Henry  F. 

G 

76th  Infantry 

182 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name;. 

Mann,  Daniel 
Moses,  James 
May,  Abraham 
May,  Jacob 
Meyer,  Jacob 
Marks,  Jacob 
Mann,  Samuel 
Marks,  Henry 
Manuee,  Jacob 
Moss,  Lewis 
Mayer,  Louis 
Meyer,  Joseph 
Marks,  Isaac  H. 
May,  Frank 
May,  Eei 
Marks,  Abraham 
Morris,  Mordecai 
Myers,  Solomon 
Myers,  Isaac 
Myers,  Jacob 
Myers,  Benjamin 
Meyer,  Herman  H 
Meier,  Adolph  H. 
Mustered  out  as 

Mayer,  Julius 


Rank.  Company. 

A 

K 

F 

F 

K 

A 

,       C 

A 

D 

Lieutenant 

(Minute  Men)         B 

(Minute  Men)  I 

(Minute  Men)  C 

(Minute  Men)         K 

(Minute  Men)  D 

F 

B 

D 

A 

D 

H 

B 

D 

Sergeant 

Corporal 


Regiment. 

79th  Infantry 

80th  Infantry 

82  nd  Infantry 

82  nd  Infantry 

89th  Infantry 

90th  Infantry 

90th  Infantry 

91st  Infantry 

93d  Infantry 

107th  Infantry 

107th  Infantry 

107th  Infantry 

108th  Infantry 

1 08th  Infantry 

1 10th  Infantry 

138th  Infantry 

138th  Infantry 

147th  Infantry 

148th  Infantry 

151st  Infantry 

151st  Infantry 

156th  Infantry 

156th  Infantry 

1  st  Battery 


Nathan,  Harris 
Neuman,  Reuben 

NlISSBAUM,  JOSIAH 

Nussbaum,  Henry 
Nussbaum,  Joel 
Newman,  Joseph 
Newman,  Simon 
Nussbaum,  Joseph 
Newberger,  Sylvester 
Nussbaum,  Jacob 


H 
C 
B 
B 
F 
G 
C 
A 
G 


7th  Infantry 

33d  Infantry 
47th  Infantry 
47th  Infantry 

53d  Infantry 

58th  Infantry 

60th  Infantry 

89th  Infantry 

138th  Infantry 

13th  Battery 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  183 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Ochs,  Lewis  G  nth  Infantry 

Ochs,  Friedrich  F  32nd  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chickamauga. 


Oscar,  Marcus 

D 

59th  Infantry 

Russell,  E.  J. 

F 

19th  Infantry 

Severely  wounded. 

Rosenbaum,  William 

C 

26th  Infantry 

Rose,  Joseph 

E 

38th  Infantry 

Rose,  Solomon 

E 

38th  Infantry 

ROSENTHALER,  J.  G. 

E 

46th  Infantry 

Roschild,  Albert 

I 

53d  Infantry 

Rich,  David 

E 

67th  Infantry 

Rich,  Jonah 

E 

67th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Philip 

A 

8 1  st  Infantry 

ROSENGARTEN,  LEON  T. 

I 

104th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Moses  (Minute  Men) 

H 

106th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Samuel  (Minute  Men) 

E 

107th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  William  (Minute  Men; 

H 

1 10th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  John 

B 

129th  Infantry 

Rich,  Nathan 

C 

137th  Infantry 

Salmon,  Enoch  C. 

K 

10th  Infantry 

Salomon,  Isaac 

D 

10th  Infantry 

SCHLESSINGER,  LEWIS 

E 

10th  Infantry 

Stern,  Henry                 Lieutenant 

13th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Stettnkr,  Henry 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Speyer, Joseph 

K 

13th  Infantry 

Samuelson,  August 

B 

17th  Infantry 

Strouse,  W.  H. 

G 

1 8th  Infantry 

Simon,  Isaac  D. 

K 

1 8th  Infantry 

Solomon,  William 

D 

21st  Infantry 

Stkinkr,  Jacob 

24th  Infantry 

Segall,  Bernhard 

F 

29th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Shiloh  and  at  Grand  Gulf. 

Strouse,  Martin 

A 

30th  Infantry 

Solomon,  Jacob 

C 

31st  Infantry 

184 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 


Rank. 


Regiment. 


Stein,  Emil  H  32nd  Infantry 

Sachs,  Max  Lieutenant  C  32nd  Infantry 

Killed  at  Bowling  Green,  Kentucky.  He  had  refused  to 
surrender  to  the  rebels  surrounding  him,  but  succeeded 
in  retarding  the  enemy's  progress  long  enough  to  en- 
able his  comrades  to  obtain  support  and  disperse  the 
enemy — one  of  the  most  heroic  feats  during  the  war. 


Selig,  SiEGMUND         Lieutenant 

K 

32  nd  Infantry 

Simon,  Levy 

B 

34th  Infantry 

Strouse,  Simon 

K 

34th  Infantry 

SCHOTT,  EZEKIEL 

F 

37th  Infantry 

Sanders,  Aaron 

A 

38th  Infantry 

Solomon,  Michael 

B 

2nd  Cavalry 

Strouss,  Lewis 

H 

42nd  Infantry 

Strouse,  Joseph 

A 

44th  Infantry 

Strouse,  Frederick 

D 

3d  Cavalry 

Strouse,  Daniel 

B 

47  th  Infantry 

Sulzer,  Jacob 

G 

53d  Infantry 

Salmon,  William  C. 

C 

54th  Infantry 

Steiner,  Jacob 

B 

58th  Infantry 

Stern,  Samuel              Quartermaster 

58th  Infantry 

Simon,  Joseph 

F 

59th  Infantry 

Schoenfeld,  Jacob 

F 

60th  Infantry 

Swarz,  Isaac 

H 

60th  Infantry 

Swarz,  Levi 

H 

60th  Infantry 

Simon,  Louis 

D 

65th  Infantry 

Stein,  Joseph  L- 

C 

69th  Infantry 

Simon,  Joseph,  Jr. 

F 

69th  Infantry 

Sigmonds,  Joel 

I 

69th  Infantry 

Spiegel,  Daniel 

A 

70th  Infantry 

Solomon,  James 

H 

71st  Infantry 

Schiller,  Daniel 

C 

73d  Infantry 

Schiller,  I. 

73d'  Infantry 

Samuelson,  Samuel 

E 

73d  Infantry 

Solomon,  Lewis 

C 

80th  Infantry 

Salmon, Jacob  N. 

I 

81st  Infantry 

Solomon,  David  N. 

E 

85th  Infantry 

Stern, Jacob 

C 

90th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


185 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Solomon,  Levi 

D 

91st  Infantry 

Sommers,  Aaron 

I 

91st  Infantry 

Shoemaker,  Aaron     Lieutenant 

101st  Infantry 

Spiegel,  Edward 

(Minute  Men) 

A 

107th  Infantry 

Solomon,  Charles  (Minute  Men) 

I 

107th  Infantry 

Solomon  James 

(Minute  Men) 

F 

1 1 2th  Infantry 

Schoen,  Max 

Sergeant 

G 

7th  Cavalry 

Schklt,  William 

B 

132nd  Infantry 

Mustered  out  a< 

>  Sergeant. 

Strouse,  David 

G 

133d  Infantry 

Sterns,  Isaac 

A 

137th  Infantry 

Shott,  Ezekiel 

Lieutenant 

I 

139th  Infantry 

Stein,  Herman 

E 

142nd  Infantry 

Solomon,  Philip 

Corporal 

G 

149th  Infantry 

Simons,  Solomon 

5th  Battery 

Seixas*  Eugene 

2 1  st  Battery 

Sampson,  Joseph 

Lieutenant 

154th  Infantry 

Waterman,  Solomon       Captain 

Promoted   for  gallantry;  killed  at 
Republic,   Virginia,  while  at  the 
pany. 

Wolf,  Jacob 

Waterman,  Moses 

Wolf,  Samuel 

Wtolf,  Samuel 

Wolf,  Joel         Lieutenant-Colonel 
Lilled  at  Richmond,  Kentucky. 

Wolf,  David 

Wiener,  Simon 

Weiler,  Aaron 

Weil,  Bernard 

Wolf,  Samuel 

Wolf,  Samuel 

Wolf,  David 

Wolf,  Aaron 

Wolf,  Levi 

Wise,  Abraham  C. 


I  7th  Infantry 

the  Battle  of  Port 
head   of  his    Com- 


C 
I 
K 

M 


C 
F 
G 

K 
L 
H 
G 

I 
K 

I 


9th  Infantry 
1  ith  Infantry 
1  ith  Infantry 
1  ith  Infantry 
1 6th  Infantry 

21st  Infantry 
30th  Infantry 
32  nd  Infantry 
32nd  Infantry 
8th  Cavalry 
42  nd  Infantry 
48th  Infantry 
53d  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
65th  Infantry 


186 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name,                              Rank.                  C 

'OMI'ANV. 

Regiment. 

Wolf,  Samuel                  Lieutenant 

73d  Infantry 

Wolf,  Lewis 

F 

74th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Reuben 

K 

74th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Murfordsville. 

Wolf,  Jacob 

C 

87th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Levi 

B 

97  th  Infantry 

Waterman,  Henry 

C 

1  ooth  Infantry 

Wolf,  Joseph 

I 

1  ooth  Infantry 

Waterman,  Henry  F.         Lieutenant 

101st  Infantry 

Killed  at  Mission  Ridge. 

Wolf,  Levi         (Minute  Men) 

A 

1 06th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Moses      (Minute  Men) 

E 

107th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Isaac       (Minute  Men) 

107th  Infantry 

Wise,  Emanuel  D. 

G 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Moses  A. 

I 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Levi                Lieutenant 

124th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Solomon 

C 

124th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Adam               Lieutenant 

130th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Emanuel         Corporal 

G 

138th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Wise,  Abraham  B. 

B 

10th  Cavalry 

Wolf,  Jacob 

A 

152nd  Infantry 

Wiesenthal,  Louis         Lieutenant 

7th  Battery 

Wolf,  Joseph 

9th  Battery 

Waterhouse,  Charles 

Brigade  Band 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  187 


IOWA. 
Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Appel,  Alexander  M.     Sergeant  Major  16th  Infantry 

Distinguished  for  saving  regimental  colors  at  Pitts- 
burg Landing;  enlisted  as  private;  promoted  for 
gallantry.  For  fifteen  years  a  member  of  George  G. 
Meade  Post,  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic, 
honored  with  the  election  as  Post  Commander  and  in 
1893  appointed  Assistant  Inspector  of  G.  A.  R.  Posts. 


Benny,  William  B. 

C 

4th  Infantry. 

Wounded  at  Pea  Ridge. 

Boehm,  S.                          Corporal 

F 

6th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Eller, Jacob 

I 

34th  Infantry. 

Gerson,  N. 

6th  Cavalry 

Klein,  Max 

1  st  Cavalry 

Meyers,  Jacob 

D 

10th  Infantry 

Meller,  Isaac 

D 

24th  Infantry 

May,  Victor 

Answered   first   call   for    75,000 

men; 

subsequently 

enlisted  for  the  war. 

Newbold,  H.                      Colonel  14th  Infantry 
Killed  at  Red  River. 

Sanders,  Leopold  4tn  Infantry 

Strauss,  Charles  C              24th  Infantry 


188 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 


KANSAS. 


Rank. 


Company 


Regiment. 


Bondi,  August  Sergeant  K  5th  Cavalry 

Wounded  three  times;  discharged;  disabled. 


Frank,    Henry 


Infantry 
9th  Cavalry 


LiEbschutz,  Adolph  K 

Brevet  1st  Lieutenant 
Enlisted  as  private;  brevetted  for  meritorious  conduct 
wounded  at  Prairie  Grove,  Arkansas. 


Rosenfeld,  Quartermaster 

13th  Infantry 

Ulmer,  J. 

C 

8th  Cavalry 

Wittenberg,  Arnold 

H 

2nd  Infantry 

Wittenberg,  Marcus 

H 

5th  Cavalry 

Killed  on  the  battlefield. 

Wolf,  Eugene 

5th  Cavalry 

Seriously  wounded. 

Wittenberg,  Moritz 

B 

12th  Infantry 

Name. 

Davis,  Henry 
David,  Joseph 


KENTUCKY 

Rank. 


Company. 
B 
E 


Regiment. 

1 6th  Infantry 

1st  Cavalry 


Feist,  Jacob  Sergeant  G  1st  Infantry 

Promoted  from  private;  four  years'  service. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  189 

Name.  Rank  Company.  Regiment. 

Hoffman,  Lazarus  B  15th  Infantry 

Three  years'  service;  wounded  atChickamauga. 
Hecht,  Noah  D  23d  Infantry 

HlLP,  Jacob  1st  Cavalry 

LowKnstein,  Samuel  B.  K  1st  Cavalry 

(  23d  Infantry  and 

LEVI,   HENRY  J  2nd  Unked  states  Cava]ry 

Pollock,  Abraham         Quartermaster  21st  Infantry 

Pfeifer,  Joseph  21st  Infantry 

Rothschild,  A  Captain  B  15th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private;  promoted  for  bravery  at  Stone 
River;  wounded. 

Rosenthal,  Samuel  D  34th  Infantry 


Straus,  Louis 

E 

6th  Infantry 

SCHOENBERG,  ELIAS 

C 

1 6th  Infantry 

Spitzer,  Joseph 

C 

1 6th  Infantry 

SpEyer,  Henry         Captain 

D 

23d  Infantry 

SEESSEL,  Henry 

I 

1  st  Cavalry 

Slaughter,  Joseph 

K 

1st  Cavalry 

Trauerman,  Bernard 

F 

1st  Infantry 

Ulman,  Gus. 

3d  Infantry 

Weil,  Moses 

2nd  Infantry 

Weil,  Bernard 

3d  Infantry 

190 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


LOUISIANA. 

Name.                               Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Adler,  Adolph 

5th  Infantry 

Aaron,  Moses 

B 

nth  Infantry 

Abraham,  Joseph 

B 

nth  Infantry 

Asher,  I. 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Alexander,  J. 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Anselm,  Jacob 

1 8th  Infantry 

Died  on  the  field  of  battle. 

Assenheimer,  David         Captain 

F 

22  nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 

Albrecht,  Adolph 

Crescent  Heavy  Artillery 

Aronstein,  Julius 

Colonel  Wingfield's  Battery 

Brandt,  J.  R. 

B 

1st  Infantry 

Served  during  the  war. 

Baum,  G.  A. 

C 

2nd  Infantry 

Benson,  F.                   Corporal 

C 

3d  Infantry 

Brandenstein,  M. 

K 

3d  Infantry 

Killed  at  Vicksburg. 

Badt,  W. 

3d  Infantry 

Bath,  H. 

6th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Michael 

B 

nth  Infantry 

Bard,  Jacob 

B 

nth  Infantry 

Bloom,  Abraham 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Brown,  Louis 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Bloomensteil,  Isaac 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Baer,  M. 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Bodenheimer,  Lazarus 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Blum,  M. 

K 

1  ith  Infantry 

Bernstein,  Jacob 

K 

1  ith  Infantry 

Brown,  Herman 

Washi: 

tigton  Artillery 

Blum,  Samuel  P.           Lieutenant 

D 

22nd  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


191 


Name.                              Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

COHN,  M. 

D 

3d  Infantry 

Caspari,  L.             Captain 

G 

3d  Infantry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 

Calinski,  P. 

H 

3d  Infantry 

Cohn,  I. 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Cohen,  J.  C.             Captain 

5th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chancellorsville. 

Cohen,  Jacob  A. 

A 

15th  Infantry 

Killed   at   Manassas,    August 

30th,   1862 

;  buried   in 

Jewish  cemetery,  Richmond,  Virginia. 

Danzigkr,  Is  adore 

B 

Orleans  Guards 

Dalsheimer,  Alexander 

K 

3d  Infantry 

Taken  prisoner  at  Corinth. 
De  Meza,  J.  H. 

Ellis,  Lewis  C.  L. 


Washington  Artillery 
22  nd  Infantry 


K  3d  Infantry 

Washington  Artillery 


Krankel  Felix 

Florence,  Henry  C. 

Fischel,  Charles  F  8th  Infantry 

Falk,  S.  nth  Infantry 

Falk,  Ferdinand  K  nth  Infantry 

Friedliener,  Benjamin  12th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 
Friedheim,  Herman  F  12th  Infantry 

' '  Joined  a  company  of  Confederate  soldiers  which  be- 
came Company  F  of  12th  Infantry.  No  braver  man 
ever  fired  a  gun.  At  the  Battle  of  Franklin,  Tennes- 
see, when  there  was  not  a  commissioned  officer  to 
lead,  he  as  Sergeant,  led  his  company,  and  passed 
over  the  parapet  into  the  Federal  intrench ments,  and 
with  James  A.  Piatt,  a  comrade,  he  was  captured  and 
sent  to  Camp  Douglas,  in  Illinois,  and  was  kept  a 
prisoner  until  the  expiration  of  the  war." —  From  a 
newspaper  clipping. 
Florence,  Lewis  Under  Colonel  Thomas 

Killed  at  Vicksburg. 


192 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 
Hank. 


Name. 

Gersholt,  William 
Godcheause,  J. 
Galt,  Jacob 
Gusdoeer,  Morris 
Gross,  Charles 

Harby,  I.  K. 

Haas,  A.  M. 

Haber,  Ferdinand  A. 

Hyams,  S.  M.         Lieutenant-Colonel 
Promoted  for  bravery. 

Haas,  Henry 

Enlisted  1861;  served  u: 

Hirsch,  B. 

Killed  at  battle  of  Iuka. 

Hochinski,  W. 

Hyams,  J.  P. 

Promoted  for  gallant  conduct  at  the  battle  of  Elk  Horn. 

Hirsch,  H.  K  3d  Infantry 

Killed  at  the  battle  of  Iuka. 

Hellman,  H.  A  5th  Infantry 

Hart,  Alexander         Major  5th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Non-Commissioned  Officer,  from  1863, 
Colonel,  being  wounded;  commanded  regiment;  taken 
prisoner  at  Sharpsburg;  seriously  wounded  at  Sharps- 
burg,  again  at  Gettysburg. 


Company. 

Rkgtmknt. 

B 

1  st  Infantry 

D 

nth  Infantry 

K 

nth  Infantry 

K 

1 1  th  Infantry 

17  th  Infantry 

Washington  Artillery 

G 

1st  Infantry 

1st  Infantry 

I 

3d  Infantry 

}f  Cavalry. 

3d  Infantry 

of  war. 

A 

3d  Infantry 

D 

3d  Infantry 

G 

3d  Infantry 

Haas,  Isidore 

E 

8th  Infantry 

Enlisted  1861;  served  until  close  of  war. 

Hirschfield,  Benjamin 

C 

nth  Infantry 

Hirschberg,  Frederick 

D 

1  ith  Infantry 

Holzman,  Benjamin 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Hymes,  I.                  Lieutenant 

K 

1  ith  Infantry 

Hymes,  P. 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Herzog,  S. 

K 

1  ith  Infantry 

Hart,  Sidney  A. 

13th  Infantry 

Hirsch,  N. 

1 8th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  193 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Reuimknt. 


Hertz,  Solomon 
Herrmann,  H. 


22nd  Infantry 
41st  Infantry 


Isaacson,  H.  M.         Captain 
Israel,  K.  L. 


22nd  Washington  Artillery 
5th  Infantry 


Jacobs, 


5th  Infantry 
10th  Infantry 


Jastrenski,  Leon 

Promoted  for  gallantry  and  daring. 
Jacobs,  Julius  A  K 

Jacobs,  Aaron  B 

Jacobs,  Isaac 
Jonas,  Benjamin  F. 

Served  as  private  until  close  of  war;  afterwards  United 

States  Senator  from  Louisiana. 


nth  Infantry 

1  ith  Infantry 

22nd  Infantry 

Fenner's  Battery 


Kursheedt,  E.  I.  2nd  Washington  Artillery 

Promoted  for  bravery. 
Kohlman,  S.  Watson's  Battery 

Enlisted  at  eighteen   and  served   from   18.61  until  the 

close  of  the  war. 
Klotz,  Abraham  Donaldsonville  Artillery 

Served  four  years. 

Kling,  Gabriel  Donaldsonville  Artillery 

Served  four  years. 
Kahn,  Gabriel 
Kahn,  Selig 

Wounded  at  Vicksburg;  served  four  years. 
Kahn,  Abraham 
Kahn,  Moses 
Kaufman,  S. 
Kaufman,  Moses 
Kahn,  Isaac  Sergeant 

Kahn,  A. 
Kahn,  Julius 
Kuhn,  Samuel 
13 


E 

2  ud  Infantry 

A 

3d  Infantry 

r  years. 

8th  Infantry 

B 

9th  Infantry 

nth  Infantry 

K 

nth  Infantry 

K 

nth  Infantry 

K 

nth  Infantry 

K 

nth  Infantry 

20th  Infantry 

194 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Namk. 


Rank. 


Company. 


Regiment, 


Levy,  Edgar 
Levy,  Lionel  L. 
Levy,  Simon 
Loeb,  Henry 

Served  through  the  war. 

Levy,  Eugene  H. 

Wounded    at    Petersburg; 

served  through  the  war. 
Levy,  Julius  H. 

Served  through  the  war. 
Levy,  Joseph  C. 

Killed   in    leading    charge 

at  Shiloh. 
Levy,  Lionel  C,  Jr. 


ist  Washington  Artillery 

5th  Washington  Artillery 

5th  Washington  Artillery 

Donaldsonville  Artillery 


C 


Dreux  Battery 


(3  brothers)  C  Dreux  Battery 
Lieutenant  ist  Infantry 

Fenner's  Battery 


Enlisted  at  fifteen  and  served  until  the  close  of  the  war. 


Levy,  D.  C. 

Killed  at  Franklin. 

Levy,  David  C. 

Distinguished  for  courage;  killed  at  Shiloh. 

Lisso,  Julius 

Lisso,  Marx 

Levy,  Julian  S.  B 

Labat, Jacob  C. 

Lichtenstein,  Wolf  A 

Levy,  D.  D 


Lipman,  Joshua        Orderly  Sergeant 


)  H 


ist  Infantry 

ist  Infantry 

ist  Infantry 
ist  Infantry 
ist  Infantry 
2nd  Infantry 
2nd  Infantry 
2nd  Infantry 
2nd  Infantry 
5th  Infantry 


Wounded  at  Winchester;  subsequently  Lieutenant. 

Levy,  William                    Colonel  2nd  Infantry 

Levy,  Henry  M.  2nd  Infantry 

Levy,  L.  I                    3d  Infantry 

Enlisted    1861;    served  until  the  close  of    the    war; 

wounded  at  Oak  Hill. 

Lyons,  Isaac  L.  Captain  5th  Infantry 

Seriously  wounded  at  Malvern  Hill,  yet  served  until 
the  close  of  the  war. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


195 


N  A  M  B, 


Rank. 


Company. 


Regiment 


Lippman,  Lewis  P.  Captain  E  5th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private;  promoted  for  bravery;  killed  at 
Fredericksburg . 

Labat,  David  Cohen  Captain  5th  Infantry 

When,  in  consequence  of  severe  illness,  contracted  in 
the  service,  resulting  in  chronic  asthma,  Captain 
Labat  was  compelled  to  resign  his  commission,  J. 
Bankhead  Magruder,  the  General  commanding,  en- 
dorsed the  Captain's  letter  of  resignation  with  the 
words:  "Captain  Labat's  resignation  is  a  loss  to  the 
public  service." 

Lippman,  L.  S.  Lieutenant  5th  Infantry 

Killed  May  9,  1863;  buried  at  Jewish   Cemetery, 
Richmond,  Virginia. 

Levy,  Julien  5th  Infantry 

Subsequently  with  "Stonewall"  Jackson. 

Labat,  Jackson  E.  5th  Infantry 

Captured  at  Vicksburg. 

Lippman,  Louis  C.  E  5th  Infantry 

Levy,  Isaac  Point  Cooper  Artillery 

Served  through  the  war  with  a  surgeon's  discharge  in 
his  pocket;  displayed  notable  bravery  at  the  battle  of 
Baker's  Creek.  His  willingness,  skill  and  undaunted 
courage  combined  to  render  him  in  every  respect  an 
efficient  soldier. 


Levy,  Albert 

Lion,  Sylvain 

Levy,  E. 

Lichtenstein,  William 

Landman,  Benjamin 

Levy,  Daniel 

Loeb,  Solomon 

Levy,  H. 

Levy,  S.,  Jr. 

Levy,  David  C,  Jr.         Lieutenant 
Promoted    from    private  ;     Acting 
wounded  ;  killed  at  Murfreesboro . 

Lippman,  Asher 


Louisiana  Guards  Artillery 

Donaldsonville  Artillery 

Donaldsville  Artillery 

Louisiana  Reserves 


K 

1  ith  Reserves 

K 

nth  Reserves 

E 

nth  Infantry 

K 

nth  Infantry 

K 

1 1  th  Infantry 

H 

13th  Infantry 

Adji 

utant ;    twice 

22d  Infantry 

196 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                              Rank.                  < 

Company 

REGIMENT. 

Lyons,  David 

22  nd  Infantry 

Levy,  Aaron                        Sergeant 

D 

30th  Infantry 

Marks,  Harry  H. 

ist  Washington  Artillery 

Fell  in  charge  at  Malvern  Hill. 

Marks,  Edwin 

National  Guards  Battery 

Meertif,  Samuel 

1  st  Infantry 

Marcuss,  M. 

2d  Infantry 

Meyer,  Adoeph 

3d  Infantry 

Mayer,  J.  P.                            Corporal 

E 

3d  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Iuka  and  again  at  Vicksburg 

March, 

3d  Infantry 

March,  Henry 

5th  Infantry 

Promoted  to  Assistant  Quartermaster. 

Ma  as,  Max 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Moses,  Philip 

5th  Infantry 

Marks,  Henry  Clay           Lieutenant 

iotli  Infantry 

Killed  at  Malvern  Hill. 

Meyer,  Leo  W. 

B 

1 1  th  Infantry 

Meyer,  E.  H. 

E 

nth  Infantry 

Mannheimer,  B. 

G 

1 1  th  Infantry 

Meyer,  E. 

K 

1  ith  Infantry 

Moch,  Henry 

K 

1  ith  Infantry 

Killed  in  battle. 

Meyer,  Siegmund 

17th  Infantry 

Magner,  Bernard 

Fenner's  Battery 

Served  through  war. 

Marks,  Washington           Major 

22nd  Infantry 

Promoted. 

Marks,  D.  H.                        Captain 

22nd  Infantry 

Marks,  Marion                 Lieutenant 

22nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 

Marks,  Hielee 

E 

22nd  Infantry 

Marks,  Leon  R.                   Colonel 

27th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Vicksburg. 
Marks,  I. 

Boone's  Battery 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  197 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Milled,  Charles  D.  Dreux  Battalion 

Marks,  Frederick  Louisiana  Guard  Artillery 

Moose,  Charles  Donaldsonville  Artillery 

Meyer,  Adolph  Hon.  General 


Newman,  A. 

C 

3d  Infantry 

Captured  at  Corinth. 

Nathan,  Wolf 

8th  Infantry 

Nathan,  M. 

B 

9th  Infantry 

Newman,  Henry 

G 

1 1  th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Murfreesboro 

Newman, 

Major 

14th  Infantry 

Nathan,  Samuel 

22d  Infantry 

Ochs,  Louis 

B 

9th  Infantry 

Oppenheimer,  Benjamin 

2  2d  Infantry 

Phillips,  Edward 

3d  Infantry 

Rosenfield,  Julius 

7th  Infantry 

Rosenstein,  Mathias 

8th  Infantry 

Reiss,  Alexander 

G 

nth  Infantry 

Reiss,  Gust ave 

G 

1  ith  Infantry 

Rose,  Emanuel 

27th  Infantry 

REESE,  Abraham 

Sergeant 

Crescent  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Samuel,  M. 

E 

2d  Infantry 

Enlisted  1861;  served  until  close  of  war 

Silbanagel,  Benjamin 

B 

3d  Infantry 

Singer,  Louis 

F 

3d  Infantry 

Killed  at  Vicksburg. 

Sampson,  Ed. 

5th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Gaines'  Mills. 

* 

Seixas,  J.  Madison 

5th  Washington  Artillery 

Served  through  war. 

Straus,  Joseph                 Lieutenant 

B 

nth  Infantry 

Strasser,  Ephraim 

B 

1  ith  Infantry 

198 


THE  AMERICA  N  JEW  AS 
Rank.  Company. 


Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Sergeant        K  nth  Infantry 

K  nth  Infantry 

K  nth  Infantry 

K  1 1  th  Infantry 

Captain  B  14th  Infantry 

14th  Infantry 

17th  Infantry 

17th  Infantry 

21st  Artillery 

SchlEnker,  Alexander    Quartermaster's  Department  North 

Stromeyer,  George  F  22nd  Infantry 

Scheuer,  Jonathan  Donaldsonville  Artillery 

Wounded;  died  at  Richmond  during  the  war;  buried 

in  Jewish  Cemetery,  Richmond,  Virginia. 


Seligman,  J. 
Seligman,  I. 
Simon,  Henry 
Stratjss,  I. 

Stern,  

Sartarius,  Philip 
Schlenker, Jacob 
Stein,  Daniel 
Strauss,  Nagel 


Taylor,  Richard  (Dick) 


"Louisiana  Tigers' 


Unger,  Meyer 

F 

1st  Infantry 

Unger,  Emanuel 

E 

1  ith  Infantry 

Weil,  Alexander 

I 

2d  Infantry 

Wounded   at    Antietam 

while   trying 

to  recover  the 

regiment's  flag;  wounded  seriously  at  Gettysburg  and 

captured. 

Winner,  Marks 

C 

3d  Infantry 

Wolf,  Joseph 

D 

3d  Infantry 

Weil,  Samuel 

3d  Cavalry 

Weinberg,  Selig 

5th  Infantry 

Weinberg,  Solomon 

6th  Infantry 

Wagner,  G 

8th  Infantry 

Witkowsky,  Louis 

B 

9th  Infantry 

Weiss,  B. 

B 

9th  Infantry 

Wagner,  Louis 

B 

9th  Infantry 

Wilcuiski,  Benjamin 

B 

nth  Infantry 

Wolfsohn,  Elias 

B 

nth  Infantry 

Wolff,  Leon 

B 

nth  Infantry 

Weiss,  Solomon 

B 

1  ith  Infantry 

Wechsler,  A. 

K 

1 1  th  Infantry 

Weil,  Nathan 

K 

1  ith  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 

Rank 


109 


Name, 

Wolff,  Isaac 
Wechler,  S. 

Killed  in  battle. 

Weil,  Gabriel 
Workum,  David  J. 

Weil, 

Wolff,  Moses 
Wolff,  C. 

Zark,  Julius 

Killed    in    skirmish, 
Richmond,  Virginia. 

ZlMMERN,  J. 


Company 

Regiment. 

K 

i  ith  Infantry 

K 

nth  Infantry 

K 

nth  Infantry 

13th  Infantry 

14th  Infantry 

Washington  Artillery 

Pouinte 

Coupee  Infantry 

Major 


7th  Infantry 
buried    at    Jewish    Cemetery, 

F  22nd  Infantry 


MAINE. 


Name. 

Goldman,  A. 


Rank.  Company. 

Captain 


Regiment. 

17th  Infantry 


MARYLAND, 


Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Blumenberg,  Leopold,  Brevet  Brigadier-General,  U.  S.  V. 

5th  Maryland  Infantry 
After  the  attack  on  Fort  Sumter  he  helped  to  organize 
the  5th  regiment,  Maryland  Volunteers,  of  which  he 
was  appointed  Major.  He  served  near  Hampton 
Roads  after  which  he  was  attached  to  Mansfield's 
Corps  and  participated  in  the  Peninsular  Campaign, 
and  subsequently  in  Maryland,  where  his  regiment 
was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Antietam,  under  his 
command.  Here  he  was  shot  in  the  thigh  and  con- 
fined to  his  bed  for  many  months.  Being  disabled  for 
further  military  duty  President  Lincoln  appointed  him 
Provost  Marshal  of  the  3d  Maryland  District.  Presi- 
dent Johnson  subsequently  promoted  him  to  the  rank 
of  Brevet  Brigadier-General,  U.  S.  Volunteers. 


200  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

It  may  not  prove  inappropriate  to  mention  here  the  remarks 
made  by  William  P.  Wood,  Esq.,  one  of  Washington's 
best  known  gentlemen,  with  reference  to  the  late  General 
Blumenberg  in  a  communication  to  the  present  writer: 

11  I  was  intimate  with  General  Leopold  Blumenberg,  who 
commanded  in  person  the  5th  Regiment,  Maryland  Volunteers; 
you  and  others  of  his  friends  are  familiar  with  the  deserved 
encomiums  passed  upon  that  gallant  and  kind-hearted  American 
Jew,  who  received  terrible  wounds  in  leading  his  regiment 
on  the  battle-field  of  Antietam,  and  of  which  wounds  he  died 
after  having  served  in  several  important  positions  in  Baltimore. 

"Without  being  either  Christian  or  Jew,  I  am  familiar  with 
many  heroes  of  your  faith,  and  believe  in  according  honor  to 
whom  honor  is  due.  Hoping  your  work  will  meet  with  the 
success  which  I  believe  the  subject-matter  warrants,  I  am 

Yours  truly, 
(Signed)  William  P.  Wood." 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Feldstein,  S.  2nd  Infantry 

Gross,  A.  F.  2nd  Infantry 

Seeman,  Julius  D.  A  2nd  Infantry 

Stern,  Lil.  1st  Cavalry 

Uhlfklder,  Samuel  G  3d  Cavalry 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

White,  Harman  2nd  Cavalry 

Ordered  on  detailed  service  on  staff  of  General  Siegel. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


201 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


Name.  Rank. 

Ash,  William  Corporal 

Adler,  Joseph 

Served  three  years. 
Abraham,  Charles 
Ash,  David  B. 
Abraham,  Benjamin 
Abrahams,  David 
Ash, Jacob 

Boernstein,  Henry 
Bloom,  Julius  R. 
Blumenthal,  Robert 
Baumgarten,  Morris 
Boernstein,  Mayer 
Blumenthal,  Henry 
Brand,  Frederick 
Bloom,  Joseph 


Cohn,  Julius 
Cohen,  Abraham 
Cohen,  Joseph 
Cohen,  William 
Cohn,  David 
Cohn,  William 


Corporal 


Corporal 


Dessauer,  John 
Dias,  David 
Dias,  Emanuel 
Dias,  Samuel  A. 

Served  three  years. 
Dias,  Emanuel  Corporal 


Com  I'ANY. 

Regiment. 

d 

5th  Infantry 

2nd  Cavalry 

B 

19th  Infantry 

•      B 

19th  Infantry 

I 

2 1  st  Infantry 

F 

22nd  Infantry 

K 

55th  Infantry 

B 

42nd  Infantry 

A 

44th  Infantry 

B 

3d  Cavalry 

h 

4th  Cavalry 

2 1  st  Infantry 

H 

30th  Infantry 

F 

35th  Infantry 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

K 

1st  Infantry 

20th  Infantry 

20th  Infantry 

B 

21st  Infantry 

F 

29th  Infantry 

B 

56th  Infantry 

3d  Cavalry 

G 

22nd  Infantry 

G 

22nd  Infantry 

A 

38th  Infantry 

C    3d  Heavy  Artillery 


202 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Namk.                                      Rank. 

Company.             Regiment. 

Ephraim,  Joseph  H. 

K 

31st  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Emanuel,  Michael 

K 

32nd  Infantry 

Friend,  Joel  M. 

A 

50th  Infantry 

Friend,  Ellis  A. 

10th  Battalion 

FranklE,  Jonas     Brevet  Brigadier  - 

General         17th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Major. 

Feldman,  Julius             Sergeant 

F 

2nd  Cavalry 

Frank  Ernst 

2nd  Cavalry 

Friedman,  Lewis 

I 

30th  Infantry 

Friend,  Solomon 

K 

30th  Infantry 

Friedman,  Gottlieb 

4th  Cavalry 

Gans,  Charles 

K 

4th  Cavalry 

Guggenheimer,  Samuel 

A 

13th  Infantry 

Goldberg,  Jacob 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Glazier,  James  E. 

F 

23d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Goldsmith,  Albert            Corporal 

C 

30th  Infantry 

Guggenheimer,  Samuel 

32nd  Infantry 

Gershel,  Manheim           Corporal 

G 

34th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Benjamin  F. 

A 

59th  Infantry 

Gottlieb,  Joseph 

F 

4th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Daniel,  Jr. 

27th  unattached  company 

Goldsmith,  Daniel 

1  st  Heavy  Artillery 

Hess,  Henry 

K 

1st  Infantry 

Hart,  Isaac  C. 

L 

4th  Infantry 

Hart,  Samuel  S. 

D 

1  st  Heavy  Artillery 

Served  three  years. 

Herrman,  Julius 

C 

3d  Heavy  Artillery 

Hammerslough,  Edward 

1st  Cavalry 

Hart,  Daniel  C. 

F 

1st  Cavalry 

Hartman,  I. 

M 

3d  Cavalry 

Herz,  Joseph 

B 

20th  Infantry 

Heller,  L,ouis 

B 

20th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIEB,  AND  CITIZEN.                    203 

Name.                              Rank. 

Company.             Regiment. 

Hart,  Isaac  C. 

D               23d  Infantry 

Hart,  David 

D               27th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Hart,  Bernard 

D               28th  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Jacob 

A               35th  Infantry 

Harris,  Mosks 

F               54th  Infantry 

Hart,  Joseph 

A               56th  Infantry 

Hart,  David  A. 

K               57th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Hart,  Daniel 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

Hofman,  Jacob 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

Hofman,  Joseph 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

HERZBERG,   AdOLPH 

Isaacs,  Charles  H. 

B                 6th  Infantry 

Isaacs,  Joseph 

K  4th  Heavy  Artillery 

Isaacs,  John 

H               1  ith  Infantry 

Isaac,  Alexander 

B                12th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Antietam. 

Isaac,  W.  H. 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

Jacobs,  Gustav 

G               1 8th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Joseph,  Emanuel 

C               20th  Infantry 

Jacoby,  Ferdinand 

G               25th  Infantry 

Jacobson,  Henry 

H               29th  Infantry 

Joseph,  Joseph  M. 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

Joel,  Henry 

3d  Heavy  Artillery 

Jacob,  Joseph 

M                   3d  Cavalry 

Joseph,  Henry 

6th  Battery 

Jacobs,  Henry             Corporal 

35th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Jacob 

59th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Henry  Corporal 

Kaufman,  Leopold 
Served  three  years. 

Kuhn,  Israel 

Served  three  years. 


I) 


3d  Infantry 
6th  Battalion 

26th  Infantry 


204  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Name.  Hank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Kuhn,  Frederick  C  32nd  Infantry 

Klein,  Julius  G  32nd  Infantry 

Kowaltzki,  Ludwig  H  35th  Infantry 

Kohler,  Jacob  Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

Karpeles,  Leopold     Color  Sergeant    E  57th  Infantry 

Enlisted  September,  1862  in  Company  A,  46th  Regi- 
ment. After  expiration  of  service  re-enlisted  in  Com- 
pany K,  57th  Massachusetts,  1865.  He  was  wounded 
at  the  Battle  of  North  Anna  River  (Wilderness),  but 
rejoined  his  regiment  after  a  short  time,  though  un- 
able to  walk  without  the  aid  of  a  cane,  and  was  finally 
disabled,  totally,  in  December,  1864,  at  Petersburg. 

Sergeant  Karpeles  received  a  medal  of  honor  from 
Congress  for  distinguished  services  in  the  Battle  of 
the  Wilderness,  May  8,  1864,  he  having  saved  a  part 
of  the  army  from  being  captured  during  a  retreat  in 
disorder  by  rallying  troops  around  his  colors,  thereby 
checking  the  enemy's  pursuit." 

PiTTSFiELD,  Mass., 

April  10,  1870. 
This  is  to  certify  that  Leopold  Karpeles  was  a  soldier  under 
my  command  during  part  of  the  late  war.     My  estimation  of 
his  good  qualities  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  I  entrusted 
him  the  colors  of  the  57th  Massachusetts  Infantry. 

He  was  always  faithful  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  as  a 
soldier,  and  if  my  certificate  to  that  effect  can  assist  him  in 
getting  employment  in  some  position  for  which  he  is  qualified, 
I  very  gladly  give  it. 

W.  F.  Bartlett, 

Late  Brigadier-General,  U.  S.  V., 
Brevet  Major-General. 

Camp  of  the  46TH  Regiment  M.  V.  M. 

New  Berne,  N.  C,  May  17,  1863. 
This  is  to  certify  that  Mr.  Leopold  Karpeles  is  a  Corporal  of 
Company  A  of  this  regiment.     *     *     *     *     In  the  battles  of 
Kingston,  Whitehall  and    Goldsborough    he    bore    the    State 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  205 

NAME.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

colors.  The  promptness  with  which  he  came  upon  the  line  of 
battle,  and  the  firmness  with  which  he  stood  his  ground,  though 
his  flag  was  several  times  pierced  by  the  bullets  of  the  enemy, 
were  so  conspicuous  as  to  be  the  subject  of  remark  and  com- 
mendation. 

I  have  no  hesitation  in  endorsing  him  as  a  man  who  in  any 
position  would  only  have  to  know  his  duty,  and  he  would  dis- 
charge it  to  the  best  of  his  ability. 

(Signed)  S.  B.  Spoonkr, 

Major  46th  Regiment,  Massachusetts  V.  M. 

I  very  readily  give  my  testimonial  to  the  efficiency  and 
soldierly  qualities  of  h.  Karpeles,  within  named,  having  fre- 
quently remarked  and  observed  his  alertness,  promptness  and 
faithfulness  to  duty. 

(Signed)  W.  S.  Shurtrrss. 

Colonel  Commanding. 

I  cheerfully  concur  in  the  above. 

(Signed)  S.  B.  Warklry, 

Lieutenant-Colonel  46th  Regiment,  M.  V.  M. 

Fort  Gibson,  Indian  Trrritory. 

June  1,  1888. 
My  Drar  Old  Comrade  and  Frirnd: 

Your  letter  of  the  13th  of  May  just  received,  and  I  hasten  to 
reply.  I  was  glad  to  hear  from  you  and  glad  to  find  you  still 
on  the  shores  of  mortality,  where  our  numbers  are  fast  diminish- 
ing. Our  duty  now  lies  in  planting  the  principles  and  memory 
of  the  great  struggle  in  the  hearts  of  generations  to  follow  us, 
endear  to  them  the  old  flag  that  you  carried  from  the  Wilder- 
ness to  North  Anna,  so  gallantly  and  faithfully,  and  teach  them 
to  love  their  country  which  was  saved  at  such  a  sacrifice. 

Yes,  Karpeles,  I  well  remember  you  at  the  Battle  of  North 
Anna;  I  remember  that  you  carried  the  colors  of  the  glori- 
ous old  "57th,"  far  beyond  any  other  colors;  your  bravery 
was  conspicuous.  I  remember  that  you  fell,  badly  wounded; 
another  Sergeant  was  sent  to  take  the  colors  from  you  but  you 


208 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


refused  to  give  them  up  but  carried  them  forward  until  loss 
of  blood,  or  another  wound,  I  have  forgotten  which,  compelled 
you  to  give  them  into  the  hands  of  another.  I  remember  all 
of  this  distinctly  as  I  felt  justly  proud  of  you  as  a  Sergeant  of 
Company  "  E. "     *     *     *     *. 

Please  write  me  and  accept  my  very  best  wishes. 
Sincerely  and  fraternally  yours, 

John  Anderson, 

i st  Lieutenant,  18th  Infantry, 

U.  S.  Army. 


Name. 

Rank.                  Company. 

Regiment. 

Levy,  William 

A 

ioth  Infantry 

Lehmier,  Louis 

E 

nth  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Lippman,  John  W. 

E 

nth  Infantry 

Died  in  service. 

Lkhman,  Aaron  W. 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Loestein,  Simon 

B 

20th  Infantry 

Leon,  Alexander 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Lowenthal,  Louis 

F 

20th  Infantry 

Lyon,  Marcus  H. 

I 

24th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Deep  Run 

Virginia. 

Levy,  David 

H 

26th  Infantry 

Lippman,  Carl  N. 

K 

27th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Albert 

'  E 

28th  Infantry 

Levin,  Simon 

Corporal 

H 

30th  Infantry 

Levi,  Raphael 

I 

30th  Infantry 

Leo,  Louis 

Corporal 

35th  Infantry 

Levy,  Joseph 

35th  Infantry 

Levy,  Adolph  M. 

F 

38th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

V 

Levins,  Morris 

E 

39th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Lyon,  Julius  M. 

Lieutenant 

H 

42nd  Infantry 

Lyon,  Charles  F 

F 

42nd  Infantry 

Levy,  Morris 

C 

43d  Infantry 

Leo,  Eugene 

A 

44th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN, 


201 


Name.  Rank. 

Levy,  David 

Levi,  Samuel 

Leopold,  Henry  A.  Corporal 

Lyon,  Daniel 

Levi,  Samuel 

Killed  at  Spottsylvania. 
Lewin,  W.  H. 

Died  in  the  service. 
Leopold,  August 
Levy,  Bernard  H. 
Loebs,  Jacob 


Company. 


REGIMEN' 


13th  Battalion 

2nd  Heavy  Artillery 

H  1  st  Cavalry 

L  4th  Cavalry 

F  56th  Infantry 

F  58th  Infantry 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 
Veteran  Reserve  Corps 
Veteran  Reserve  Corps 


Marks,  Edward 
May,  Simon 
Marcus,  Herman 
Meier,  Jacob 
Mayer,  Charles 
Marks,  Henry 
Maikr,  Adolph 

Nussbaum,  Levi 
Nathan,  Joseph 


Sergeant 


nth  Infantry 

D 

21st  Infantry 

H 

30th  Infantry 

C 

20th  Infantry 

A 

30th  Infantry 

1st  Heavy  Artillery 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

D 

47th  Infantry 

B 

5th  Cavalry 

Ochs,  Joseph  A. 

Rose,  Benjamin 
Rose,  Eli 

Rose,  Benjamin,  Jr. 
Rosen au,  Henry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Rosenthal,  Jacob 
Rose,  Arnold 
Rosenthal,  John 
Rich,  Reuben 
Rose,  Samuel 
Rose,  Abraham 


B  45th  Infantry 

C  8th  Infantry 

1 8th  Unattached  company 

27th  Unattached  company 

3d  Cavalry 


L  4th  Cavalry 

13th  Infantry 
Corporal         B  40th  Infantry 

H  56th  Infantry 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 
Veteran  Reserve  Corps 


208 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                               Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment, 

Spiegel,  Charles 

2nd  Infantry 

Solomon,  Morris       Sergeant 

A 

2nd  Infantry 

Solomon,  Henry         Sergeant 

K 

10th  Infantry 

Simons,  Wolf 

10th  Infantry 

Simon,  Frederick 

E 

29th  Infantry 

Sommer,  Adolph 

35th  Infantry 

Steiner,  Ferdinand    Corporal 

;i 

35  th  Infantry 

Steingardt,  Benjamin 

38th  Infantry 

Steingardt,  Daniel 

38th  Infantry 

Steingardt,  Joseph 

38th  Infantry 

Samuels,  Samuel  D. 

7th  unattached  Company 

Samuel,  Joseph 

7th  unattached  Company 

Silberman,  Barney 

A 

47th  Infantry 

Simon,  John  T.           Corporal 

A 

50th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Steinman,  Louis 

B 

2nd  Heavy  Artillery 

Samuel,  Joseph          Sergeant 

K 

4th 

Heavy  Artillery 

Samuels,  Samuel  D. 

K 

4th 

Heavy  Artillery 

Solomon,  Joseph  A. 

D 

5  th  Cavalry 

Simon,  Daniel  J.           Sergeant 

B 

57th  Infantry 

Samuel,  Solomon 

8th  Battalion  Light  Artillery 

VoGEL,  Henry 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Vogel,  Louis 

I 

35th  Infantry 

Vogel,  Ferdinand 

K 

47th  Infantry 

Waterman,  Frank 

H 

5th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Samuel 

C 

3d  Cavalry 

Waterman,  Franklin 

H 

15th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Wolf,  Joseph                 Sergeant 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Wolf,  Michael 

20th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Cold  Harbor. 

Waterman,  Benjamin 

A 

24th  Infantry 

Weiss,  Jacob 

C 

24th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


209 


Name.                              Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Weiss,  Joseph 

D 

24th  Infantry 

Waterman,  Charles     Sergeant 

D 

28th  Infantry 

Waterman,  Franklin 

F 

34th  Infantry 

Weiss,  Reuben 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

MICHIGAN. 


Name.  Rank.  Company. 

Ash,  Michaee  I 

Benjamin,  H.  C 

Died  in  the  service. 
Barlow,  Adolph  C 

Brown,  Moses  K 

.    Served  three  years. 
Bush,  Levi  K 

Died  in  the  service. 
Bush,  Simeon  M 

Died  in  the  service. 
Blum,  Simeon 

Cohen,  Charles  I 

Fuchs,  David  C 

Frank,  Simeon  H.  Lieutenant     K 

Freund,  Joseph  A 

Transferred  to  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 
Friedenberg,  Joseph  H 

Died  in  the  service. 

Friedenberg,  Charles  A.  B 

Re-enlisted  as  Veteran. 
Fox,  J.  H.  E 

Friedenburg,  Elyah  I 

Frank,  A. 

14 


Regiment. 
1st  Infantry 

4th  Cavalry 

5th  Infantry 
8th  Infantry 

9th  Cavalry 

9th  Cavalry 

14th  Battery 

10th  Cavalry 

1st  Infantry 

1  st  Infantry 

2nd  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 

nth  Infantry 

22nd  Infantry 

1st  Cavalry 


210 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


NAM*.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Frikdknberg,  Albert  G  5tn  Cavalry 

Friedenberg,  Benjamin  C  7th  Cavalry 

Died  in  the  service. 
Frank,  Simon  H.  1st  Lieutenant      G     1st  Light  Artillery 

Enlisted   as  private  in  K  1st   Infantry;  re-enlisted  in 

Battery  G;  served  as  non-commissioned  officer  until 

promoted  to  1st  Lieutenant. 
Friedlander,  Charles  H     1st  Light  Artillery 

Friedeander,  Charles  H     1st  Light  Artillery 


Goldsmith,  Gustav 

F 

1st  Infantry 

Goodman,  David 

H 

8th  Infantry 

Re-enlisted  as  Veteran. 

Goodhp:art,  Jacob 

A 

9th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Captain 

17th 

Infantry  Reserve 

Gans,  Jacob 

D 

8th  Cavalry 

Goodman,  Frank 

I 

8th  Cavalry 

Hofman,  Moses 

A 

1  st  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Hofman,  Moses 

G 

1st  Infantry 

Hofman,  Jacob 

K 

1  st  Infantry 

Heine,  Julius 

F 

2nd  Infantry 

Hofman,  S. 

4th  Infantry 

Hofman,  S. 

4th  Infantry 

Hofman,  F. 

F 

4th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Mark 

G 

9th  Infantry 

Harris,  Lionel  W. 

B 

10th  Infantry 

Heller,  Emil 

A 

14th  Infantry 

Hess,  Joseph 

D 

1 6th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Hofman,  D. 

17th  Infantry 

IIattendorf,  Charles 

C 

3d  Cavalry 

Hamburg,  Frederick 

L 

1 1  th  Cavalry 

Jonas,  II . 

G 

22d  Infantry 

Jonas,  Julius 

G 

2  2d  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


211 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company.             Regiment. 

Katz,  Isaac 

E 

1st  Infantry 

Klein,  Samuel 

C 

2nd  Infantry 

Klein,  Jacob 

C 

3d  Infantry 

Klein,  Jacob 

I 

5th  Infantry 

Klein,  H. 

8th  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

Kaufman,  Simpson 

E 

8th  Infantry 

King, Joskph 

I 

10th  Infantry 

Klein,  David 

E 

26th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service 

Klein,  Louis 

F 

9th  Cavalry 

Kronberg,  August 

B 

10th  Cavalry 

Transferred  to  Veteran  Reserve 

Corps. 

KOHN,   WlLLIAM 

G 

1  st  Light  Artillery 

Kohn,  M. 

L 

1st  Light  Artillery 

Klein,  Emanuel 

14th  Battery 

Lazarus,  Daniel 

E 

3d  Infantry 

Levingston,  Meyer 

F 

3d  Infantry 

Killed  on  the  field  of  battle. 

LlMBERGER,  WlLLIAM 

E. 

F 

4th  Infantry 

Lyon,  Solomon  T. 

Captain 

5th  Infantry 

Lyon,  Kphraim  W. 

Major 

8th  Infantry 

Lyon,  Isaac  C. 

A 

9th  Infantry 

Transferred  to  Veteran  Reserve 

Corps. 

Levy,  Nathan             i 

st  Lieutenant 

10th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 

Lyons,  Isaac  B. 

G 

nth  Infantry 

Lyon,  Asher 

G 

13th  Infantry 

Levy,  D. 

E 

1 6th  Infantry 

Lyon,  David 

* 

H 

22nd  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service 

Lyon,  Henry  J. 

H 

22nd  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service 

Lyon,  David 

L 

1st  Light  Artillery 

Died  in  the  service 

Lewis,  Levi 

K 

2nd  Cavalry 

212 


Name. 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 
Rank.  Company. 


Levy,  Nathan  Lieutenant 

Lyon,  Aaron  D.  F 

Captured;  died  in  Andersonville  Prison. 

Lewis,  Abraham  K 
Lyon,  D. 

Levy,  John  C.  H 

Lyon,  Moses  F.  I 

Moses,  Henry  F 

Meyer,  Joseph  I 

Mark,  Leopold 

Mark,  Isaac  C 

Re- enlisted  as  veteran. 

Mandel,  August  G 

Transferred  to  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 

Mandel,  Julius  G 

Mandel,  Louis  G 

Died  in  the  service. 

Mann,  Joseph 

Killed  at  Cold  Harbor. 

Mandel,  Charles 

Served  three  years. 
Mayer,  Simon 
Mann,  Solomon 
Mann,  Eli 
Meyers,  Klisha 
Mayer,  Frederick 
Mayer,  Benjamin 
Meyer,  Joseph 

Transferred  to  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 

Mock,  Leopold 

Mann,  S. 

Mann,  David  M 

Died  in  the  service. 


A 
G 
G 
G 
K 
A 


Natham,  Lewis  W. 
Nathan,  C. 


Rkgimknt. 

3d  Cavalry 
5th  Cavalry 

5th  Cavalry 

8th  Cavalry 

10th  Cavalry 

10th  Cavalry 

4th  Infantry 

7th  Infantry 

9th  Infantry 

12th  Infantry 

22nd  Infantry 

22nd  Infantry 
22nd  Infantry 

27  th  Infantry 

1st  Engineers 

1  st  Engineers 
1st  Light  Artillery 
1  st  Light  Artillery 
1  st  Light  Artillery 
1st  Light  Artillery 
1st  Light  Artillery 
8th  Cavalry 

9th  Cavalry 
1  oth  Cavalry 
82  nd  Cavalry 


9th  Infantry 
7th  Cavalry 


Company. 

B 

Regiment. 

9th  Cavalry 

1 6th  Cavalry 

I 

2nd  Infantry 

H 

3d  Infantry 

C 

4th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 

Name.  Rank.  , 

Nathans,  Lewis 

Re-enlisted  as  Veteran. 
Nathan,  Charles  W. 

Killed  at  Bull  Run. 

Rothschild,  Levi 

Killed  at  Petersburg,  Virginia. 
Rosenfeld,  John 

Died  in  the  service. 
Rose,  Moses 

Died  in  the  service. 
Rice,  Nathan  H. 
Rosenberg,  Cornelius 

Died  in  the  service. 
Rich,  Anschel 
Rich,  Henry 

Killed  at  Petersburg,  Virginia. 
Rich,  David 

Served  three  years. 
Rich,  David 

Died  in  the  service. 
Rosenberg,  C. 

Sternberg,  Nathan 
Straus,  Levi 
Schwab,  Frank 
Stein,  Frederick 

Re-enlisted  as  Veteran. 
Straus,  Jacob 
Stein,  Joseph 

Re-enlisted  as  Veteran. 
Solomon,  John 
Stein,  Daniel 

Killed  at  Spottsylvania. 
Stern,  Adam 
Stein,  Jacob  C. 

Died  in  the  service. 


213 


K  5th  Infantry 

C  10th  Infantry 

B  1 1  th  Infantry 

K  27th  Infantry 

A  1  st  Cavalry 

H  1  st  Cavalry 

C  5th  Cavalry 

K  1st  Infantry 

B  5th  Infantry 

K  5th  Infantry 

K  5th  Infantry 

K  9th  Infantry 

H  9th  Infantry 

G  13th  Infantry 

G  17th  Infantry 

B      1  st  Light  Artillery 

A  2nd  Cavalry 


214 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 
Rank. 


Name.  Rank.                  Company 

Solomon,  Joshua  *  K 

Transferred  to  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 

Sachs,  Henry  F 

Sommkrs,  Joseph  K 

Schoneman,  Samuel  K 

Sampson,  Joel  k 

Sampson  A.  K 


Vogel,  Jacob 

Wertheimer,  Simon 
Weinberg,  Reuben 
Weinberg,  William 
Weiler,  Frank  J. 


G 


Regiment. 

3d  Cavalry 

4th  Cavalry 
8th  Cavalry 
8th  Cavalry 
9th  Cavalry 
9th  Cavalry 

27th  Infantry 

1st  Infantry 
1 1  th  Infantry 
nth  Infantry 

6th  Cavalry 


MISS1SS1PP 


Name, 

Adler,  Moses 

Adams, 

Ash,  Julius 
Axman, 


Auerbach,  Morris 


Bradinsk^, 


Rank. 


Colonel 


Company. 


Regiment. 


Lieutenant 


A  10th  Infantry 

2d  Cavalry 
D  28th  Cavalry 

Kit  Mott's  Regiment 
17th  Drum  Corps 

1  st  Infantry 


Served  until  close  of  war. 
Baum,  Daniel  I  l$&  Infantry 

Bloom,  Raphael  G  16th  Infantry 

Bernheim,  Morris  F.     Quartermaster  Sergeant    17th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  private. 
Brunn,  Adolph  C  i 8th  Infantry 

Baruch,  Simon,  Dr.,  Brigade  Surgeon  21st  Infantry 

Appointed  to  General  Barkdale's  Division;  subse- 
quently Chief  Surgeon  of  Confederate  Hospitals  in 
North  Carolina.  1 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  215 


Name. 


Rank. 


Company. 


RSGIMKX' 


Bkrkson,  Theodore  A  ist  Artillery 

Captured;  when  exchanged  rejoined  his  regiment. 
Blyth,  Mississippi  Battalion 


Cahn,  William 


6th  Infantry 


Dreyfus,  H. 

Enlisted  1861. 

De  Young,  Simon  H. 
Dryer,  H.  Sergeant- Major 

Served  until  close  of  war. 


4th  Infantry 

4th  Infantry 
33d  Infantry 


Ettinger,  Joseph  2nd  Infantry 

Died  from  wounds  received  at  Murfreesboro. 

EiSEMAN,  Gus.  Corporal  12th  Infantry 

Killed;  buried  at  Jewish   Cemetery,   Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Eichel,  Aaron  G  16th  Infantry 

Eisenman,  C.  1 8th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Gaines'  Mills,  Virginia. 

Elson,  Julius  Mississippi  Sharp  shooters 

Frank,  Sa.  Major  12th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 
Foltz,  F.  1 6th  Infantry 

Killed;  buried  at  Jewish  Cemetery,  Richmond,  Virginia. 


Frankenthal,  Max 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Foltz,  S. 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Foltz,  Theo. 

1 6th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Sharpsburg. 

Frauenheld, 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Forschheimer,  B. 

Warden  Artillery 

Frank,  Theodore 

Steward's  Cavalry 

Farbush, 

Washington  Cavalry 

Gross,  Charles  L. 

K 

13th  Infantry 

Gattman,  Jacob 

C 

1 8th  Infantry 

216 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                               Rank. 

Company, 

Regiment. 

Goodman,  Louis 

H 

38th  Infantry 

Served  two  years. 

Gkrson,  A. 

K 

44th  Infantry 

Gross,  Emil 

K 

44th  Infantry 

Lost  a  leg  at  Shiloh. 

Gusdofkr,  Marx 

Warren's  Dragoons 

Gusdofer,  I. 

Warren's  Dragoons 

Hirsch,  Leopold 

9th  Infantry 

HOLBERG,  L. 

F 

nth  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Manassas. 

Hansman,  M. 

I 

nth  Infantry 

Horatmel,  Louis 

1 2  th  Infantry 

Hesser,  Louis 

H 

15th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Corinth. 

Hyman,  Jacob 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Hiller,  Jonas 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Herman,  J. 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Hiller,  William 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Hiller,  Max. 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Hazen,  Hyman 

I 

1 6th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Fredericksburg. 

Hart,  M. 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Hart,  P. 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Hill,  Nathan 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Hiller,  Nathan 

A 

17  th  Infantry 

Haas,  Samuel 

1 8th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Shiloh. 

H&rt,  Joseph 

K 

1 8th  Infantry 

Haverman,  Gabriel 

K 

44th  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Joseph 

Barnes'  Battery 

Hayes,  E.  P. 

H 

Conner  Battery 

Hesser,  Leo            Captain 

Blight's  Battery  Sharpshooters 

Promoted  at  battle  of  Chickamauga  from 

private. 

Holberg,  Jacob 

< 

1  st  Cavalry 

Haas,  S. 

2nd  Cavalry 

Hilborn,  B. 

A 

1 6th  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  217 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 


Hyman,  B. 

A 

1 6th  Cavalry 

HlLLER,  M. 

A 

1 6th  Cavalry 

Jacobs,  Victor 

nth  Infantry 

Joel,  Mordecat 

1 8th  Infantry 

Joel,  Moses 

K 

1 8th  Infantry 

Jonas,  Charles  H. 

Barksdale  Infantry 

Jonas,  Julian 

Barksdale  Infantry 

Jonas,  Hon.  B.   F. 

*  (Five  brothers) 

Louisiana  Infantry 

Jonas,  S.  A. 

Major 

Barksdale  Infantry 

Jonas,  Edward         t 

(So 

th  Illinois  Infantry) 

Klaus,  A. 

C 

nth  Infantry 

Kraus,  Frederick 

A 

1 2th  Infantry 

Kahn,  C.  J. 

G 

1 6th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  W.  M. 

G 

1 6th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  W. 

G 

1 6th  Infantry 

Kahn,  Gabriel 

K 

1 6th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  I. 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Kahn,  Gustavus 

1 6th  Infantry 

Killed;  buried  in  Jewish  cemetery,  Richmond,  Virginia. 
Kaufman,  Herman  C  i8th  Infantry 

Kuhn,  J.  D  38th  Infantry 


IvOwenstein,  Leopold 

8th  Infantry 

LOWENSTEIN,  M. 

C 

8th  Infantry 

Levy,  Oscar  S. 

10th  Infantry 

Enlisted  1861;  subsequently  attached  to  Army  Signal 

Corps.     . 

p 

Leyens,  Louis 

nth  Infantry 

Levy,  Ed. 

12th  Infantry 

Loeb,  Isidore 

1 2th  Infantry 

Lincoln,  S. 

12th  Infantry 

Loeb,  Samuel 

13th  Infantry 

Levy,  Solomon 

D 

13th  Infantry 

Loeb,  Samuel 

K 

13th  Infantry 

Levy,  Abraham 

14th  Infantry 

Lichenstein,  Isaac   _ 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

218 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                                 Rank. 

Company.             Regiment. 

Lichenstein,  Simon 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Levy,  Moses 

G 

1 6th  Infantry 

Killed    May  31,    1862;    buried 

in    Jewish   cemetery, 

Richmond,  Virginia. 

Lonetheim,  A.  J. 

G 

17th  Infantry 

Discharged  for  disability. 

Levy,  S. 

K 

1 8th  Infantry 

Loeb,  A 

D 

38th  Infantry 

Lorsch,  Adolph 

K 

44th  Infantry 

Lowenhaupt,  Benjamin 

28th  Cavalry 

Lehman,  H.  F. 

D 

28th  Cavalry 

Lecinski,  E.  L. 

H 

28th  Cavalry 

Lee,  Seymour 

Washington  Cavalry 

Levy,  Daniel  S. 

G 

1  st  Light  Artillery 

Lowenstein,  Marx 

C 

8  th  Reserves 

Levy,  Israel 

B 

Ward's  Legion 

Levinson,  A. 

B 

Ward's  Legion 

Levinson,  Paul 

B 

Ward's  Legion 

Lotterhoss,  Philip 

F 

Wither 's  Artillery 

Enlisted  at  eighteen  years  of 

age;  served  with   con- 

spicuous  bravery;  killed  at  Kenesaw  Mountain. 

Loucheim,  Abraham 

17th  Regiment  Drum  Corps 

Levy,  J.  C. 

17th  Drum  Corps 

Moses,  I.  O. 

G 

2nd  Infantry 

Mansbach,  H.  H. 

9th  Infantry 

Enlisted  1861;  promoted  at  Greensboro 

Mayer,  D. 

10th  Infantry 

Myers,  Captain 

14th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 

Mooser,  Abraham 

H 

15th  Infantry 

Wounded  four  times  at  Shiloh. 

Moch,  Abraham 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Moak,  C. 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Moyse,  Isidore 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Myers,  John 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Alexander 

E 

36th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  219 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Mooskr,  Isaac  Adjutant  Wheeler's  Cavalry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 
Meyer,  Blum  H        Conner's  Battery 

MvERS,  Major,  Quartermaster- General  Price's  Command 


Natutious,  Otto         Captain 


B  Wand's  Region 


Oury,  S.  ">tH  Infantry 

Killed   June    16,    1864;  buried    in  Jewish    Cemetery, 
Richmond,  Virginia. 

Warren  Guards 
Warren  Guards 


Pickard,  M. 
Porodar,  Solomon 


Rubel,  Emanuel, 
Reinach,  David 
Roth,  Charles 

Killed  in  action 


D  1 9th  Infantry 

Bolivar  Troop  Cavalry 

lieutenant  Swamp  Ranger 


Schaefer,  KmilE  A  3d  Infantry 

Appointed  Orderly  Sergeant;  subsequently  detached 
and  served  in  the  Quartermaster's  Department. 

Stone,  E.  S.  Sergeant 

Sharp,  Benjamin 

Sherck,  Louis 

Samuels,  A. 

SCHARFF,   B. 

Stine,  S.  E. 
Storm,  E. 

Shrinski, 

Sulspacher,  Aaron 


D 

7th  Infantry 

F 

1 2th  Infantry 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

17th  Infantry 

17th  Infantry 

17th  Infantry 

D 

28th  Cavalry 

D 

28th  Cavalry 

Kit  Mott's  Regiment 

Unger,  Solomon  H  9th  Infantry 

Ullman,  Samuel  C  16th  Infantry 

Wounded  at   Cross   Keys,  and  again  at  Sharpsburg; 

served  gallantly  through  the  war;  now  Rabbi  at   Bir- 
mingham, Alabama. 

Uric,  Solomon  H  16th  Infantry 
Killed  at  Cold  Harbor,  Virginia. 


220 


Name. 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 
Rank.  Company. 


Van  Ronkel,  Isaac 

Wile,  M. 

Served  four  years. 

Weiner,  Sam i' el 
Weil,  Charles 
Weinberg,  Jonas 
Wolfe,  M. 
Weiner,  Samuel 
Waterman,  Louis 
Westheimer,  Morris 
.  Served  through  war. 

Wexler,  Philip 
Wiener,  Solomon 
Wile,  Simon 

Promoted  from  ranks. 
Waterman,  Leopold 


Regimen' 


Sergeant 


1 8th  Infantry 
A  1 6th  Infantry 

A  1 6th  Infantry 

D  1 6th  Infantry 

19th  Infantry 

Vicksburg  Sharpshooters 

Mississippi  Artillery 

D  28th  Cavalry 

Jefferson  Artillery 

A  1  st  Cavalry 

Carrol  Rangers 

Stanford's  Battery 

Washington  Cavalry 


MISSOURI. 

Name.  Rank.  COMPANY 

Anselm,  Albert     lieutenant- Colonel 

Bender,  Samuel 
Berkson,  S. 
Bohn,  Herman  G. 

Bohn,  Isaac  G.  2nd  Lieutenant 

Bendel,  Herman  Captain 

Boernstein,  Gustav      Captain 
Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 


Carse,  Levi 
Cohen,  Albert  B. 
Cohn,  L. 


Captain 


Darmstader,  Louis  Captain 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 


Regiment. 
3d  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

5th  Cavalry 

1 1  th  Cavalry 

12th  Infantry 

41st  Infantry 


7th  Infantry 
nth  Cavalry 
Home  Guard 

17th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  221 

Name,  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 


Epstein,  Max. 

Kiseman,  Anthony  Captain 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 
Erdman,  Adolph       Quartermaster 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 
Kppstein,  Francis        2nd  Lieutenant 
Kppstein,  Joseph  A.    Lieutenant-Colonel 

Kdeman,  Michael  S.     1st  Lieutenant 

Friedlein,  George  D.     Captain 
Falk,  Henry  2nd  Lieutenant 

Frank,  Philip  Captain 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 
Frank,  Charles         2nd  Lieutenant 
Friedlein,  George  G.      1st  Lieutenant 
Furth,  Samuel 


1st  Infantry 
12th  Infantry 

15th  Infantry 

48th  Infantry 

5th  Cavalry 

5th  Cavalry 

1 2  th  Cavalry 

3d  Infantry- 

48th  Infantry 

4th  Cavalry 

2d  U.  S.  R.  C. 

4th  Cavalry 
Home  Guard 


Gutman,  Louis 

Served  three  years. 
Greenbaum,  Simon 


3d  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 


HarTman,  J.  1  st  Infantry 

Holzman,  Samuel  I  1st  Infantry 

Homburg,  S.  Adjutant  4th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Theodore       Captain  12th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 
Hess,  Ferdinand  1st  Lieutenant  4th  Cavalry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant;  also  Adjutant  1st  Battery 
Hamburger,  Henry     2nd  Lieutenant  13th  Cavalry 

Hofman,  Joseph  1st  Lieutenant  1st  Artillery 

Hurwitz,  Harm  an  General  Lyon's  Body-guard 


Jacobs,  Philip  H                 1st  Infantry 

Received  Medal  of  Honor. 

Jacobs,  Emil  K                8th  Infantry 

Jacoby,  Morris         2nd  Lieutenant  17th  Infantry 


222 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Namk. 

Klein,  Moses 
Kempinski,  A. 

Served  four  years. 
Kempinski,  Leo 
Kaufman,  Albert  B. 

Klein,  Bernhart 
Koch,  Julius 


Rank. 


Company, 


Captain 
Captain 


|  Captain 

1  Major 
i  st  Lieutenant 
ist  Lieutenant 


Liebschutz,  A.  C 

Lipman,  Louis  ist  Lieutenant 

LOWENTHAL,   I.  S.  G 

Lowenstein,  Charles       2nd  Lieutenant 
Levisteine,  Isaac  M.         Lieutenant     L 
Died  from  wounds  received  in  action. 


Regiment. 

13th  Infantry 
49th  Infantry 

49th  Infantry 
nth  Cavalry 
10th  Cavalry 

2ndU.  S.  R.  C. 

4th  U.  S.  R.  C. 

2nd  Infantry 
8th  Infantry 
1 8th  Infantry 
2nd  Artillery 
2nd  Artillery 


Levi,  Solomon  I.         Captain 

Appointed  by  Governor  Clark,  of  Missouri 
the  1  st  Militia. 


Levi,  Jacob  J. 
Lieberman,  Lorenzo 


ist  Lieutenant 


Montzheim,  Julius         ist  Lieutenant 
Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 

Meyer,  B.  F. 
Mohsberg,  A. 
Meyer,  Louis 


G 

K 


Mann,  Charles 


(  2nd  Lieutenant 
{  Major 

Quartermaster 


Moses,  t.  W. 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Mandelbaum,  Frank 
Mandelbaum,  John  W. 
Mandelbaum,  S.  E. 

Newdorf,  Julius         1st  Lieutenant 
Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 


Rosenstein,  D.  W. 
Rindskopf,  T. 


Captain 


,  ist  Cavalry 
(1839),  of 

6th  Cavalry 
1st  U.  S.  R.  C. 

17th  Infantry 

24th  Infantry 

41st  Infantry 

49th  Infantry 

f  nth  Cavalry 

j    1st  Artillery 

14th  Cavalry 

Home  Guards 
Home  Guards 
Home  Guards 

2nd  Infantry 


ist  Infantry 
ist  Cavalry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  223 

NAME.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Rindskopf,  I.  A                   ist  Cavalry 

Rosknbaum,  H.  A.          i st  Lieutenant  29th  Infantry 

Raphael,  Jacob  ist  Light  Artillery 
Served  three  years. 


Singer,  David 

D 

ist  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Sicher,  William 

C 

2nd  Infantry 

Simon,  Joseph 

G 

2nd  Infantry 

Solomon,  Charles  E.     Colonel 

5th  Infantry 

Solomon,  Frederick      Captain 

5th  Infantry 

Schweriner,  Theodore 

H 

8th  Infantry 

Wounded  in 'Arkansas;  totally  disabled  at 

Vicksburg. 

Steinberg,  O.               Captain 

12th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Sternberg,  E. 

F 

17th  Infantry 

Stein,  George  W.          ist  Lieutenant 

2 ist  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 

Steinan,  Emanuel 

2 ist  Infantry 

Not  being  of  sufficient  measurement  his  offer  to  enlist 
was  refused;  but  determined  to  fight  for  his  adopted 
country,  he  followed  his  regiment  in  which  many 
personal  friends  had  enlisted,  until  finally  he  was 
mustered  in. 
Sommers,  Herman         ist  Lieutenant  41st  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 
Slinsky,  Louis  F  49th  Infantry 

Simons,  A.  A  2nd  Cavalry 

Sinsheimer,  A.  H.  G  2nd  Cavalry 

Enlisted  at  eighteen  years  of  age. 
Steinman,  E.  H.  Captain  5th  Cavalry 

Sanders,  Frank  2nd  Lieutenant  7th  Cavalry 

Solomon,  G.  A.  M.         ist  Lieutenant  8th  Cavalry 

Saltzman,  Gustav         2nd  Lieutenant  ist  Engineers 

Saltzman,  SiEGmund       2nd  Lieutenant  ist  Artillery 

Stuger,  David  D  Bender  Cadets 


Takrzewski,  Herman         Captain 


2nd  U.  S.  R.  C. 


224 


THE  A  M ERICA  N  JE  W  AS 


NEVADA. 

Name. 

Rank.                 COMPANY. 

Regiment. 

ISSERMAN,  T.  W. 

A 

ist  Cavalry 

Jacobs,  Simon  L. 

A 

ist  Cavalry 

Manhkim,  David 

Colonel 

ist  Cavalry 

Enlisted  as  private;  promoted  step  by  step. 


NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Cohn,  Abraham  Adjutant  6th  Infantry 

enlisted  as  private;  promoted  for  efficiency  and  dis- 
tinguished bravery  to  Sergeant  and  Adjutant; 
wounded  at  Petersburg;  the  recipient  of  the  Congres- 
sional "Medal  of  Honor;"  served  until  the  close  of 
the  war. 


War  Department,  Adjutant  General's  Office, 

Washington,  August  24,  1865. 
Sir: 

Herewith  I  enclose  the  "Medal  of  Honor'1  which  has  been 
awarded  to  you  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  under  the  resolution  of 
Congress,  approved  July  12,  1862.  To  provide  for  the  pre- 
sentation of  "Medals  of  Honor"  to  the  enlisted  men  of  the 
army  and  volunteer  forces  who  have  distinguished  or  may 
distinguish  themselves  in  battle  during  the  present  rebellion. 
Very  Respectfully, 

Your  obedient  servant, 
(Signed)  K.  D.  Townsend, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 
To  Sergeant-Major  Abraham  Cohn, 
6th  N.  H.  Veteran  Volunteers, 

439,  8th  Avenue,  New  York. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  225 

Adjutant  General's  Office, 

Washington,  August  14,  1879. 
The  medal  mentioned  within  was  given  for  conspicuous  gal- 
lantry displayed  in  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  Virginia,  in 
rallying  and  forming  under  heavy  fire  disorganized  troops; 
also  for  bravery  and  coolness  in  carrying  orders  to  the  advance 
lines  under  murderous  fire  in  the  battle  of  the  Mine,  July  20, 
1864. 

(Signed)  S.   N.   Benjamin, 

Assistant  Adjutant- General. 

General  Headquarters,  State  of  New  Hampshire. 
Adjutant-General's  Office, 

Concord,  August  17,  1865. 

To    WHOM    IT    MAY    CONCERN. 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  bearing  testimony  to  the  faithful 
services  of  Adjutant  Abraham  Cohn,  both  as  a  private  and  as 
an  officer  in  the  late  6th  Regiment  of  New  Hampshire  Volun- 
teers Infantry.  His  record  in  connection  with  this  regiment 
has  been  one  of  great  fidelity  and  ability  and  his  successive 
promotions  have  been  well  merited  rewards.  I  am  also  happy 
to  bear  testimony  to  the  untiring  industry  and  literary  ability 
which  Adjutant  Cohn  has  displayed  in  collecting  data  for  an 
official  history  of  the  Sixth  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Volun- 
teer Infantry. 

Very  Respectfully, 

(Signed)  Natt  Head. 

(Natt  Head,  subsequently  Adjutant,  Inspector  and  Quarter- 
master, became  Governor  of  the  State  of  New  Hampshire.) 

Keene,  N.  H.,  November  23,  1865. 
This  certifies  that  Abraham  Cohn  enlisted  in  the  6th  New 
Hampshire  Volunteers,  of  which  regiment  I  was  the  Colonel, 
on  the  5th  day  of  January,  1864,  and  very  soon  after  joined 
the  command  in  the  State  of  Kentucky.  He  at  once  attracted 
the  attention  and  won  the  approbation  of  his  officers  by  his 
soldierly  bearing  and  faithful  performance  of  duty,  as  well  as 
15 


226 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


by  his  accomplishments  in  being  able  to  communicate  with 
recruits  from  European  countries  in  their  own  various  lan- 
guages. 

On  the  28th  day  of  March,  1864,  he  was  promoted  to  the 
position  of  Sergeant- Major  of  the  regiment,  and  throughout 
the  great  campaign  that  followed — from  the  Rapidan  to  the 
capture  of  Petersburg  and  Richmond — displayed  remarkable 
bravery  and  coolness  in  action,  endurance  in  the  field  and 
efficiency  in  his  office. 

He  was  wounded  at  the  '  'battle  of  the  Mine' '  in  front  of  Peters- 
burg, July  30,  1864,  where  he  won  a  "Medal  of  Honor"  for 
his  distinguished  bravery  awarded  by  the  War  Department. 

In  appreciation  of  his  meritorious  services  during  this  cam- 
paign he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Adjutant  of  his  regi- 
ment, in  which  capacity  he  remained  until  the  close  of  the 
war,  winning  the  esteem  and  admiration  of  all  who  knew  him 
by  his  gentlemanly  and  officer-like  deportment,  his  sobriety 
and  integrity,  and  by  his  noble  devotion  to  the  cause  of  the 
country  of  his  adoption. 

(Signed)  S.  G.  Griffin. 

Late  Brigadier-General  and  Brevet  Major-General  U.  S.  Vol- 
unteers. 

S.  G.  Griffin  was  subsequently  elected  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  of  New  Hampshire. 


Rome,  C.  M. 


4th  Infantry 


NEW  JERSEY. 


Name.  Rank. 

Ash,  Joseph  W. 

Abraham,  C.  S.         2nd  Lieutenant 

Enlisted  as  private. 
Abraham,  Aaron 
Aaronson,  Napoleon 
Aaronson,  Frederick  2nd  Lieutenant    B 
Adlkk,  Hermax 
Abrams,  Isaac  N. 


Company. 

Rkuimknt. 

K 

1  st  Infantry 

B 

1st  Infantry 

K 

1st  Infantry 

B 

4th  Infantry 

mt    B 

4th  Infantry 

C 

5th  Infantry 

K 

7th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLD  I  Eli  AND  CITIZEN. 

Name,  Rank.  Company. 

Abrahams,  Joseph         Corporal  B 

Wounded  in  action. 

Adler,  Morris  G 

Aaronson,  Benjamin         Corporal  I 

Adler,  Henry  B 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Fredericksburg 

Ash,  W.  H.  C 

Abraham,  Benjamin  .  K 

Alexander,  David  D 

Arnold,  Joseph  K 

Died  in  the  service. 
Asch,  Myer  Brevet  Major 

Promoted  from  Adjutant  for  gallant  and  meritorious 

conduct. 

Adler,  Leopold  Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

Adler,  Isidor  Battery  A 


227 
Regiment. 
ioth  Infantry 

15th  Infantry 

23d  Infantry 

24th  Infantry 

26th  Infantry 

33d  Infantry 

34th  Infantry 

34th  Infantry 

1  st  Cavalry 


Buxbaum,  William  D 

Blankenstein,  Levi  D 

Baum,  Jacob  I 

Ball,  Abraham  S.  C 

Served  three  years. 

Bachman,  Samuel  D 

Bush,  Aaron           Corporal  E 

Ball,  Isaac  K 

Baer,  Frederick  K 

Bernheim,  William  C 

Bachman,  William  H.  A 

Bloom,  Isaac  F 

Bachman,  Samuel  I 

Ball,  Aaron  I 

Died  in  the  service. 

Bluhm,  Jacob  B 

Transferred  to  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 

Bien,  Alphonse  I 

Baum,  Frederick  B 

Bauer,  Jacob  B 


2nd  Infantry 
ioth  Infantry 
1 1  th  Infantry 
13th  Infantry 

13th  Infantry 
22  nd  Infantry 
26th  Infantry 
29th  Infantry 
30th  Infantry 
31st  Infantry 
31st  Infantry 
31st  Infantry 
35th  Infantry 

35th  Infantry 

39th  Infantry 

40th  Infantry 

3d  Cavalry 


228 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank.                   ( 

\>MPANY. 

Regiment, 

Bachman,  Samuel 

F 

3d  Cavalry 

Baer,  August 

Battery  C 

Baer,  Max 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

Barnett,  Morris 

■ 

C 

66th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Thomas 

D 

10th  Infantry 

Cohn,  Harris 

Cx 

10th  Infantry 

Cohn,  George 

H 

13th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Edward 

C 

34th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Isaac 

E 

1st  Cavalry. 

Dannenberger,  Joseph        Corporal 

A 

2nd  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Davidson,  David 

Sergeant 

G 

38th  Infantry 

Eckstein,  Siegmund 

C 

8th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Petersburg. 

Engel,  Jacob 

K 

13th  Infantry 

Erdman,  Louis 

B 

33d  Infantry 

Eppstein,  Daniel 

Sergeant 

A 

34th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Ellinger,  Emanuel 

F 

34th  Infantry 

Ettinger,  Mark 

F 

34th  Infantry 

Elsas,  Jacob 

D 

3d  Cavalry 

Wounded  at  Mount 

Jackson,  Virginia. 

Erdman,  Henry 

Corporal 

K 

3d  Cavalry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Frank, Charees 

F 

1  st  Infantry 

Fox,  Solomon  J. 

C 

2nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Fox,  Jacob 

A 

4th  Infantry 

Feeder,  Henry 

K 

7th  Infantry 

Fox,  Isaac 

Corporal 

I 

12th  Infantry 

Killed  near  Petersburg. 

Frieberg,  Henry 

F 

15th  Infantry 

Feeder,  Morris 

C 

22nd   Infantry 

Frank,  Frederick 

K 

35th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


>29 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

ReCxTMENT. 

Fkeund,  Gustav 

A 

39th  Infantry 

Frank,  Jacob, 

Sergeant 

B 

39th  Infantry 

Falk, Jacob 

B 

39th  Infantry 

Freund,  August 

B 

39th  Infantry 

Freund,  Theodore 

F 

1  st  Cavalry 

Friedlander,  Charles 

B 

2nd  Cavalry 

Captured;  died  in  Anderson ville. 

Fuchs,  Eugene 

Sergeant 

D 

3d  Cavalry 

Enlisted  as  privat< 

Friedman,  William 

Battery  A 

Goldsmith,  William 

G 

2nd  Infantry 

Captured;   died  at 

Andersonville. 

Green,  Jacob 

I 

5th  Infantry 

Gluckaul,  Jacob 

A 

8th  Infantry 

Goldberg,  Charles 

F 

1  st  Cavalry 

Goldsmith,  Charles 

G 

2nd  Cavalry 

Died  in  service. 

Goldman,  Charles 

I 

2nd  Cavalry 

Haas,  Bernhard 

1st  Infantry 

Herzog,  Louis 

K 

1st  Infantry 

Hofman, Jacob  H. 

2nd  Lieutenant 

:     B 

2nd  Infantry 

Hahn,  Morris  S. 

2nd  Lieutenanl 

:    D 

2nd  Infantry 

Herman,  Charles 

B 

2nd  Infantry 

Hart,  David 

B 

2nd  Infantry 

Herrman,  Emil 

E 

2nd  Infantry 

Hofman,  Jacob 

E 

2nd  Infantry 

f  H 

2nd  Infantry 

Heineman,  Herman 

Ik 

15th  Infantry 

Hirschfeld,  Alfred 

rK 

2d  Infantry 

IK 

14th  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Jacob 

A 

4th  Infantry 

Served  three  years 

Hofman,  Samuel 

H 

4th  Infantry 

Hofman,  Jacob 

I 

4th  Infantry 

Hofman,  Levi  W. 

I 

7th  Infantry 

230 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.  Rank. 

Hofman,  Aaron  Sergeant 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 

Hofman,  Abraham 

Hofman,  Eli  as 

Hays,  David 

Haas,  Jacob 

Harris,  Abraham  M.         Corporal 
Enlisted  as  private. 

Heller,  Joseph 

Hartman,  Reuben  Sergeant 

Hofman,  Benjamin 

Heller,  Adolph 

Hahn,  Henry 

Hart,  Joseph  S. 

Hart,  Noah  L. 

Harris,  Abraham  C. 

Hart,  Abraham 

Hofman,  David 

Hamburg,  August 

Hirsch,  Ferdinand 

Heyman,  Henry 

Henman,  Joseph 

Hess,  Joseph 

Hart,  Jacob 

Hart,  David 

Harris,  Abraham         Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  four 

Harris,  Benjamin 

Hirsch,  Frederick 

Hart,  Samuel 

Harris,  Elias 

Hofman,  Aaron 

Herrman,  Gustav 

Harris,  David 

Harris,  Samuel 

Herzberg,  Albert         Captain 

Hirsch,  Louis 


Company. 

Regiment. 

H 

8th  Infantry 

H 

8th  Infantry 

H 

8th  Infantry 

I 

ioth  Infantry 

G 

ioth  Infantry 

D 

13th  Infantry 

C 

13th  Infantry 

H 

23d  Infantry 

D 

24th  Infantry 

D 

24th  Infantry 

B 

26th  Infantry 

B 

27th  Infantry 

B 

28th  Infantry 

H 

30th  Infantry 

K 

30th  Infantry 

A 

31st  Infantry 

E 

33d  Infantry 

F 

33d  Infantry 

I 

35th  Infantry 

K 

35th  Infantry 

I 

40th  Infantry 

A 

1  st  Cavalry 

H 

1  st  Cavalry 

I 

1st  Cavalry 

years. 

C     • 

2nd  Cavalry 

E 

2nd  Cavalry 

I 

2nd  Cavalry 

M 

2nd  Cavalry 

A 

3d  Cavalry 

C 

3d  Cavalry 

G 

3d  Cavalry 

H 

3d  Cavalry 

I 

3d  Cavalry 

K 

3d  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


231 


Name.                               Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Isaac,  Henry 

H 

3d  Infantry 

Jacoby,  August 

D 

2nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Jacoby,  Fritz 

4th  Infantry 

Jacobson,  Charles 

A 

4th  Infantry 

Joseff,  Emanuel 

E 

4th  Infantry 

Joseff,  Philip 

E 

4th  Infantry 

Jacobson,  William  E. 

B 

8th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Jacobson,  Israel  J. 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Captured;  died  at  Libby  Prison. 

Jacobus,  Abraham 

F 

15  th  Infantry 

Jacoby,  Samuel 

I 

28th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Jacobson,  W.  E.             Corporal 

D 

38th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Jacobson,  Louis 

D 

40th  Infantry 

Jacob,  D. 

A 

1  st  Artillery 

King,  Moses  W. 

G 

1st  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Adolph 

K 

1st  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Frederick 

C 

2nd  Infantry 

Kaminzky,  Joseph 

D 

2nd  Infantry 

Katzenberg,  Joseph 

B 

4th  Infantry 

Koch,  Jacob 

K 

7th  Infantry 

King,  Asher                 Corporal 

C 

8th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Klein,  Manuel         2nd  Lieutenant 

A 

1 5th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

King,  Abraham  G. 

B 

15th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Spottsylvania. 

« 

Klein,  Julius 

A 

21st  Infantry 

King,  Aaron 

A 

25th  Infantry 

King, Jacob 

C 

25th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Eeib 

I 

35th  Infantry 

282 


Name. 

Klein,  Benjamin 
Kaufman,  Jacob 
Kaufman,  Samuel 
Katz,  Jacob 
Koch,  Gotteieb 
koeheer,  eeias 
Koch,  Herman 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Rank 


Company  Regiment. 

G  38th  Infantry 

B  40th  Infantry 

5th  Hancock's  Corps 
D  2nd  Cavalry 

I  3d  Cavalry 

K  3d  Cavalry 

Battery  C 


Lyon,  Benjamin 

D 

1st  Infantry 

IvINDEMAN,  ADOLPH 

K 

1st  Infantry 

Lowenthal,  George 

K 

1st  Infantry 

Liliendall,  Gust  a  v     Captain 

D 

2nd  Infantry 

Loeb,  Louis 

I 

3d  Infantry 

'     Leg  amputated. 

Lko,  Charees 

C 

4th  Infantry 

Leopold,  William 

B 

5th  Infantry 

Limburger,  Albert 

H 

5th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Loeb,  John  E.             Sergeant 

I 

6th  Infantry 

Loeb,  W.  W. 

I 

6th  Infantry 

Lyon,  Samuel 

C 

7th  Infantry 

Levy,  Joseph 

I 

8th  Infantry 

Leavy,  Charles  M. 

9th  Infantry 

Levy,  William  P. 

K 

9th  Infantry 

LlCHTENFELZ,  LUDWIG 

I 

12th  Infantry 

Langendorf,  Jacob 

A 

13th  Infantry 

Levi,  David 

B 

13th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Lehman,  Charles 

F 

1      14th  Infantry 

Lowenthal,  Lewis 

C 

22nd  Infantry 

Levi,  Marcus 

C 

26th  Infantry 

Levi,  Morris^ 

I 

30th  Infantry 

Levi,  Herman  J. 

G 

34th  Infantry 

Lyon,  Samuel 

C 

35  th  Infantry 

Limburger,  David 

K 

35th  Infantry 

Limburger,  W.  H. 

K 

35th  Infantry 

Levine,  William 

F 

40th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


238 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Levi,  Max 

c 

1  st  Cavalry 

Levi,  Morris 

D 

1  st  Cavalry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Mendel,  Jacob 

K 

1st  Infantry 

Marx,  Charles 

E 

2nd  Infantry 

Mayer,  Jacob 

G 

2nd  Infantry 

Marx,  August 

F 

3d  Infantry 

Mayer,  Frank 

1) 

7th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Marx,  Martin             Corporal 

B 

7th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Meyer,  Jacob              Corporal 

H 

9th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Marks,  Emanuel 

B 

10th  Infantry 

Meier,  Henry 

C 

1 1  th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Jacob             Sergeant 

G 

nth  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Chancellorsville. 

Mayers,  Jacob 

E 

15th  Infantry 

Maas,  Frederick  W. 

E 

22nd  Infantry 

Marks,  Joseph 

D 

29th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Mayer,  Samuel 

E 

29th  Infantry 

Mendel,  William 

B 

30th  Infantry 

Marks,  Joseph  C. 

F 

38th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Jacob 

I 

40th  Infantry 

Mayer,  August 

Battery  A 

Mann,  Ferdinand 

Battery  C 

Meyer,  Adolph      2nd  Lieutenant 

1st  Regiment,  Hancock's 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Corps 

Marks,  Frederick 

1st  Regiment, 

Hancock's  Corps 

Nauman,  Gustav 

F 

9th  Infantry 

Nussbaum,  Michael 

H 

10th  Infantry 

Newman,  David  M. 

Corporal 

I 

29th  Infantry 

Nauman,  Julius 

Corporal 

I 

31st  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

234 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 


Rank. 


NXuman,  Julius 
Neustadt,  Max 

Oppenheim,  David 
Oppenheimer,  Jacob 

Pincus,  Adolph 
Pincus,  Simon 

Rose,  Elias  M. 
Rosenborger,  John 

Captured;  died  at  Andersonville 
Rice,  David  S. 

Captured. 

Raphael,  William 
Died  in  the  service. 

Rose,  Daniel  M. 
Rose,  Abraham  H. 
Rose,  Samuel 
Rose,  Henry 
Rose,  Samuel  B. 

Died  in  the  service. 
Rice,  David 
Rosendale,  George 
Rosendale,  George 
Rubenstein,  Samuel 
Rosenberg,  John 
Rose,  Benjamin 
Rice,  Jacob 
Rosenberg,  Benjamin 


Solomon,  Charles 
Sampson,  David 

Transferred  to  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 
Stein,  Gustav 
Salmon,  Abraham     ist  lieutenant 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 
Solomon,  Samuel  D. 


Company. 

Regiment. 

I 

35th  Infantry 

c 

66th  Infantry 

K 

1  st  Infantry 

Battery  C 

K 

7th  Infantry 

C 

66th  Infantry 

C 

ist  Infantry 

D 

4th  Infantry 

B 

5th  Infantry 

I 

8th  Infantry 

I 

8th  Infantry 

F 

9th  Infantry 

E 

nth  Infantry 

D 

14th  Infantry 

F 

14th  Infantry 

A 

2  ist  Infantry 

B 

30th  Infantry 

A 

35th  Infantry 

K 

1  st  Cavalry 

G 

2nd  Cavalry 

A 

3d  Cavalry 

D 

2nd  Cavalry 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

A 

ist  Infantry 

A 

orps. 

2nd  Infantry 

H 

2nd  Infantry 

A 

3d  Infantry 

G 

3d  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


235 


Name. 

Hank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Salzman,  Louis 

K 

3d  Infantry 

Sachs,  Henry 

H 

5th  Infantry 

Straus,  Charles 

H 

5th  Infantry 

Strauss,  Jonathan 

G 

6th  Infantry 

Stern,  Joseph 

H 

7th  Infantry 

Spannengberg,  Moses 

I 

7th  Infantry 

Spannengberg,  William 

I 

7th  Infantry 

Sickles,  Solomon 

H 

14th  Infantry 

Stein,  Jacob 

A 

14th  Infantry 

Salmon,  Lewis  A. 

Sergeant 

F 

15th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private 

Simon,  Adolph 

G 

21st  Infantry 

Strauss,  William 

C 

22nd  Infantry 

Stink,  Isaac 

K 

27th  Infantry 

Steinfeld,  Harry 

C 

34th  Infantry 

Simons,  Lewis 

I 

34th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private 

Solinger,  Lee 

K 

35th  Infantry 

Sachs,  Abraham 

B 

40th  Infantry 

Sachs,  Noah 

B 

40th  Infantry 

Strauss,  Nathaniel 

E 

40th  Infantry 

Stein,  Herman 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps 

Sacks,  David 

Battery  A 

Died  in  the  service. 

Stein,  Herman 

Sergeant 

Battery  C 

Entered  as  Private. 

Wolf,  Nathanip:l 

D 

1st  Infantry 

Weiss,  Adolph           ( 

Captain 

A 

2nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Wolf,  Charles 

I 

4th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Herman 

F 

8th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Henry 

A 

9th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Joseph 

Corporal 

I 

9th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Samuel 

B 

27th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Ferdinand 

Lieutenant 

C 

27th  Infantry 

Wolf,  David 

Corporal 

A 

33d  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private 

236 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 
Weil,  Joseph 
Wolf,  Selig 
Weiler,  Joseph 
Wolf,  Joseph 
Weiss,  Aaron 
Wolf,  Gustav 
Wolf,  Frederick 
Wolf,  David 


Hank. 


Company. 

Regiment. 

I 

33d  Infantry 

B 

39th  Infantry 

F 

39th  Infantry 

K 

40th  Infantry 

I 

1  st  Cavalry 

I 

3d  Cavalry 

I 

3d  Cavalry 

Militia 

NEW  MEXICO. 

Name.  Rank.        Company.     Regiment. 

Kahn,  Emil  M.  F  7th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Fort  Laramie  by  Indians. 

Mayer,  Adolph  A.     Inspector-General  4th  Infantry 

Promoted  for  efficiency  Inspector-General,  and  by 
special  appointment  of  President  Lincoln  assigned  to 
Pennsylvania. 


NEW  YORK. 


Name. 

Abraham,  Edward 
Asher,  William 

ASSENHEIMER,  O.  C. 

Adler,  Heinrich 
Arenson,  Daniel 
Ash, Jacob 
Apple,  Salomon 
August,  Simon 
Adler,  Simon 
Abrams,  William  H. 


Rank. 


Company. 

Regiment. 

I 

i  st  Infantry 

G 

3d  Infantry 

B 

5th  Infantry 

I 

8th  Infantry 

D 

9th  Infantry 

B 

1 3th  Infantry 

D 

20th  Infantry 

A 

24th  Infantry 

E 

25th  Infantry 

H 

27th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


287 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Arnhkim,  Julius 

I 

29th  Infantry 

Abrams,  Andrew 

K 

30th  Infantry 

Abrams,  John 

K 

30th  Infantry 

Adler,  Isidor 

C 

31st  Infantry 

Arnold,  David 

35th  Infantry 

Arnold,  Kphraim 

H 

36th  Infantry 

Aaron,  Lewis 

B 

38th  Infantry 

Arnz,  J. 

39th  Infantry 

Alexander,  Samuel 

H 

39th  Infantry 

Abrahams,  Abraham 

D 

40th  Infantry 

Arnold,  H. 

C 

41st  Infantry 

Arnold,  Gustave 

G    . 

41st  Infantry 

Alexander,  Joseph 

I 

41st  Infantry 

Asher,  Jacob  H. 

C 

44th  Infantry 

Arnold,  Louis 

G 

45th  Infantry 

Ansel,  Jacob 

H 

45th  Infantry 

Altman,  Joseph 

I 

46th  Infantry 

Aaron,  Gabriel 

B 

47th  Infantry 

Abrams,  August 

B 

48th  Infantry 

Alexander,  Ephraim 

R 

50th  Infantry 

Aarons,  George 

H 

53d  Infantry 

Adder,  Joseph, 

F 

54th  Infantry 

AUFANGER,   SlEGMUND 

H 

54th  Infantry 

Ascher,  Samuel 

Lieutenant 

H 

54th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 

Auerbach,  Joseph 

5  th  Cavalry 

Killed  at  Fredericksburg. 

Abrahams,  Edward 

F 

57th  Infantry 

Arnold,  Jacob 

G 

64th  Infantry 

Altenburg,  Morris 

H 

64th  Infantry 

Abrahams,  Henry 

F 

67th  Infantry 

Asher,  Philip 

Sergeant 

I 

68th  Infantry 

Asher,  Adolph 

Sergeant 

K 

68th  Infantry 

Asher,  Louis 

Sergeant 

K 

68th  Infantry 

Auerbach,  J. 

68th  Infantry 

Abrams,  James 

C 

70th  Infantry 

Arnold,  Aaron 

B 

72nd  Infantry 

Ackerman,  Joseph 

G 

73d  Infantry 

238 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


Name.  Rank.  Company, 

Arnold,  Frank  A 

Arnold,  David  W.  A 

Ackerman,  Jacob  B 

Arnold,  Nathan  K.  Lieutenant 

Ackerman,  A. 

Abrams,  George 

Abrams,  Edward  Corporal 

Abrams,  W.  B. 

Arnold,  Nathan  J. 

Alexander,  Jacob 

Asher,  M.  S. 

Abraham,  Joseph 

Alexander,  Oscar 

Abraham,  Moses 

Abrams,  Daniel 

Anthony,  A. 

Ash,  Morris 

Ash,  David 

Arnold,  Marcus 

Arnold,  Dnniel  W.  Sergeant 

Abrams,  Levi 

Abraham,  Levy  Lieutenant 

Abrahams,  Joseph  S.         Lieutenant 

Killed  at  Cold  Harbor. 
Ackerman,  Abraham 


A 
K 
A 
F 
A 
F 

A 

I 

E 

H 

C 

K 

I 

A 

D 

H 


Adler,  Albert  Corporal 

Ackerman,  Lewis         Lieutenant 

Adelman,  Eugene 

Abraham,  Henry 

Ash,  Samuel 

Abraham,  Theo. 

Ackerman,  Gustave     Corporal 

Ababot,  David  Lieutenant 

Abraham,  Aaron 

Abrams,  W.  H.  Sergeant 

Ackerman,  David  R.    Corporal 

Adler,  Isidor  Corporal 

Alexander,  Ephraim 


K 

G 

I 

B 

F 

B 

A 

A 

B 

B 

G 

C 

F 

D 


Regiment. 

76th  Infantry 

76th  Infantry 

78th  Infantry 

79th  Infantry 

83d  Infantry 

88th  Infantry 

95th  Infantry 

97th  Infantry 

100th  Infantry 

100th  Infantry 

103d  Infantry 

1 1 2th  Infantry 

115th  Infantry 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

122nd  Infantry 

131st  Infantry 

132nd  Infantry 

142nd  Infantry 

146th  Infantry 

151st  Infantry 

158th  Infantry 

164th  Infantry 

164th  Infantry 

170th  Infantry 

178th  Infantry 

189th  Infantry 

5th  S.  V. 

5th  S.  V. 

7th  S.  V. 

25th  S.  M. 

4th  Cavalry 

5th  Cavalry 

7th  Cavalry 

9th  Cavalry 

1  ith  Cavalry 

14th  Cavalry 

15th  Cavalry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


239 


Name.  Rank. 

Arnold,  Jacob 
Arndt,  Albert  Major 

Killed  at  Sharpsburg. 

Abrams,  Samuel 
Arnold,  Benjamin 
Abrams,  Maurice 
Abraham,  Moses 
Adler,  Samuel 
Ansbacher,  Moses 


Company.  Regiment. 

D  20th  Cavalry 

i  st  Battalion  Artillery 

A      i  st  Mounted  Rifles 

E  9th  Artillery 

A  1 6th  Artillery 

3d  Independent  Artillery 

9th  Independent  Artillery 

24th  Independent  Artillery 


Barnard,  Leon 

Captain 

G 

1st  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant;  transferred  9th  Infantry. 

Blumenstein,  J. 

4th  Infantry 

Blumenthal,  J. 

4th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Emanuel 

A 

4th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Levy 

B 

4th  Infantry 

Bernstein,  Jacob 

D 

4th  Infantry 

Bernstein,  Mark 

G 

4th  Infantry 

Barnett,  Samuel 

K 

4th  Infantry 

Bacharach,  Julius 

6th  Infantry 

Borchard,  Newman 

K 

6th  Infantry 

Behrend,  William 

Captain 

A 

7th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Bernhard,  Frank 

C 

7th  Infantry 

Bader,  Adolph 

D 

7th  Infantry 

Bernhard,  Moritz 

F 

7th  Infantry 

Blum, Jacob 

I 

7th  Infantry 

Baruch,  Bernhard 

K 

7th  Infantry 

Beisheim,  Theodore 

1st  Lieutenant 

8th  Infantry 

Behrend,  M. 

C 

8th  Infantry 

Bernhard,  Edward 

1st  Lieutenant 

nth  Infantry 

Bahr,  Frank 

B 

12th  Infantry 

Bernhardt,  Alexander 

F 

1 6th  Infantry 

Ball,  Felix 

F 

1 8th  Infantry 

Bachman,  Joseph 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Behrens,  Gustave 

H 

20th  Infantry 

Bien,  Martin 

F 

23d  Infantry 

240 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Benjamin,  David  W. 

G 

26th  Infantry 

Bachman,  Siegmund 

E 

27th  Infantry 

Berne,  Max                IJ 

eu  tenant 

29th  Infantry 

Brandeis,  H. 

38th  Infantry 

Bluhm,  Jacob 

B 

39th  Infantry 

Berliner,  Siegmund 

F 

39th  Infantry 

Baer,  Bernhard 

Captain 

H 

39th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Behrens,  August 

H 

39th  Infantry 

Bernhard,  Adam 

H 

39th  Infantry 

Brod,  Herman 

39th  Infantry 

Barnett,  Daniel 

B 

40th  Infantry 

Behrends,  Herman 

D 

41st  Infantry 

Breslauer,  Charles 

D 

41st  Infantry 

Wounded  in  the  head  and  abdomen,  killed  in  action 

at  2nd  Battle  Bull  Run. 

Bernstein,  Louis 

Corporal 

I 

41st  Infantry 

Beer, Jacob 

B 

42nd  Infantry 

Barnett,  Samuel 

C 

42nd  Infantry 

Baehr,  William 

45th  Infantry 

Baum,  Joseph 

B 

45th  Infantry 

Blum,  Jacob 

H 

45th  Infantry 

Bernhard,  Joseph 

A 

52nd  Infantry 

Block,  Julius 

G 

52  nd  Infantry 

Block,  Louis 

G 

52nd  Infantry 

Bernhard,  Joseph 

E 

53d  Infantry 

Bernstein,  Joseph 

G 

54th  Infantry 

Block,  Emil 

C 

55th  Infantry 

Bruckheimer,  Moses 

{„ 

6th  Infantry 

55th  Infantry 

Disabled  in  the  service. 

Benjamin,  Charles 

G 

55th  Infantry 

Boscowitz,  C.  J. 

D 

56th  Infantry 

Bash,  Adolph 

Lieutenant 

58th  Infantry 

Baum,  Adolph 

C 

58th  Infantry 

Blumenthal,  William 

I 

58th  Infantry 

Bernhard,  Isidor 

A 

62nd  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


241 


Name 


Rank. 


Company. 


Regiment. 


Baach, Jacob 


Corporal       F     62nd  Infantry 

(Anderson's  Zouaves) 
Wounded  at  Fredericksburg  and  at  the  Wilderness. 


Berliner,  Solomon 

K 

62nd  Infantry 

Bacharach,  Max. 

D 

63d  Infantry 

Barnett,  Morris 

66th  Infantry 

Bamberger,  Joseph 

K 

66th  Infantry 

BlRNBAUM,   ADOLPH 

Lieutenant 

68th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Gottlieb 

K 

68th  Infantry 

Brunn,  Jacob 

Captain 

E 

70th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Williamsburg. 

Behrend,  A. 

72nd  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Isaac,  Jr. 

B 

75th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Isaac 

B 

78th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Oscar  A. 

I 

81st  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Henry 

C 

87  th  Infantry 

Barnett,  Isaac 

90th  Infantry 

Severely  wounded. 

Buxbaum,  Julius 

D 

91st  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Daniel  H. 

E 

92nd  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Daniel 

A 

93d  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Joel 

A 

93d  Infantry 

Bash,  J. 

98th  Infantry 

Barnhart,  Benjamin 

98th  Infantry 

Bloomingdale,  Alexander 

C 

102nd  Infantry 

Baer,  Leopold 

C 

103d  Infantry 

Berliner,  Meier 

Sergeant 

F 

103d  Infantry 

Berkenmeyer,  A. 

G 

103d  Infantry 

Bear,  Frank 

Sergeant 

G 

110th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Joseph  W 

H 

117th  Infantry 

Behrens,  L. 

119th  Infantry 

Bachman,  Adolph 

H 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

Bloomington,  Kmil 

K 

1 19th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Frank  L. 

F 

121st  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Elisha 

B 

124th  Infantry 

Bloomingdale,  Joseph 

D 

125th  Infantry 

Bachman,  Jacob  H. 

16 

Corporal 

I 

126th  Infantry 

242 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                               Rank.               Company, 

Regiment. 

Benjamin,  Marcus 

K 

126th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  A. 

Lieutenant 

D 

131st  Infantry 

Killed  at  Port  Hudson. 

Blum,  Abraham 

A 

132nd  Infantry 

Behrens,  Joseph 

135th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  David 

K 

138th  Infantry 

Bernhard,  Herman 

C 

143d  Infantry 

Baer,  Frank 

Lieutenant 

G 

147th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Bronner,  Samuel 

Lieutenant 

A 

149th  Infantry 

Bamberg,  Frederick 

C 

178th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  David 

C 

179th  Infantry 

Bachman,  Jacob 

E 

187th  Infantry 

Bernard,  Joseph  E. 

I 

1 88th  Infantry 

Bernheim,  Julius 

K 

ist  Independent 

Blum,  Jacob 

K 

5th  S.  V. 

Behr,  Isaac 

F 

7th  S.  V. 

Berliner,  Siegmund  M. 

I.,  ist  Lieutenant 

17th  S. 

V.  re-organized 

Bernstein,  Morris 

F 

22nd  S.  M. 

Bachman,  Joseph 

Corporal 

G 

ist  Cavalry 

Berliner,  Emil 

I 

1st  Cavalry 

Behrend,  Moritz     Battalion  Quartermaster 

4th  Cavalry 

Bauer,  Moritz 

M 

4th  Cavalry 

Blank,  Simon 

H 

6th  Cavalry 

Bachman,  Frederick 

H 

8th  Cavalry 

Berkowitz,  Leon 

B 

13th  Cavalry 

Berkowitz,  Isidor 

Corporal 

D 

13th  Cavalry 

BloomingdalE,  David 

D 

2  ist  Cavalry 

Bachman,  Frederick 

F 

22nd  Cavalry 

Blum,  E. 

25th  Cavalry 

Baer,  Jacob 

I 

ist  Artillery 

Bernhard,  Simon 

K 

13th  Artillery 

Blankenberger,  A. 

K 

15th  Artillery 

Benjamin,  Aaron 

H 

1 6th  Artillery 

Benjamin,  Ferdinand 

B 

Marine  Artillery 

Behrens,  August 

2nd  Independent  Artillery 

Brill,  Joseph 

25th  Indep 

•endent  Artillery 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  243 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 


Baer,  Simon 
Bendell,  Herman 


30th  Independent  Artillery 
Assistant  Surgeon  "|  6th  Heavy  Artillery 
Surgeon  J  86th  Infantry 

Brevetted    Lieutenant- Colonel    for    meritorious    and 
honorable    conduct;     afterwards    Superintendent    of 
Indian  affairs  for  Arizona. 
Brun,  Samuel 


Calish,  Arnold  H.  I 

Cohen,  Henry  E.  Corporal  H 

Cohen,  Herman  K 

Corpel,  Benjamin  K 

Cohn,  Albert 

Cohen,  Lewis  H 

Cohen,  Isaac  H 

Cohen,  Thomas  G 

Canter,  Leon  A.  1 

Captured  at  Harper's   Ferry;  exchanged 

after  being   discharged  at   expiration  of 

21,  1862 — July  20,  1863). 
Cohen,  Samuel 

Conheim,  Julius  D 

Chapman,  Harris  A.  A 

Coleman,  F. 

Cohen,  Harris  C 

Czamanski,  Julius  C 

Cohen,  David  B 

Cohen,  Isidor  A 

Killed  at  Gettysburg. 
Cohn,  Isaac  A 

Cohn,  Isidor  K 

Killed  at  Gettysburg. 
Cohen, Jacob 

Corporal 


Cohen,  Julius 
Cohen, John 
Cohen,  Abraham 
Cohen,  Joseph 


F 
F 

C 
I 
B 


1st  Infantry 

5th  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 

10th  Infantry 

1  ith  Infantry 

2th  State  Militia 

;  re-enlisted 

term  (May 

20th  Infantry 
20th  Infantry 
24th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
31st  Infantry 
31st  Infantry 
39th  Infantry 
41st  Infantry 

41st  Infantry 
45th  Infantry 

52nd  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
62nd  Infantry 
62nd  Infantry 
68th  Infantry 


244  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Cohen,  Louis  B  68th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Abraham  Captain  E  68th  Infantry 

Entered  as  a  Private;  for  his  soldier-like  qualities, 
strict  discipline  and  gallantry  on  the  battle-field  was 
promoted  in  quick  succession  to  Corporal,  Sergeant, 
Sergeant-Major,  2d  Lieutenant,  1st  Lieutenant,  and 
Captain  of  Company  E,  acting  part  of  the  time  as 
Regimental  Adjutant. 

Besides  participating  in  many  skirmishes  Captain 
Cohen  took  part  in  the  battles  at  Cross  Keys,  Port  Re- 
public, Rappahannock  Station,  White  Sulphur  Springs, 
Slaughter  Mountain,  Manassas,  Bull  Run  andChantilly. 
Being  disqualified  for  further  active  duty  he  was 
honorably  discharged,  as  shown  by  the  annexed 
official  order: 

Headquarters  of  the  Army, 
Adjutant-General's  Office, 

Washington,  December  23,  1862. 
Special  Order  No.  408. 

The   following   officer   is    honorably    discharged    from   the 
military  service  of  the  United  States  on  account  of  disability: 
Captain  A.   Cohen,   Company  E,   68th  New  York  Volunteers. 
By  command  Major-General  Halleck, 

(Signed)  E.  D.  Townsend, 

Assistant  Adjutant- General. 

Headquarters  near  Stafford,  C.   H. 

February  11,  1863. 
I  hereby  certify  that  I  have  known  Captain  Cohen  as  acting 
Adjutanl  and  subsequently  as  Captain  in  the  68th  Regiment, 
New  York  Volunteers,  and  that  I  have  known  him  to  be  an 
efficient  officer,  while- the  68th  Regiment  was  under  my  com- 
mand; I  recollect  that  his  name  was  favorably  mentioned  in 
connection  with  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  August  30,  1862. 

(Signed)  W.   Krzyzanowski, 

Colonel  Commanding  2nd   Brigade,  3d   Division,  nth   Corps. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


245 


Headquarters  3d  Division,  iith  Corps, 

February  11,  1863. 
From  the  reports  that  have  reached  me,  I  take  pleasure  in 
certifying  to  Captain  Cohen's  efficiency  as  an  officer  and  his 
good  conduct  in  action.' 

(Signed)  C.  Schurz, 

Brigadier-General,  Commanding  3d  Division,  nth  Corps. 

Headquarters  1st  Division,  iith  Corps, 

Stafford,  C.  H.,  February  12,  1863. 
I  take  pleasure   in  stating  to    all    concerned   that    Captain 
Cohen  is  a  very  efficient  officer  and  has  conducted  himself  in 
action  bravely.  » 

(Signed)  Julius  Stahel, 

Brigadier-General,  Commanding  1st  Division,  nth  Corps. 

Name.  Hank. 

Cohf:n,  Moses 
Cohen,  Leopold 

Cohen, 

Cornelius,  Abraham 

Cornelius,  Jacob 

Cohen,  David 

Cornelius,  David 

Cohn,  Max 

Cohn,  William 

Cohen,  Lewis 

Cohen,  Philip,  Jr. 

Cohn,  Isaac  Captain 

Cohen,  Coleman 

Coleman,  Samuel 

Cohn,  Henry 

Cohn,  Joseph 

Cohen,  Simon 

Cohen,  Louis 

Cohnheim,  Max  (the  author)      Capt 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 
Caspar, B 


Company. 

Regiment. 

B 

73d  Infantry 

A 

102nd  Infantry 

E 

1 1 3th  Infantry 

G 

125th  Infantry 

E 

127th  Infantry 

B 

131st  Infantry 

F 

134th  Infantry 

F 

163d  Infantry 

E 

173d  Infantry 

E 

174th  Infantry 

193d  Infantry 

8th  S.  V. 

B 

13th  S.  M. 

B 

7th  Cavalry 

A 

1 8th  Cavalry 

G 

5th  Artillery 

E 

7th  Artillery 

G 

1 6th  Artillery 

ain 

41st  Infantry 

Cohen,  Moses  S. 


1  st  Independent  Battery 
2nd  Fire  Zouaves 


246 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Davis,  Samuel 

H 

i  st  Infantry 

Davis,  David 

H 

i  st  Infantry 

Davis,  Charles 

F 

3d  Infantry 

Davis,  Benjamin 

D 

4th  Infantry 

David,  Simpson 

D 

5th  Infantry 

Davis,  David  P. 

F 

5th  Infantry 

Davis,  Henry 

D 

6th  Infantry 

Davis,  Gomperts 

K 

6th  Infantry 

Dampf,  Meier 

7th  Infantry 

Dantziger, 

H 

7th  Infantry 

Died  from  wounds  received  at  Fredericksburg. 

Davis,  G.  D.         (    Lieutenant 

I 

7th  Infantry 

Dampf,  Moritz 

8th  Infantry 

David,  Moritz         Corporal 

E 

8th  Infantry 

Davison,  Gustav 

K 

8th  Infantry 

Dreyfus,  Gustav 

A 

9th  Infantry 

Davis,  David 

H 

9th  Infantry 

Davis,  David  M. 

A 

10th  Infantry 

Deutsch,  J. 

A 

nth  Infantry 

Davidson,  Jesse 

K 

13th  Infantry 

Davidson,  Edmond 

K 

1 3th  Infantry 

David,  B.  Moritz 

17th  Infantry 

Davis,  Joseph 

D 

1 8th  Infantry 

Dryfus,  Charles 

A 

20th  Infantry 

Davidson,  Alfred 

C 

22nd  Infantry 

Davis,  Benjamim 

C 

24th  Infantry 

Davis,  Oscar  C. 

B 

26th  Infantry 

Davidson,  William 

B 

26th  Infantry 

Davis,  Eugene  M. 

Sergeant 

C 

27th  Infantry 

Davis,  Joseph  L. 

F 

27th  Infantry 

Davis,  Samuel 

C 

28th  Infantry 

Davis,  Joseph 

E 

28th  Infantry 

Davis,  Joshua  C. 

E 

28th  Infantry 

Davis,  Samuel  H. 

K 

28th  Infantry 

Dondorf,  Edward 

A 

29th  Infantry 

Davids,  Samuel 

A 

34th  Infantry 

Davis,  L.  H. 

Lieutenant 

35th  Infantry 

Davis,  Isaac  H. 

H 

38th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


247 


Name. 

Rank. 

COMPANY. 

Rkgimknt. 

Davls,  Isaac 

H 

38th  Infantry 

Dkrndingkr,  Leo 

Lieutenant 

39th  Infantry 

David,  Emile 

Corporal 

K 

39th  Infantry 

Davison,  Gust  a  v 

D 

41st  Infantry 

Davis,  Henry 

G 

42  nd  Infantry 

Davidson,  Samuel 

Lieutenant 

I 

43d  Infantry 

Davis,  Alexander 

C 

44th  Infantry 

Davis,  Lewis  W. 

C 

44th  Infantry 

Dessauer,  Fr.  A. 

Captain 

45th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant  on  General  Howard's  staff; 

killed  in  action. 

Davidson,  David  C. 

A 

51st  Infantry 

Davidson,  Charles 

D 

53d  Infantry 

Dreyfus,  Henry 

K 

54th  Infantry 

Davis,  David  C. 

D 

56th  Infantry 

Davis,  Moses 

K 

56th  Infantry 

Davidson,  Samuel 

B 

59th  Infantry 

Davidmeyer,  Lewin 

A 

68th  Infantry 

Davis,  Reuben 

H 

80th  Infantry 

Davis,  David  A. 

G 

81st  Infantry 

Dryfus,  Emanuel 

Sergeant 

C 

83d  Infantry 

Davis,  Frank 

E 

87th  Infantry 

Davis,  Moses 

H 

89th  Infantry 

De  Wolf,  D.  C. 

F 

94th  Infantry 

Davis,  David 

I 

95th  Infantry 

Davis,  David 

F 

98th  Infantry 

Davis,  Joseph 

I 

102  nd  Infantry 

Davis,  Abraham 

C 

105th  Infantry 

Davis,  Julius 

G 

1  iotli  Infantry 

Davis,  David 

G 

1  nth  Infantry 

Davis,  Abraham  L. 

G 

1 15th  Infantry 

Davis,  Abraham  A. 

B 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

David,  Reuben 

C 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Davis,  Israel 

F 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

Davis,  Daniel 

A 

120th  Infantry 

Davis,  David 

A 

120th  Infantry 

Davis,  Isaac 

A 

1 20th  Infantry 

Davis,  Simeon 

C 

120th  Infantry 

248 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Hank. 

Company.             Regiment. 

Davis,  Simeon  J. 

c 

120th  Infantry 

Davidson,  D. 

Corporal 

121st  Infantry 

Dryfus,  Joachim 

Sergeant 

D 

127th  Infantry 

Davis,  Benjamin 

A 

129th  Infantry 

Davis,  Levi  C. 

I 

130th  Infantry 

Davidson,  Morris 

Adjutant 

K 

f    130th  Infantry 
1  176th  Infantry. 

Lieutenant  and  Brevet  Captain 

Davidson,  Morris  M., 

K 

f  131st  Infantry 
1  176th  Infantry 

Quartermaster 

Davis,  Emanuel 

K 

137th  Infantry 

Davis,  Bzekiah 

Corporal 

E 

144th  Infantry 

Davis,  Joseph  A. 

Lieutenant 

149th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chancellorsville. 

Daniels,  Joshua 

F 

150th  Infantry 

Danielson,  William  E. 

A 

151st  Infantry 

Davis,  Abraham 

D 

153d  Infantry 

Davis,  Isaac  L. 

D 

156th  Infantry 

Davidson,  Joseph  B. 

C 

161st  Infantry 

Davis,  Aaron  B. 

C 

169th  Infantry 

Davis,  Nathan  M. 

D 

175th  Infantry 

Durst,  Joseph 

K 

177th  Infantry 

De  Wolf,  Moses 

H 

184th  Infantry 

Davis,  David  J. 

C 

185th  Infantry 

Davis,  Benjamin 

c 

189th  Infantry 

Davidson,  David  B. 

II 

8th  S.  V. 

Davis,  Abraham 

L 

3d  Cavalry 

Davidson,  Solomon 

F 

6th  Cavalry 

Davison,  Alexander 

B 

1 2  th  Cavalry 

David,  Samuel 

F 

13th  Cavalry 

David,  Samuel 

Lieutenant 

F 

25th  Cavalry 

Davis,  Eugene  M. 

A 

1  st  Net.  Cavalry 

Davis,  Benjamin 

E 

1st  Net.  Cavalry 

Davis,  Simon 

H 

1  st  Mounted  Rifles 

Davis,  Isaac 

Sergeant 

C 

2nd  Artillery 

De  Silva,  Henry 

B 

4th  Artillery 

De  Silva,  Homer 

B 

4th  Artillery 

Davis,  Abraham 

K 

7th  Artillery 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


249 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Dk  Souza,  W.  H. 

B 

15th  Artillery 

Dauzer,  Carl 

30th  Battery 

Killed  at  Gaines' 

Mill. 

Eckstein,  Samuel 

G 

1st  Infantry 

Esau,  Ferdinand 

E 

5th  Infantry 

Eichberg,  James  T. 

B 

6th  Infantry 

Elsna,  Carl 

C 

7th  Infantry 

Eppenstein,  Carl 

F 

8th  Infantry 

Elsner,  Charles  F. 

i  st  Lieutenant 

29th  Infantry 

Eisner,  Gustav 

I 

29th  Infantry 

Engel,  Herman 

F 

39th  Infantry 

Ehrlich,  Herman 

H 

39th  Infantry 

Eckstein,  David 

Corporal 

B 

41st  Infantry 

Engel,  Moritz 

I 

41st  Infantry 

Enoch,  Leopold 

I 

41st  Infantry 

Eiseman,  Louis 

Corporal 

C 

46th  Infantry 

Engel,  Joseph 

C 

46th  Infantry 

Elias,  Benjamin 

E 

54th  Infantry 

Engel,  Gilbert 

61st  Infantry 

Elk  an,  S. 

62nd  Infantry 

Emanuel,  Ullman 

E 

66th  Infantry 

Elsas,  Jacob 

H 

68th  Infantry 

Ettinger,  Joseph 

A 

70th  Infantry 

Ellis,  Daniel 

C 

94th  Infantry 

Ellis,  Isaac 

c 

94th  Infantry 

Eisman,  Felix 

F 

100th  Infantry 

Epstein,  David 

C 

131st  Infantry 

Engel,  Adolph 

B 

185th  Infantry 

Engel,  Herman 

Sergeant 

C 

7th  S.  V. 

Ellinger,  Adolph 

C 

7th  S.  V. 

Ephraim  Morris 

Sergeant 

H 

47th  S.  M. 

Engel,  Albert 

Corporal 

C 

13th  Cavalry 

Ellinger,  Charles 

D 

1 8th  Cavalry 

Erlanger,  Martin 

30th  Independent  Artillery 

Fult,  Louis 

G 

1st  Infantry 

Friedenberg,  James 

A. 

A 

1st  Infantry 

Friedberg,  Alfred 

Ensign 

I 

1st  Infantry 

250 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                               Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Frankfurter,  Benjamin  E. 

D 

5th  Infantry 

Frank,  Emil 

E 

5th  Infantry 

Frank,  August 

C 

6th  Infantry 

Freund,  August 

C 

6th  Infantry 

Frank,  Louis 

B 

7th  Infantry 

Frank, Jacob 

B 

7th  Infantry 

Feder,  Max 

E 

7th  Infantry 

Falkenberg,  Herman 

E 

7th  Infantry 

Fischer,  P.  J. 

E 

7th  Infantry 

Friedman,  Albert         Sergeant 

D 

8th  Infantry 

Frankenstein,  L. 

8th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Fredericksburg. 

Frohbach,  A. 

8th  Infantry 

Frohbach,  Gustav 

I 

8th  Infantry 

Frohbach,  Herman 

I 

8th  Infantry 

Friedenthal,  Abraham     Sergeant 

A 

1 2th  Infantry 

Fix,  Max                         Sergeant 

B 

1 2th  Infantry 

Felsenheimer,  Martin 

B 

i 2th  Infantry 

Frankenstein,  Philip 

20th  Infantry 

Fued,  Moses 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Lost  an  arm  in  action. 

Featto,  Harris 

A 

24th  Infantry 

Friedenberg,  Wileiam 

H 

24th  Infantry 

Frank,  Henry 

B 

26th  Infantry 

Frank,  Julius 

D 

29th  Infantry 

Frankel,  Louis          Sergeant 

F 

29th  Infantry 

Freund,  Louis             Captain 

G 

29th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Frank,  Louis             Lieutenant 

29th  Infantry 

Fleischman,   William 

G 

29th  Infantry 

Frankel,  Herman         Corporal 

C 

31st  Infantry 

Promoted  from  private. 

Frankenberg,  Julius 

C 

31st  Infantry 

Freudenthal,  David 

c 

31st  Infantry 

Freeman,  Joseph         Sergeant 

G 

35th  Infantry 

Fredenberg,  David 

35th  Infantry 

Fredenberg,  J. 

35th  Infantry 

Freudenberg,  Alexander 

E 

39th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


251 


Na.mk.                                 Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Freeman,  Simon 

c 

40th  Infantry 

Freeman,  Simon 

E 

40th  Infantry 

Fleischman,  Oscar         Captain 

A 

41st  Infantry 

Promoted  from  private. 

Freund,  Joseph  • 

B 

41st  Infantry 

Frank,  Joachim  J. 

K 

41st  Infantry 

Frank, Jacob 

C 

46th  Infantry 

Fleischman,  Carl 

F 

46th  Infantry 

Fleischman,  Joseph 

I 

46th  Infantry 

Falk,  Joseph 

B 

49th  Infantry 

Friedenfeld,  Charles 

C 

49th  Infantry 

Friedenberg,  Henry 

c 

49th  Infantry 

Frikdenberg,  Abraham 

K 

50th  Infantry 

Frank,  William         Lieutenant 

A 

52  nd  Infantry 

Frank,  Emil           Lieutenant 

A 

52nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Friedenberg,  David 

C 

52nd  Infantry 

Friedenberg,  Adolph     Captain 

E 

54th  Infantry 

Fleischman,  August 

H 

54th  Infantry 

Freund,  Bernard 

H 

54th  Infantry 

Freudenberger,  L. 

55th  Infantry 

Frank, Jacob 

K 

57th  Infantry 

Friedlander,  Gottlieb     Captain 

C 

58th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  private. 

Fleischer,  Julius            Lieutenant 

D 

58th  Infantry 

Freeman,  Henry 

65th  Infantry 

Feder,  Henry         -\   (Three  brothers) 

66th  Infantry 

Feder,  Abraham      >      Sergeant 
Feder,  Adolph        )      Corporal 

C 

66th  Infantry 

C 

66th  Infantry 

Fischer, Lieutenant 

K 

66th  Infantry 

Friedenberg,  Nathan 

E 

66th  Infantry 

Falk, Jacob 

C 

68th  Infantry 

Franke,  Herman 

I 

68th  Infantry 

Franke,  Julius 

F 

68th  Infantry 

Feldstein,  Theodore     Captain 

I 

68th  Infantry 

Frank,  Gottlieb 

K 

68th  Infantry 

Franz,  Eli 

68th  Infantry 

Fraenkel,  Moses 

A 

72nd  Infantry 

252 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank.                 Co 

MIWNY. 

Regiment. 

Friedman,  William 

B 

73d  Infantry 

Frankenberg,  William 

83d  Infantry 

Friedenthal,  R. 

91st  Infantry 

Firth,  Isaac 

E 

91st  Infantry 

Frankfurter,  Abraham 

E     . 

91st  Infantry 

Friedman,  Jacob 

A 

100th  Infantry 

Frank,  C.  P. 

E 

100th  Infantry 

Frank,  Julius             Lieutenant 

A 

103d  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 

Falk,  Joseph 

E 

103d  Infantry 

Freund,  Heinrich 

D 

119th  Infantry 

Frankel,  Jacob 

K 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

Friedlander,  Max 

Lieutenant 

122nd  Infantry 

Fix,  Julius 

E 

122nd  Infantry 

Friedenberg,  Morris 

G 

128th  Infantry 

Friedman,  Henry 

Corporal 

G 

131st  Infantry 

Freedman,  Daniel 

Corporal 

B 

143d  Infantry 

Frank,  David 

Corporal 

G 

154th  Infantry 

Frank,  Mosf;s 

F 

160th  Infantry 

Flatte,  Harris 

Franklin,  Marcus 

178th  Infantry 

Friedenthal,  Frederick 

K 

178th  Infantry 

Frankel,  Friedrich 

Captain 

187th  Infantry 

Ferdinandson,  Julius 

i       Lieutenant 

191st  Infantry 

Freund,  Joseph          2 

nd  Lieutenant 

C 

1st  Independent 

Promoted  from  private. 

Friedman,  Philip 

K 

5th  S.  V. 

Friedman,  Joseph 

B 

7th  S.  V. 

Friedlander,  David 

Major 

25th  S.  M. 

Friedenthal,  Jacob 

Captain 

A 

25th  S.  M. 

Freeman,  Benjamin- 

G 

71st  S.  M. 

Freeman,  Charles 

K 

71st  S.  M. 

Freeman,  Abraham 

D 

2nd  Cavalry 

Frank,  Gustav 

M 

4th  Cavalry 

Frankenberger,  H. 

7  th  Cavalry 

Freund, Jacob 

B 

8th  Cavalry 

Friend,  Frank 

E 

13th  Cavalry 

Friend,  Isaac  B. 

B 

13th  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


253 


Name.  Rank. 

Frank,  Leopold 
Frank,  Leopold 
Frank,  Lewis 
Friedman,  Heinrich 
Falk, Jacob 
Fleischman,  Gustav 
Frank,  Emil 
Frank,  Joseph 
Felleman,  William  M. 
Falk, Jacob 
Fleck,  C.  C. 
Freund,  Max. 

Gans,  Albert 
Gumprecht,  David 
Gottwalt,  Herman 
Glaubenksly,  T.  G.         Adjutant 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 
Gutman,  Henry 
Gumprecht,  Henry 

Wounded  at  Fredericksburg. 
Gumprecht,  Julius 

Killed  at  Fredericksburg. 

Gottlieb,  Julius 
Goldsmith,  Lewis 
Goldsmith,  Isaac 
Greenwall,  Philip 
Greenfield,  Albert 
Greenfield,  Charles 
Grunewald,  Friedrich 
Grunthal,  Edward 
Grunewald,  Gustav 
Goldfisch,  Adam 
Greenffld,  Morris 
Goodman,  Levi 

Gans,  August  Sergeant 

Gottschalk,  Michael  G. 
Gottlieb,  Henry  E.  Captain 


COMPAN 

r.             Reg  1  mk  nt. 

G 

1 8th  Cavalry 

I      i 

st  Mounted  Rifles 

L 

2nd  Artillery 

13th  Artillery 

E 

14th  Artillery 

E 

15th  Artillery 

F 

15th  Artillery 

F 

Marine  Artillery 

G 

1st  Battery 

3th  Independent  Artillery 

30th  Battery 

30th  Battery 

H 

6th  Infantry 

K 

6th  Infantry 

A 

7th  Infantry 

7th  Infantry 

B 

7th  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 

E 

8th  Infantry 

C 

9th  Infantry 

I 

1  ith  Infantry 

1 2th  Infantry 

K 

19th  Infantry 

K 

19th  Infantry 

20th  Infantry 

I 

29th  Infantry 

I 

29th  Infantry 

C 

31st  Infantry 

H 

31st  Infantry 

A 

33d  Infantry 

C 

38th  Infantry 

D 

39th  Infantry 

40th  Infantry 

254 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 


Rank. 


Company. 

G 


Regiment, 


39th  Infantry 

40th  Infantry 

42nd  InfantrjT 


Gans,  Jacob 

Goldberg,  Samuel 

Gotthold,  Isaac  N.  Captain 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Mr.  Gotthold  was  a  gifted  actor,  whose  impersona- 
tions of  leading  characters  won  for  him  high  favor, 
and  demonstrated  his  superior  histrionic  abilities. 


Grunbaum, John 

K 

45th  Infantry 

GOLDMAN,   FrIEDERICH 

H 

46th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Abraham 

I 

47th  Infantry 

GOLDSCHMIDT,  JULIUS 

F 

49th  Infantry 

Greenwalt,  Joseph 

50th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Carl 

I 

52nd  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Iy. 

G 

54th  Infantry 

Goldvogel,  Alexander 

C 

55th  Infantry 

Goodman,  Henry 

K 

56th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Charles 

K 

56th  Infantry 

Goodman,  Benjamin           Captain 

B 

77th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  private. 

Goodman,  Albert 

B 

57th  Infantry 

Gosline,  Henry  S.                         Colonel  Pinckney's  Regiment 

Goldman,  August 

E 

58th  Infantry 

Goldman,  William 

E 

58th  Infantry 

Gans,  Bmil 

A 

68th  Infantry 

Gotthold,  August 

G 

68th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  A. 

F 

70th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Leopold 

C 

71st  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  H. 

80th  Infantry 

Goodman,  H.  J. 

C 

82nd  Infantry 

Goodman,  Samuel  G. 

H 

93d  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  William 

F 

94th  Infantry 

Greenfeld,  David 

F 

97th  Infantry 

Greenhut,  S. 

100th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chancellorsville. 

Guggenheim,  J. 

100th  Infantry 

Killed  in  attack  on  Morris  Island. 

Goodman,  Henr^  S. 

A 

1  ooth  Infantry 

Goldstein,  Philip 

F 

103d  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


255 


Name.            Rank.  Company. 

Green,  S. 

Gottschalk,  Jacob  K 

Gans,  Louis  H 

Green,  Benjamin  H.  E 

Green,  Solomon  D 

Goldsmith,  Joseph  W.  H 

Goodman,  Joseph  H 

Gotthelf,  Jacob  F 

Green walt,  Harris  K 

Greenwat,  Marcus  K 

Green,  Oscar  G 

Goldsmith,  Henry  B 

Gans,  Isaac  A 

Gans,  Frederick  B 

Goldsmith,  Abraham  A 

Goldsmith,  G.  B.         Corporal  A 

Goldsmith,  J.  W.         Sergeant  C 

Goldsmith,  M.  C 

Goldstein,  A.  M 

Green,  David  H 

Goldsmith,  S.  F 

Gottlieb,  Ludwig         Corporal  K 

Goldsmith,  William  E 

Glaser,  Adolph  K 
Killed  in  Virginia. 

Gumpel,  Samuel  C 
Green,  Moses  S.        Captain 


Regiment. 

107th  Infantry 

115th  Infantry 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

125th  Infantry 

126th  Infantry 

127th  Infantry 

131st  Infantry 

146th  Infantry 

152nd  Infantry 

152nd  Infantry 

153d  Infantry 

164th  Infantry 

175th  Infantry 

185th  Infantry 

1st  Independent 

22nd  S.  M. 

22nd  S.  M. 

2nd  Cavalry 

6th  Cavalry 

1 1  th  Cavalry 

1 8th  Cavalry 

1  st  Artillery 

1 6th  Artillery 

15th  Artillery 

15th  Artillery 
15th  Engineers 


Haas,  Philip               ,  1st  Infantry 

Harris,  Jacob  A  2nd  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Andrew  K  2nd  Infantry 

Heyman  Philip  D  4th  Infantry 

HESS,  Charles  G  4th  Infantry 

Hart,  David  H.         Sergeant  F  5th  Infantry 

Heyman,  Nathan  F  6th  Infantry 

Hirschson,  Edmund  B  7th  Infantry 

HESS,  Friedrich  B  7th  Infantry 

Heimberger,  Charles  Lieutenant  7th  Infantry 


256 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Namk. 

Rank                    i 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Hartzheim,  Charles 

D 

7th  Infantry 

Heimburg,  Julius 

Captain 

7th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 

Heller,  Friedrich 

D 

7th  Infantry 

Hochheim,  Louis 

Captain 

F 

7th  Infantry 

Haas,  Leonard  J. 

7th  Infantry 

Herzberg,  Albert 

Lieutenant 

C 

8th  Infantry 

Herzfeld,    Joseph 

E 

8th  Infantry 

Heineman,  Theodore 

E 

8th  Infantry 

Hoffman,  Jacob 

H 

8th  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Julius 

I 

8th  Infantry 

Hart,  Joseph  A.     Drum  Major 

9th  Infantry 

Hays,  Jacob 

C 

9th  Infantry 

Harris,  Joseph 

B 

10th  Infantry 

Harris,  Daniel 

K 

nth  Infantry 

Hersch,  J.  S.            Corporal 

G 

13th  Infantry 

Harris,  Louis 

A 

14th  Infantry 

Hesse,  Adolph 

C 

14th  Infantry 

Hays,  Michael 

E 

15th  Infantry 

Harris,  David 

E 

1 6th  Infantry 

Harris,  Joseph 

E 

17th  Infantry 

Harris,  David 

K 

1 8th  Infantry 

Hoym,  Otto            Captain 

20th  Infantry 

Hoffman,  L. 

20th  Infantry 

Herrman,  August 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Herrman,  William 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Heineman,  Charles 

D 

20th  Infantry 

Heineman,  Henry 

F 

20th  Infantry 

Hess,  Jacob 

K 

20th  Infantry 

Lost  an  arm  at  Chancellorsville. 

Harris,  Charles 

G 

23d  Infantry 

Harrison,  Samuel 

A 

24th  Infantry 

Lost  a  leg  at  the  Battle  of  New  Hope  Church. 

Hart,  Benjamin  B. 

H 

24th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Henry 

Corporal 

C 

25th  Infantry 

Harris,  Israel 

Corporal 

E 

25th  Infantry 

Hamburger,  Simon 

I 

25th  Infantry 

Harris,  Isaac 

K 

27th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


257 


Name.                              Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Herrman,  Jacob 

G 

28th  Infantry 

Hahn,  Jacob 

B 

29th  Infantry 

Hukbsch,  Charles 

H 

29th  Infantry 

Hirschbkrg,  Charles 

A 

31st  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Morris 

C 

31st  Infantry 

Hoffman,  Louis 

D 

31st  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Jacob 

E 

31st  Infantry 

Hahn,  Joseph             Sergeant 

F 

31st  Infantry 

Hahn,  Ferdinand 

G 

31st  Infantry 

Hahn,  George 

G 

31st  Infantry 

Heiman,  Henry 

G 

31st  Infantry 

Hart,  David 

B 

33d  Infantry 

Hoofman,  Eugene 

F 

34th  Infantry 

Hayman,  Samuel              Colonel 

B 

37th  Infantry 

Hess,  Adolph 

A 

39th  Infantry 

Hochheimer,  Carl 

B 

39th  Infantry 

Heine,  Louis 

H 

39th  Infantry 

Hahn,  Charles 

39th  Infantry 

Herzog,  Louis 

K 

39th  Infantry 

Hirschfeld,  Herman      Surgeon 

B 

41st  Infantry 

Hirschfeld,  Ernst     Lieutenant 

C 

41st  Infantry 

Herz,  Jacob 

C 

41st  Infantry 

Hirsch,  George 

C 

41st  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Jacob 

E 

41st  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Seligman 

I 

41st  Infantry 

Hart,  Samuel 

F 

43d  Infantry 

Hays,  Joel 

C 

44th  Infantry 

Hays,  Nathaniel 

C 

44th  Infantry 

Harris,  David  S. 

K 

44th  Infantry 

Hahn,  P. 

45th  Infantry 

Heineman,  C. 

B 

45th  Infantry 

Hess,  Henry 

F 

45th  Infantry 

Heineman,  William 

G 

45th  Infantry 

Hahn,  Carl 

B 

46th  Infantry 

Hahn,  Carl  Moritz 

G 

46th  Infantry 

Hahn,  August 

K 

47th  Infantry 

HAys,  Michael 

17 

B 

48th  Infantry 

258 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank.                  Company. 

Regiment. 

Her'rman,  Jacob 

E 

49th  Infantry 

Hammerslaugh,  Samuel 

A 

54th  Infantry 

Hammerslaugh,  Simon 

r 

A 

54th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Chancellors ville. 

Heineman,  Gottlieb 

C 

54th  Infantry 

Herschfeld,  Charles 

E 

54th  Infantry 

Heineman,  Heinrich 

F 

54th  Infantry 

Hertz,  Alexander 

F 

54th  Infantry 

Hirschfeld,  Herman 

K 

54th  Infantry 

Hottheimer,  Henry 

54th  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

Harris,  Isaac  C. 

F 

56th  Infantry 

Harris,  Joseph 

F 

56th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Ferdinand 

Captain 

D 

58th  Infantry 

Herzberg,  Adolf 

C 

59th  Infantry 

Herschfeld,  Elias 

I 

59th  Infantry 

Herschfeld,  Jacob 

I 

59th  Infantry 

Hart,  David  E. 

A 

60th  Infantry 

Hartfeld, 

62nd  Infantry 

Hirschberg,  David 

F 

62nd  Infantry 

Herzberg,  Friedrich 

Lieutenant 

A 

66th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Hockster,  Mayer 

66th  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Julius 

C 

66th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Simon 

Sergeant 

K 

66th  Infantry 

Hess,  Jacob 

K 

66th  Infantry 

Harris,  Levi 

H 

67th  Infantry 

Herzberg,  Rudolf 

D 

68th  Infantry 

Hays,  Samuel 

E 

70th  Infantry 

Hess,  Jacob             Sergeant 

71st  Infantry 

Color  Sergeant  and 

Commissary. 

Hess,  Morris 

F 

71st  Infantry 

Harris,  Frank             Corporal 

G 

77th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Alexander 

H.  Sergeant 

C 

80th  Infantry 

Houseman,  N. 

83d  Infantry 

Hays,  Jacob 

C 

83d  Infantry 

Hart,  Lewis 

A 

86th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLD  I  EH  AND  CITIZEN. 


259 


N  A  M  K.                                          ] 

iANK.                   Company. 

Regimkxt. 

Hkrrman,  William 

C 

86th  Infantry 

Hamburger,  Simpson 

Captain 

D 

91st  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Hart,  Alexander 

D 

91st  Infantry 

Harris,  Joseph  A. 

H 

95th  Infantry 

Hays,  Oscar  A. 

G 

97th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Louis 

Sergeant 

H 

97th  Infantry 

Hecht,  Benjamin 

Captain 

B 

98th  Infantry 

Heilbrun,  Philip 

1  ooth  Infantry 

Hess,  Joseph 

C 

1 01  st  Infantry 

Hays,  Abram 

D 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Hart,  Joel 

G 

1 1 3th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Jacob 

I 

123d  Infantry 

Hirschler,  Nathaniel 

124th  Infantry 

Hays,  Daniel 

A 

127th  Infantry 

Heineman,  Oscar 

A 

132nd  Infantry 

Hp;ineman,  Charles  H. 

A 

134th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Daniel 

E 

136th  Infantry 

Hart,  B. 

139th  Infantry 

Haller,  Jacob 

140th  Infantry 

Hays,  Joseph 

Lieutenant 

142nd  Infantry 

Hess,  Joseph 

A 

144th  Infantry 

Heinsfurter,  Joseph 

149th  Infantry 

Hyams,  Jacob 

A 

149th  Infantry 

Harris,  Chapman  A. 

A 

149th  Infantry 

Hays,  Henry 

E 

149th  Infantry 

Hays,  Daniel 

E 

149th  Infantry 

Hays,  Sidney 

K 

151st  Infantry 

Hays,  Benjamin  E. 

H 

10th  Zouaves 

Heyman,  R.  B. 

Corporal 

A 

153d  Infantry 

Harrison,  Henry 

K 

158th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Alexander 

C 

162nd  Infantry 

Hahn,  Louis 

C 

163d  Infantry 

Hahn,  Philip 

F 

176th  Infantry 

Herzog,  Charles 

B 

178th  Infantry 

Hirsch,  Henry 

I 

178th  Infantry 

Hays,  Benjamin  T. 

G 

179th  Infantry 

Harris,  Levi  E. 

A 

184th  Infantry 

260 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.  s                           Rank.                 Compa 

NY. 

Regiment. 

Hess,  Jonah 

K 

192nd  Infantry 

Harris,  Frank 

H 

194th  Infantry 

Holt,  N. 

B 

1st  Independent 

Killed  at  Morris  Island. 

Hirsch,  John           Lieutenant 

C 

1  st  Independent 

Holz,  Louis 

G 

1  st  Independent 

Hays,  Benjamin  J. 

D 

7th  S.  V. 

Herzog,  Joseph 

G 

7th  S.  V. 

Herz,  Carl 

22nd  S.  M. 

Harris,  Samuel  F. 

H 

37th  S.  M. 

Hirsch,  Herman 

Corporal 

E 

1st  Cavalry 

Hirsch,  Philip 

E 

1st  Cavalry 

Herzfeld,  Moritz 

I 

1st  Cavalry 

Heidenheim,  Henry 

I 

1st  Cavalry 

Hays,  Michael 

Lieutenant 

4th  Cavalry 

Herman,  Louis 

K 

4th  Cavalry 

Hahn,  Henry 

I 

8th  Cavalry 

Hart,  Isaac 

E 

12  th  Cavalry 

Hart,  Joseph 

F 

1 2th  Cavalry 

Haas,  Louis 

Lieutenant 

12  th  Cavalry 

Herrman,  Charles  T. 

Corporal 

K 

1 2th  Cavalry 

Hess,  Julian 

L 

14th  Cavalry 

Hahn,  Adolph 

F 

1 6th  Cavalry 

Hays,  Solomon  K. 

B 

26th  Cavalry 

HOFHEIMER,  SlEGMUND 

F 

1st  Mounted  Rifles 

Hays,  Isaac  C. 

C 

2nd  Mounted  Rifles 

Heineman,  William 

E 

2nd  Mounted  Rifles 

Herrman,  Max 

F 

3d  Artillery 

Hart,  Eli  W. 

G 

6th  Artillery 

Hays,  Abraham 

D 

7th  Artillery 

Hays,  David  H. 

K 

13th  Artillery 

Herzog,  Charles 

Adjutant 

15th  Artillery 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Hess,  David 

A 

15th  Artillery 

Hess,  Herman 

C 

15th  Artillery 

Hess,  Julius 

Lieutenant 

28th  Battery 

Promoted  from  private. 

Hess,  Julius 

2nd  Lieutenant 

1st  Engineers 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  .  261 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Hartfield, .  K  62nd  Infantry 


J.XY  CIVICS,      Ji\^UI3 

Isaacs,  Charles  L. 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Isaacs,  Joseph             Corporal 

A 

9th  Infantry 

Isenstein,  George 

24th  Infantry 

Isaacs,  Solomon 

A 

40th  Infantry 

Isaacs,  Isaac 

B 

44th  Infantry 

Israels,  Lehman         Lieutenant 

A 

55th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

ISAYAH,   E. 

59th  Infantry 

Isidor,  Leopold 

F 

6 1  st  Infantry 

Isaac,  Julius 

De  Kalle  Regiment 

Isaacs,  J.  J. 

D 

76th  Infantry 

Isaacs,  Levi 

K 

78th  Infantry 

Isaacs,  Moses  M. 

D 

83d  Infantry 

Isaacs,  Isaac 

I 

83d  Infantry 

Isaacs,  Henry 

G 

90th  Infantry 

Isaacs,  Michael 

G 

90th'  Infantry 

Isaacs,  Alfred  S.     Color  Sergeant 

H 

95th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  private;  wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

Isaacs,  Samuel 

D 

132nd  Infantry 

Isaac,  Lewis            Captain 

5th  Cavalry 

Promoted  from  private. 

Isaacs,  David 

B 

5th  Cavalry 

Isaacs,  Benjamin     ' 

E 

1 6th  Artillery 

Isaac,  V. 

F 

1 6th  Artillery 

Jacob,  Henry  F. 

B 

1st  Infantry 

Jacobs,  William  C. 

I 

3d  Infantry 

Jacobson,  Philip         Lieutenant 

5th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Jacobs,  John 

C 

5th  Infantry 

Joachim,  Charles 

H 

6th  Infantry 

Julius,  Oscar             1st  Lieutenant 

7th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Joseph,  Gottfried 

F 

7th  Infantry 

262 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank.                  Company 

Regiment. 

Jacoby,  Friedrich 

i  st  Lieutenant 

G 

7th  Infantry 

Promoted  from 

private;  killed  at  '. 

Fredericksburg . 

Jupitz,  F. 

\ 

7 th  Infantry 

I 

I 

3d  (New  Jersey) 
Infantry 

Jacobs,  Joseph 

A 

8th  Infantry 

Jacobson,  Ivor 

Captain 

D 

8th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  lieutenant. 

Jacoby, Joseph 

E 

8th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Edward 

D 

9th  Infantry 

Captured;  died 

a  prisoner  of  war. 

Jacobson,  Louis 

Lieutenant 

E 

9th  Infantry 

Promoted  from 

Sergeant. 

Jacobs,  George  A. 

H 

17th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  George  M. 

H 

19th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Charles  E 

H 

19th  Infantry 

Jacoby,  Adam 

F 

20th  Infantry 

Jacob,  W. 

G 

2 1  st  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Hymes 

G 

24th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Morris 

E 

25th  Infantry 

Jost,  J. 

29th  Infantry 

Jacobson,  Herman 

C 

29th  Infantry 

Jones,  Abraham 

I 

31st  Infantry 

Jacobus,  Jesse 

I 

34th  Infantry 

Jacobus,  Henry 

I 

34th  Infantry 

Jackel,  Julius 

39th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Care 

F 

39th  Infantry 

Jacobson,  Jueius 

A 

41st  Infantry 

Jacobs,  B. 

B 

42nd  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Gottlieb 

K 

45th  Infantry 

Jacoby,  Samuel 

K 

50th  Infantry 

Jones,  Benjamin 

G 

51st  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Samuel 

K 

51st  Infantry 

Jacoby,  Louis         Corporal 

I 

52nd  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Benjamin 

B 

53d  Infantry 

Joseph,  Henry 

F 

54th  Infantry 

Joachimsen  Philip 

J.  Brevet  Brigadier-Gene 

ral  59th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


203 


A  New  York  paper  makes  the  following  remarks  concerning 
this  distinguished  officer,  under  date  of  January  7,    1890: 

"At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  the  high  virtues  of 
this  officer  showed  themselves  in  their  brightest  hue.  He 
organized  the  59th  New  York  Volunteer  Regiment  and, 
appointed  as  its  Colonel,  was  ordered  to  the  front.  The  Regi- 
ment was  stationed  at  Fortress  Monroe.  While  there  he  was 
appointed  as  United  States  Paymaster.  Subsequently  he  was 
ordered  to  New  Orleans  under  the  command  of  General  B.  F. 
Butler.  While  on  duty  he  fell  from  his  horse  and  was  so 
severely  hurt  as  to  be  sent  to  New  York.  Rendered  disqualified 
for  further  military  duty,  he  was  honorably  discharged.  Gov- 
ernor Fenton,  of  the  State  of  New  York,  in  acknowledging  his 
eminent  services,  appointed  him  Brevet  Brigadier-General." 


Name. 

Rank.                 Company. 

llKGlMENT. 

Jacobs,  Georgk  Albert 

C 

6 1  st  Infantry 

Julian,  Theodor 

62  nd  Infantry 

Joseph, 

E 

66th  Infantry 

Jacob,  Julius 

K 

66th  Infantry 

Joseph,  Joseph  M. 

Corporal 

K 

66th  Infantry 

Jacobsig,  Gustav 

A 

67th  Infantry 

Joseph,  J.  Adolph 

1  st  Lieutenant 

68th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Henry  D. 

K 

70th  Infantry 

Joseph,  Lionel 

C 

72nd  Infantry 

Jacobson,  Eugene 

P.      1st  Lieutenant 

74th  Infantry 

Promoted  from 

Sergeant. 

Jacobs,  Benjamin 

I 

82  nd  Infantry 

Joel,  Julius 

B 

83d  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Jacob 

Captain 

F 

83d  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  priv 

ate. 

Jacob,  Louis 

H 

84th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Israel  P. 

Corporal 

E 

89th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Benjamin 

G 

90th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Charles 

G 

90th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  John 

G 

90th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Henry  F. 

Sergeant 

G 

91st  Infantry 

Jacobson,  Isaac 

H 

91st  Infantry 

Jacobs,  J.  S. 

h 

92nd  Infantry 

264 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Rank. 


Corporal 
Sergeant 


Name. 

Jonas,  Daniel 

Jacobs,  Edward 

Jacoby,  Max 

Jacobson,  Herman 

Jacobs,  Eli 

Jacobs,  Henry  C 

Jacobson,  Herman 

Jones,  Joseph 

Jacobs,  John 

Jacobs,  John  H. 

Jacobs,  Joseph  W. 

Jacobs,  William  S. 

Jacobs,  Joseph 

Jacobs,  Daniel  T.      Captain 

Jacobs,  Henry  P. 

Jacobs,  Reuben 

Jones,  Isaac 

Jacobs,  George  C. 

Jacobs,  Bernhard 

Jacobs,  Joseph 

Jacobs,  Aeered 

Jacobs,  Morris 

Jacobs,  Charles 

Jacobson,  A.  D. 

Jones,  Levi 

Jacobs,  Jacob 

Jacobson,  Abraham 

Jacobson,  Herman 

Joseph,  A. 

Jacobson,  W.  H. 

Jacobs,  Maurice  H. 

Jacobson,  A.  C. 

Jones,  Abraham 

Jacobs,  G. 

Jacobson,  Henry  S. 

Jacobs,  Charles 

Jacobs,  Carl 

Jacobs,  Eugene 


Lieutenant 


Lieutenant 


Corporal 


Company 

E 

I 

A 

D 

B 

H 

K 

F 

F 

K 

K 

K 

A 

I 

K 

G 

C 

A 

D 

D 

K 

fi 

C 

D 

A 

I 

I 

C 

D 

F 
C 
A 
B 
H 
H 
C 
K 


Regiment. 

iooth  Infantry 

ioist  Infantry 

103d  Infantry 

103d  Infantry 

109th  Infantry 

110th  Infantry 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

124th  Infantry 

127th  Infantry 

127th  Infantry 

127th  Infantry 

127th  Infantry 

129th  Infantry 

133d  Infantry 

139th  Infantry 

141st  Infantry 

147th  Infantry 

149th  Infantry 

156th  Infantry 

156th  Infantry 

162nd  Infantry 

165th  Infantry 

173d  Infantry 

176th  Infantry 

179th  Infantry 

185th  Infantry 

193d  Infantry 

1  st  Independent 

5th  S.  V. 

7th  S.  V. 

17th  S.  V, 

71st  S.  M. 

1st  Cavalry 

1  st  Cavalry 

10th  Cavalry 

1 2th  Cavalry 

13th  Cavalry 

1 8th  Cavalry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


21  >o 


Name. 


Rank. 


Company. 


Regiment 


G  22  nd  Cavalry 

M  22  nd  Cavalry 

H   1st  Veteran  Cavalry 
B  2nd  Veteran  Cavalry 


Jones,  Henry 
Jacob,  Benjamin 
Jones,  Jacob  T. 
Jacobson,  Henry 
Jacobs,  Isaac 

Jacobson,  W.  C.         1st  Lieutenant 
Promoted  from  2nd  lieutenant. 

Jacobs,  Joseph 

Jones,  Isaac 

Jost, Jacob 

Jacobowsky,  Marcus  23d  Independent  Artillery 

Jones,  Moses  28th  Independent  Artillery 


G 


4th  Artillery 
5th  Artillery 

8th  Artillery 
13th  Artillery 
15th  Artillery 


Klugeman,  Nathan  E 

Also  Veteran  Mexican  War. 

Kuhn,  Joseph 

Kohn,  Philip  Captain 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Kaiser,  William 

Kaufman,  William  B.      Sergeant 

Koerpel,  Benjamin 

Kaufman,  William  B.       Captain 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 
Kuhn,  Ferdinand 
Krueger,  Louis 
konigsdorfer,  l. 
Kaufman,  Jules         1st  Lieutenant 

Konig,  August         Lieutenant 

Kessler,  Levi 

Wounded  at  Wilson  Creek,  N.  C. 
in  Libby  Prison. 
Kohn,  Heyman 

Kolb,  Jacob 


2nd  Independent  Artillery 


I  1st  Infantry 

5th  Infantry 


6th  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 


C  7th  Infantry 

F  7th  Infantry 

7th  Infantry 

7th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

7th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

7th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

captured;  confined 


H 

I 


7th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 

7th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 


266 

Name. 

Kohn,  Joseph 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


Rank 


Company 

F 


Kaufman,  Norman 


Wounded    at    Fredericksburg   on  left  leg-, 
wound  on  right  hip. 
Kaufman, Jacob  .  A 

Kohn,  Hyman 

Killed  at  Fredericksburg. 
Kaufman,  P. 

Kahn,  Henry  q 

Koch,  Leopold  C 

Kaufman,  William     Drum  Major 

Kaiser,  Jacob  A 

Kaufman,  Adolph  B 

Krauskopf,  George  B 

Kirsch,  Jacob  K 

Katz,  Michael  I 

Kohn,   Barnet  Corporal  C 

Kassel,  Joseph 

kottner,  l. 

Kaufman,  Gustav  B 

Katz,  Louis  B 


Regiment. 

7th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

7th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

and   shell 

8th  Infantry 
•  (reorganized) 

8th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 

8th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
10th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
13th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
20th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
20th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
20th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
2 1  st  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
2 1  st  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
29th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
31st  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
31st  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
31st  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
39th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
41st  Infantry 
(reorganized) 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


267 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Kaufman,  Gottlob 

D 

41st  Infantry 

(reorganized ) 

Kiritz,  Michael 

42nd  Infantry 
(reorganized) 

Kaufman,  C. 

Corporal 

45th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Louis 

D 

45th  Infantry 

Kahn,  Charles 

Cx 

45th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Gottlob 

Sergeant 

H 

45th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Frederick 

H 

45th  Infantry 

Klingenstein,  J. 

45th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Julius 

D 

46th  Infantry 

King,  Ferdinand 

K 

50th  Infantry 

KOHEN,  NlCOEAUS 

D 

51st  Infantry 

KarpeeES,  Henry  M. 

Lieutenant-  Colonel 

52  nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Ma 

jor. 

KarpeeES,  R.             Lieutenant 

52nd  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

Kahn,  Care 

A 

54th  Infantry 

Kahn,  Charles 

H 

54th  Infantry 

Koch,  Lewis 

G 

57th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Jacob 

57th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Seven  Pines. 

Kaufman,  Alexander 

H 

58th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Isaac             2nd  Lieutenant 

A 

66th  Infantry 

Kahn,  Herman 

A 

66th  Infantry 

Keller,  Julius 

K 

68th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Adolphus    Corporal 

K 

78th  Infantry 

King,  Joseph 

A 

8 1  st  Infantry 

King, Jacob 

F 

89th  Infantry 

King,  Noah 

H 

100th  Infantry 

King, Joseph 

I 

102nd  Infantry 

Krauth,  Herman 

Captain 

103d  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Kohn,  Charles 

A 

103d  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Heinrich 

A 

103d  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Adam 

F 

104th  Infantry 

Koch,  Jacob 

E 

1 06th  Infantry 

Kohnstadt,  Isidor 

G 

132nd  Infantry 

268 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.  Rank 

Kohn,  Frederick 
Katzenstein,  Joseph 
King,  David 

King,  Levi  Corporal 

Kaufman,  M. 
Kauffman,  C. 
Katzenberg,  Charles 
Kohn,  Otto 
Kohn,  Herman 
Katzenstein,  Charles 
Kohn,  Jacob 
Kohn,  Joseph 
Kohut,  Jacob 
Kalish,  Herman 
Krauss,  Henry 
Krauss,  Joseph 
Kaufman,  Jacob 
Kuhne,  Levi 
Kaufman,  Adolph 
Koch, Jacob 


Company.  Regiment. 

F  134th  Infantry 

F  140th  Infantry 

B  142  nd  Infantry 

I  150th  Infantry 

159th  Infantry 
163d  Infantry 
F  163d  Infantry 

C  173d  Infantry 

C  178th  Infantry 

D  178th  Infantry 

A  1  st  Independent 

C  7th  S.  V. 

H  7th  S.  M. 

D  1st  Cavalry 

I  1  st  Cavalry 

A  4th  Cavalry 

K  1st  Artillery 

3d  Artillery 
A  15th  Artillery 

29th  Independent  Artillery 


Leavy,  Frederick  Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  private. 
LlElENTHAL,  JOHANN  I 

Lipowitz,  Herman  Lieutenant     K 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Limberger,  Augustus       Lieutenant 
Levy,  Max  G 

LlSBERGER,  D.  K 

Lowenthae,  Siegmund  Lieutenant 

Levy,  Joseph  F 

Leopold,  Emil  B 

Lepman,  Charles  D 

LOWENTHAL,  HENRY  D 

Wounded  at  White  House  Landing. 
Lowenstein,  Julius  E 

LlCHTENHAHN,   GEORGE  F 

Loeb,  Max  K 


ivSt  Infantry 

1st  Infantry 
1st  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 
4th  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 

7  th  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


269 


Name.  Rank. 

Lester,  Simon 

LiEbold,  Herman  Captain 

Levi,  Carl 

Levy,  Louis 

Lyon,  Mark 

Lyon,  W. 

Lazarus,  John 

Lazarus,  Harry  Corporal 

Lowenthal,  Philip 

Loeb,  Abraham 

Ledkrman,  William 

Levy,  Abraham 

Lewis,  David  J. 

Lindner,  B. 

Lorch,  Charles  Adjutant 

Promoted  for  gallantry. 

Lilienthal,  Adolf  Sergeant 

Lehman,  V. 
Lyons,  Joseph 
Lyons,  David 


Company. 

Regiment. 

H 

8th  Infantry 

7th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

A 

8th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

B 

9th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

B 

nth  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

nth  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

G 

nth  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

G 

nth  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

D 

1 2th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

12  th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

B 

12th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

12th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

H 

1 6th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

F 

1 8th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

20th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

H 

20th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

I 

20th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

E 

23d  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

K 

23d  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

270 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Namb. 

Lichtenstein,  Oscar 


Rank. 


Company. 

A 


Regiment. 

29th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 
26th  Infantry 


Lewis,  Edward  A.  Captain 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Lorch,   Rudolph                 Sergeant        C  29th  Infantry 

Liebman,  Frederick                                F  29th  Infantry 

Lowenstein,  Moritz                                H  29th  Infantry 

Lichenstein,  Jacob                                    I  29th  Infantry 

Levy,  Herman                                           C  31st  Infantry 

Leo,  Henry                                                  G  31st  Infantry 

Lederman,  Joseph                                     H  31st  Infantry 

Lewis,  Mark  A.                                         C  34th  Infantry 

Lewis,  Isaac  H                                         D  34th  Infantry 

Lewis,  Salomon                                        E  34th  Infantry 

Losher,  Joseph  38th  Infantry 

Lowenthae,  Benjamin                             D  39th  Infantry 
Wounded   at    Cross    Keys;  also   at    Bristow  Station; 
captured  at  Spottsylvania  and  taken  to  Andersonville 
Prison. 

B  39th  Infantry 

C  39th  Infantry 

Sergeant  39th  Infantry 

Lieutenant    G  39th  Infantry 
Entered  as  private;  twice  wounded;  promoted  for  gal- 
lantry . 

Lion,  Simon  I 

Levy,  Adolph  K 

Lewis,  D. 

Lewis,  J. 

Levy,  John  A 

Lowenstein,  John  B 

Levy,  Reuben  C 

Lewis,  Moses 

Levi,  Abraham  I 

Lippman, 

Levy,  Benjamin  B 

Wounded    at    the    Wilderness.       U. 

awarded  him  a  ' '  medal  of  honor. ' ' 


Leibnitz,  Ferdinand 
Lehman,  Heinrich 
Lieser,  M. 
Lederer,  Emanuel  M. 


39th  Infantry 
39th  Infantry 
40th  Infantry 
40th  Infantry 
40th  Infantry 
41st  Infantry 
41st  Infantry 
42nd  Infantry 
42nd  Infantry 

Turner's  Infantry 
40th  Infantry 

S.      Congress 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  271 

Benjamin  B.  Levy  enlisted  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  in  the 
First  New  York  Volunteers,  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Re- 
bellion, as  a  drummer  boy,  and  while  his  regiment  was  stationed 
at  Newport  News,  Virginia,  he  was  detailed  as  Orderly  for 
General  Mansfield.  While  he  was  conveying  dispatches  on 
board  the  steamboat  ' '  Express ' '  to  General  Wool  at  Fort 
Monroe,  the  steamboat  was  attacked  opposite  Norfolk,  by 
the  rebel  gunboat  "Seabird."  The  "Express,"  with  all 
on  board,  was  in  imminent  danger  of  capture,  when  young 
Levy  saved  the  steamboat  by  cutting  loose  a  water  schooner 
they  had  in  tow.  The  water  schooner  was  captured,  but  the 
"Express"  arrived  safely  at  Fort  Monroe.  For  this  act  Levy 
was  highly  complimented  by  Generals  Mansfield  and  Wool. 

On  the  retreat  from  Richmond,  under  General  McClellan, 
his  tent -mate  was  very  ill,  and  to  save  him  from  being  taken 
prisoner,  Levy  threw  away  his  drum,  and  taking  his  comrade's 
gun  and  equipments,  went  into  the  fight  with  his  regiment  at 
Charles  City  Cross  Roads  and  saved  two  of  the  colors  of  his 
regiment  from  capture.  For  this  act  he  was  promoted  on  the 
field  by  General  Phil.  Kearney  to  Color  Sergeant  of  his  regi- 
ment. 

After  the  regiment's  two  years'  service  had  expired,  he  re- 
enlisted  in  the  Fortieth  Few  York  (Mozart)  regiment,  and  at 
the  battle  of  the  Wilderness  he  was  distinguished  for  his 
gallantry.  Here  he  was  stricken  down  by  a  serious  wound, 
receiving  a  compound  fracture  of  the  left  thigh.  Left  on  the 
field  he  was  captured  by  Colonel  White's  Guerillas.  He  lay 
on  the  field  with  no  shelter  for  two  weeks,  and  was  then  re- 
captured by  our  troops  that  came  from  Fredericksburg.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  from  this  State  to  receive  a  medal  of  honor 
from  Congress. 

Mr.  Levy  is  a  member  of  Phil.  Kearney  Post,  No.  8,  New 
York. 


Name.  Rank. 

Lehman,  Arthur       Sergeant 
Lehman,  Samuel 
Lowenstein,  Herman 
Lyons,  Henry 


Company. 

Regiment. 

G 

41st  Infantry 

H 

41st  Infantry 

K 

41st  Infantry 

43d  Infantry 

272 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Namb. 

Lewis  Isaac 
Lester,  Joseph 
Levy,  Samuel  C 

Enlisted  as  private. 
LiEbman,  Frederick 
Lehman,  Gottlieb 

LUDWIG,  B. 

LOESCH,  S. 

Lehman,  William 
Lewis,  Lewis 
Lehman,  Louis 
Lyons,  Eugene 
Ludwig,  Jacob 
Lewis  M. 

Lichtenstein,  Philip 
Lorch,  Henry 
Leopold,  Louis 

Promoted  from  Sergeant 
Leopold,  Friedrich 
Levy,  Leon 
Lehman,  Charles 
Lewis,  Abraham 
Lewis,  Benjamin 
Lichtenstein,  Theo. 
Levyson,  Abraham 
Levy,  Robert 
Lowenstein,  Henry 
Levy,  Harry 
Lippman,  Friedrich 
Lyon,  David  H. 

Lawach,  

Leo,  Frederick  P. 
Lieberman,  John 
Lieser,  Jacob 
Levy,  Herz 
Leoroldi,  Leopold 
Loeb,  Louis 
Lowenstein,  Joseph 


nk.                  Company. 

Regiment. 

I 

43d  Infantry 
44th  Infantry 

»ral 

A 

45th  Infantry 

A 

45th  Infantry 

F 

45th  Infantry 
45th  Infantry 
46th  Infantry 

B 

46th  Infantry 
47th  Infantry 

B 

49th  Infantry 

K 

50th  Infantry 

D 

51st  Infantry 

B 

51st  Infantry 

Major 

52nd  Infantry 

Sergeant 

C 

52nd  Infantry 

Lieutenant 

F 

52nd  Infantry 

nt. 

I 

54th  Infantry 

A 

55th  Infantry 

F 

55th  Infantry 

K 

56th  Infantry 

K 

56th  Infantry 

Major 

58th  Infantry 

F 

58th  Infantry 

G 

58th  Infantry 

H 

58th  Infantry 

H 

58th  Infantry 

K 

58th  Infantry 

C 

60th  Infantry 

Lieutenant 

62nd  Infantry 

G 

64th  Infantry 

F 

65th  Infantry 

F 

65th  Infantry 

E 

66th  Infantry 

Captain 

K 

66th  Infantry 

K 

66th  Infantry 

K 

66th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


273 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Lowenstein,  Solomon 

K 

66th  Infantry 

Lowenstein,  Seligman    Corporal 

B 

68th  Infantry 

Lassner,  Otto 

C 

68th  Infantry 

LEHMAN,  ADOLPH 

I 

68th  Infantry 

LlEBMAN,   GEORGE 

K 

68th  Infantry 

LOEWE,  A. 

68th  Infantry 

IyKVI,     WlLLIAM 

Sergeant 

A 

70th  Infantry 

IyippKRWiTz,  Herman 

F 

71st  Infantry 

Lichenstein,  Philip  G.     Lieutenant- Colonel 

72nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from 

Captain. 

Loewe,  Max 

A 

72nd  Infantry 

Loeb,  Daniel 

Adjutant 

H 

72nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  lieutenant. 

IyOCHTK,  DANIKIv 

Lieutenant 

72nd  Infantry 

LEWIN,  Charles 

E 

73d  Infantry 

LEHMAN,  C. 

F 

74th  Infantry 

LEOPOLD,  ISIDOR 

A 

78th  Infantry 

Levie,  Joseph 

H 

82  nd  Infantry 

Levy,  Jamks 

E 

87th  Infantry 

Lyons,  Michael 

C 

88th  Infantry 

Levy,  John 

I 

88th  Infantry 

Lowe,  William 

I 

88th  Infantry 

Lewis,  I. 

89th  Infantry 

Ludwig,  Jacob  P. 

H 

89th  Infantry 

Lewis,  M. 

96th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Philip 

I 

97th  Infantry 

Lewin,  Lewis 

I 

98th  Infantry 

Lewis,  Eugene  H. 

Corporal 

F 

101st  Infantry 

Lewis,  Abraham 

B 

102nd  Infantry 

Lyon,  David  E. 

H 

1 02nd  Infantry 

Lehman,  Albert 

C 

103d  Infantry 

Levy,  Abraham 

H 

103d  Infantry 

Lewin,  Joseph 

I 

103d  Infantry 

Lewis,  Samuel 

C 

107th  Infantry 

Lewis,  Lewis 

H 

1 08th  Infantry 

Lewis,  Samuel 

I 

1 1 2th  Infantry 

Lewin,  N. 

18 

Lieutenant 

114th  Infantry 

274 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Commissary  Sergeant 
D 
K 
E 

E 
E 
H 


Name.  Rank.  Company. 

Lederer,  Charles  D 

Lehman,  William         Corporal  E 

IvKHMAN,  P. 

Lyon,  David  Sergeant  B 

Landauer,  Moses  C 

Lazarus,  Jacob  D 

Lowenstein,  Edward  I 

ElMBURGER,  GUSTAV  E 

Lazarus,  Levi  H 

Lewis,  L. 

Leivy,  Abraham 

Lowenstein,  Levi 

Lewis,  Isaac 

Lyon,  Abraham 

Lester,  M. 

Leopold,  George 

Lester,  Levy 

Lehman,  Joseph 

Light,  Solomon  Captain 

Paralyzed  in  service. 
Levy,  Hyman  A 

Light,  Lewis  A 

Wounded,    at    Pine    Mountain,    Georgia; 

wounded  at  Lost  Mountain. 

Liebman,  Herman  A 

Lazarus,  Newman  A 

Lauderwitzberg,  Louis  A 

Lehman,  Moses  A 

Lazarus,  Harry  A 

Lowitch,  Michael  A 
Killed  in  action. 

Leopold,  Frank  Lieutenant         C 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Lewis,  Simon  A 

Lederman,  Frank  C 

Lewis,  Isaac  J.  D 

Loescher,  Samuel  C 


Regiment, 
i  1 6th  Infantry 
1 1 6th  Infantry 
1 1 6th  Infantry 
1 1 9th  Infantry 
1 1 9th  Infantry 
119th  Infantry 
1 1 9th  Infantry 

121st  Infantry 
125th  Infantry 
127th  Infantry 
132nd  Infantry 
132nd  Infantry 
132nd  Infantry 

133d  Infantry 
134th  Infantry 
145th  Infantry 
147th  Infantry 
148th  Infantry 
149th  Infantry 

149th  Infantry 
149th  Infantry 
severely 

149th  Infantry 
149th  Infantry 
149th  Infantry 
149th  Infantry 
149th  Infantry 
149th  Infantry 

151st  Infantry 

156th  Infantry 

161st  Infantry 

161st  Infantry 

162nd  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


275 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

LlCHTENFELZ,  CHARLKS 

c 

162nd  Infantry 

Lipold,  Abraham 

A 

1 68th  Infantry 

Lester,  Felix 

B 

169th  Infantry 

Loeb,  Abraham 

I 

175th  Infantry 

LEHMAN,  A. 

176th  Infantry 

LOEWENTHAL,   BARNKY 

F 

177th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Joseph 

B 

178th  Infantry 

Levy,  Adolph 

C 

178th  Infantry 

Lester,  Louis 

G 

184th  Infantry 

Levy,  Simon 

Colonel 

tst  Independent 

Levy,  Ferdinand 

Father 

Captain 

rst Independent 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

and 

Lieutenan 

Levy,  Alfred 

three 

t      1  st  Indepen- 

Enlisted as  Private. 

sons 

dent 

Levy,  Benjamin  C. 

^                > 

14th 

U.  S.  Infantry 

The  following  are  the  records  of  these  men: 

Colonel  Simon  Levy  was  commandant  of  Camp 
"Sprague,"  Staten  Island,  and  general  recruiting  offi- 
cer during  the  year  1863.  Afterwards  he  received  his 
commission  as  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  1st  Independ- 
ent Battalion,  New  York  Volunteers,  and  took  command 
of  that  regiment  at  St.  Helena  Island,  South  Carolina, 
continuing  in  command  of  the  same  until  its  consoli- 
dation with  the  47th  and  48th  New  York  Volunteers 
in  February,  1864.  The  Battalion  Regiment  partici- 
pated, while  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Simon  Levy, 
in  the  capture  of  Folly  and  Morris  Islands,  South 
Carolina,  and  in  several  other  engagements. 

Captain  Ferdinand  Levy  was  in  command  of  the 
skirmishing  party  of  General  Strong's  Brigade  at  the 
capture  of  Morris  Island,  South  Carolina,  July  10th, 
1863.  This  command  was  the  first  to  land  on  the 
island,  being  the  advance  guard.  Captain  Levy  was 
honorably  mentioned  for  gallant  services  in  brigade 
orders  shortly  afterwards.  He  is  a  well-known  Israel- 
ite; and  has  served  as  Coroner,  and  is  now  Register  of 


276 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


the  city  of  New  York;  he  is  also  active  in  Jewish  insti- 
tutions, secret  societies,  etc. 

lieutenant  Alfred  Levy  enlisted  as  private  in  the 
i st  Independent  Battalion;  was  promoted  to  Sergeant 
and  subsequently  to  Lieutenant  for  meritorious  con- 
duct. After  the  consolidation  of  the  regiment  he 
joined  the  5th  United  States  Artillery  and  served 
until  the  close  of  the  war. 

Benjamin  C.  Levy  enlisted  in  the  14th  United 
States  Infantry  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  and 
served  until  its  close.  He  participated  in  fourteen 
general  engagements  and  numerous  skirmishes.  His 
bravery  on  several  occasions  has  been  honorably 
mentioned. 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Lyons,  C.  H.             Adjutant 

7th  S.  V. 

Lowenthae,  Hknrv 

B 

7th  S.  V. 

Lkvy,  Jacob 

E 

7th  S.  V. 

Lkvy,  Jacob 

F 

7th  S.  V. 

Lieboed,  Herman 

Captain 

H 

7th  S.  V. 

Levy,  Adoeph 

C 

8th  S.  V. 

Levy,  Alexander 

F 

8th  S.  V. 

Levy,  Joseph  C. 

C 

37th  S.  M. 

Leopoed,  David 

H 

37th  S.  M. 

Lewis,  Ferdinand 

G 

2nd  Cavalry 

Lyon,  Isaac 

Captain 

B 

5th  Cavalry 

Levy,  Bernhard  H. 

B 

5th  Cavalry 

Leon,  Eeias 

5th  Cavalry 

Lewis,  Daniee     Quartermaster-Sergeant 

9th  Cavalry 

Lewis,  Isaac  B. 

E 

nth  Cavalry 

Levi,  Charles 

E 

1 1  th  Cavalry 

Leh MEIER,  G. 

1 2th  Cavalry 

Ludwig,  Emie 

F 

14th  Cavalry 

LOWENSTEIN,  FREDE 

RICK 

K 

14th  Cavalry 

Liebman,  Frederick 

K 

14th  Cavalry 

Loeb,  Emie 

M 

14th  Cavalry 

Levi,  Frank 

C 

1 6th  Cavalry 

Lazarus,  H.  Louis 

1st  Lieutenant 

H 

1 6th  Cavalry 

Lewis,  Morris 

Captain 

1 8th  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


277 


Name.                              Rank. 

Company.             Regiment. 

Lazarus,  Hknry         Captain 

25th  Cavalry 

Lauterman,  Hknry 

3d  Artillery 

Lester, Jacob 

F 

1  st  Veteran  Cavalry 

Lewis,  Charles  E. 

F 

ist  Veteran  Cavalry 

Loeb,  Siegmund     ist  Lieutenant 

7th  Artillery 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant 

Levy,  Meier 

7th  Artillery 

Lewis,  Oscar 

H 

10th  Artillery 

Lievy, Jacob 

B 

13th  Artillery 

Lowenstein,  Moritz  2nd  Lieutenant  F 

15th  Artillery 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Levy,  Henry 

E 

1 6th  Artillery 

Lowenstein,  Moritz 

2nd  Independent  Artillery 

Lewis,  Samuel         Lieutenant 

5th  In 

dependent  Artillery 

Lowenthal,  Leopold 

2 1  st  Artillery 

Lowenthal,  Jacob 

31st  Independent  Artillery 

Liebman,  Newman 
Lehman,  Moses 
Lazarus,  Harris 
Levy,  Hyman 
Lichtenburg,  Louis 

Morningstein,  Henry 

A 

ist  Infantry 

Meyers,  Joseph 

B 

1  st  Infantry 

Miletinski,  Moritz 

I 

ist  Infantry 

Mannheimer,  Martin 

K 

ist  Infantry 

Morris,  Henry 

K 

1st  Infantry 

Mykrs,  Simeon 

A 

2nd  Infantry 

Mann,  A.                 Ensign 

3d  Infantry 

Meyers,  Lewis  F. 

3d  Infantry 

Myers,  Oscar 

C 

4th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Frederick 

B 

5th  Infantry 

Marks,  William 

A 

6th  Infantry 

Marks,  August 

K 

6th  Infantry 

Moser,  J. 

6th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Henry 

C 

8th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Louis 

E 

8th  Infantry 

Meyer,  A. 

8th  Infantry 

278 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Marx,  George 

G 

8th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Ludwig 

I 

8th  Infantry 

May,  Marcus 

A 

9th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Martin 

C 

9th  Infantry 

Martin,  J. 

9th  Infantry 

Morrison,  Wolf 

nth  Infantry 

Meyer,  Jacob 

C 

1 3th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Simeon 

K 

13th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Joseph 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Joseph 

E 

1 6th  Infantry 

Morris,  Moses 

K 

1 6th  Infantry 

Mencke,  Isaac 

I st  Lieutenant 

17th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 

Maier,  J.  Jacob 

I 

19th  Infantry 

Myers,  Samuel 

I 

19th  Infantry 

Ma  as,  Jacob 

A 

20th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Care 

Corporal 

B 

20th  Infantry 

Markowsky,  August 

B 

20th  Infantry 

Mann,  Max 

Corporal 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Masins,  Leopold 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Lost  an  arm  in 

action. 

Mayer,  Joseph 

Corporal 

D 

20th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Martin 

G 

20th  Infantry 

Mayers,  Henry 

C 

22nd  Infantry 

Moses,  Marcus 

Corporal 

F 

23d  Infantry 

May,  D. 

26th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Jacob 

H 

28th  Infantry 

Moser,  Joseph 

A 

29th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Louis  I. 

D 

29th  Infantry 

Moritz,  Joseph 

Corporal 

I 

29th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Adam 

K 

29th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Isaac 

D 

30th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Levi 

F 

31st  Infantry 

Mann,  F. 

Corporal 

33d  Infantry 

Mosier,  L. 

33d  Infantry 

Marks,  Frank 

E 

35th  Infantry 

Mendel,  Sidney 

Major 

35th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Captain. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

G  35th  Infantry 

E  36th  Infantry 

E  37th  Infantry 

Adj  utant-General 
Adjutant-General  of  the  3d  Army  Corps  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  commanded  by  General  Heintzelman; 
participated  in  the  battles  of  the  Peninsular  Campaign; 
subsequently  served  with  General  Banks. 


Name. 

Marks,  Joseph 
Myers,  David 
Myer,  Charles 
Moses,  Isaac 


Maier,  A. 

38th  Infantry 

Marsin,  F. 

38th  Infantry 

Maier,  Joseph 

C 

38th  Infantry 

Maier,  David 

c 

38th  Infantry 

Moses,  David 

F 

38th  Infantry 

May,  H. 

39th  Infantry 

Meier,  Herman 

B 

39th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Carl 

G 

39th  Infantry 

Meier,  Friedrich 

H 

39th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Wilhelm 

I 

39th  Infantry 

Mentz,  S.  D. 

K 

39th  Infantry 

Morris,  Daniel 

E 

40th  Infantry 

MORGENSTEIN,  L- 

41st  Infantry 

Meierson,  Max 

B 

41st  Infantry 

Meyerstein,  H. 

C 

41st  Infantry 

Meier,  Joseph 

E 

41st  Infantry 

May,  Henry 

Hospital  Steward 

45th  Infantry 

Mayer,  August 

E 

45th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Jacob 

K 

45th  Infantry 

Moritz,  Joseph 

K 

45th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Carl 

Lieutenant 

46th  Infantry 

Mantel,  Louis 

A 

46th  Infantry 

Meinhart,  Jacob 

B 

46th  Infantry 

Miller,  Edward  \ 

H 

46th  Infantry 

Marx,  Carl 

H 

46th  Infantry 

Mandell,  J. 

K 

46th  Infantry 

Marks,  Joseph 

D 

49th  Infantry 

Moses,  August 

Sergeant 

G 

49th  Infantry 

Morris,  H. 

50th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Adolph 

Quartermaster 

52nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 


280 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Company, 
B 
H 

A 

F 

G 

K 

H 

B 

E 

E 

G 

G 

D 

I 

C. 

D 


Name.  Rank. 

Meyer,  Theodore 
Moses,  George 
Myers,  Joseph 
Mayer,  Frederick 
Mayer,  Jacob 
Moses,  Henry 
Meyer,  Jacob 
Meyer,  Gust  a  v 
Meier,  Isaac 
MosEvSSon,  Mayer 
Marx,  Joseph 
Marx,  Louis 

Mendeeson,  Gustav  Sergeant 

Marks,  Samuee 
Meyers,  Levi 

Morris,  Bernhard       ist  Lieutenant 
Enlisted  as  private. 

Morris,  A.  Lieutenant     K 

Meyerstein,  H.  C 

Meyerstein, F 

Meyer,  Isaac  G 

Meyers,  Simeon  G 
Mieeziner,  Isaac 

Killed  at  Bull  Run. 

Meyer,  Adoeph  ist  Lieutenant 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 

Mannheim,  Simon  Corporal        A 

Masius,  Leopoed  A 

Mannheim,  Thp:o.  C 

Moses,  J.  Henry  Captain          F 

Mandeebaum,  S.  K 

Marcus,  Samuee  K 

Meezheimer,  Samuee  K 

Meyer,  Aebert  K 

Meier,  Care  A 
Morrison,  Woef 

Meier,  Gotteieb  B 

Moses,  Seeig  '  B 


Regiment. 

52  nd  Infantry 
52nd  Infantry 
53d  Infantry 
53d  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
55th  Infantry 
58th  Infantry 

58th  Infantry 
58th  Infantry 

58th  Infantry 
58th  Infantry 
59th  Infantry 
59th  Infantry 
6 ist  Infantry 

62nd  Infantry 

62nd  Infantry 
62nd  Infantry 
62nd  Infantry 
62  nd  Infantry 
64th  Infantry 
Zouaves 

66th  Infantry 

66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infautry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
67th  Infantry 
Ellsworth  Zouaves 
68th  Infantry 
68th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


281 


Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Mantel,  Louis  E  68th  Infantry 

Mkykr,  Ferdinand  K  68th  Infantry 

MosES,  Israel         Lieutenant-Colonel  72nd  Infantry 

.  Was  appointed  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  U.  S.  Army 
in  1847,  and  served  with  the  Army  of  Occupation  at 
Vera  Cruz  and  Toluca,  Mexico,  and  at  Fort  Craw- 
ford, Fort  Leavenworth,  in  Oregon,  Washington  Terri- 
tory, and  Texas  until  his  resignation  in  1855.  In  the 
Civil  War  he  was  appointed  Lieutenant- Colonel  of  a 
regiment  attached  to  Sickles'  Brigade,  but  was  soon 
compelled,  by  failing  health,  to  resign.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Surgeon  of  the  United  States  Volunteers  and 
placed  in  charge  of  camp  hospitals  in  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  and  subsequently  served  with  General 
Gordon  Granger,  in  the  West.  He  was  mustered  out 
of  service  in  1865,  after  receiving  the  Brevet  of 
Colonel  for  faithful  and  meritorious  services. 


Masius,  Leopold 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Marcus,  Leopold 

Lieutenant 

H 

72nd  Infantry 

Meyers,  Abraham 

A 

74th  Infantry 

Mann,  Gustav 

D 

74th  Infantry 

Morris,  P. 

K 

77th  Infantry 

Marks,  Reuben 

A 

8 1  st  Infantry 

Moses,  Abraham 

H 

82nd  Infantry 

Meyers,  Leopold 

I 

82nd  Infantry 

Moses,  J.  C. 

Corporal 

C 

83d  Infantry 

Meyer,  Albert 

K 

83d  Infantry 

Moss,  B. 

90th  Infantry 

Morris,  J. 

90th  Infantry 

Mendes,  David 

G 

90th  Infantry 

Mendes,  John 

G 

90th  Infantry 

Moses,  Samuel  B. 

I 

90th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Martin 

C 

97th  Infantry 

Menz,  Jacob 

D 

98th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Marks  H. 

K 

100th  Infantry 

Mendel,  Frederick 

Quartermaster 

103d  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Moritz,  Friedrich 

A 

103d  Infantry 

282 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


Name. 

Rank 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Meyer,  Emil 

A 

103d  Infantry 

Mainsfield,  Moses 

Corporal 

D 

103d  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Mayer,  Lippman 

F 

103d  Infantry 

Meyer,  Herman 

G 

103d  Infantry 

Moritz,  William 

H 

103d  Infantry 

Mayer,  Ferdinand 

I 

1 08th  Infantry 

Macey,  Judah 

B 

110th  Infantry 

Messenger,  Morris 

H 

1 1 2th  Infantry 

Morris,  Samuel 

Corporal 

C 

1 13th  Infantry 

Myers,  Levi 

C 

115th  Infrntry 

Mann,  Daniel  L. 

E 

115th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Isidore 

Sergeant 

C 

117th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Moses 

Corporal 

B 

119th  Infantry 

Morris,  J. 

120th  Infantry 

Mannheimer,  Israel 

E 

122nd  Infantry 

Myer,  Aaron  B. 

Captain 

125th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  in  action. 

Moritz,  Joseph 

I 

125th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Julius 

G 

132nd  Infantry 

Mayer,  Jacob 

K 

138th  Infantry 

Meyer,  August 

Captain 

B 

140th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Marks,  Daniel 

H 

147th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Isaac 

I 

154th  Infantry 

Marks,  Samuel  N. 

157th  Infantry 

Marks,  Joseph 

F 

160th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Joseph 

Sergeant 

F 

163d  Infantry 

Meyers,  Benjamin 

Corporal 

D 

1 68th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Edward 

C 

173d  Infantry 

Mayer,  August 

B 

176th  Infantry 

Marks,  Abraham 

D 

176th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Jacob 

K 

177th  Infantry 

Meier,  Jacob 

G 

178th  Infantry 

Meier,  Joseph 

I 

178th  Infantry 

Meier,  Louis 

E 

179th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Abraham 

I 

179th  Infantry 

Marks,  Daniel  E. 

H 

184th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


283 


Name.                            Rank.                   Company. 

Regiment. 

Marburger,  J. 

1 88th  Infantry 

Myers,  Isaac         2nd  Lieutenant 

193d  Infantry 

Meiers,  Jacob 

H 

193d  Infantry 

Morris,  Mark 

A 

1st  Independent 

Mayer,  Jacques 

F 

1  st  Independent 

Moses,  Herman 

G 

1  st  Independent 

Wounded  at  Fort  Wagner  and  at  Petersburg. 

Meyer,  Gustav 

B 

5th  S.  V. 

Mayer,  Ferdinand 

Captain 

D 

5th  S.  V. 

Mayer,  Jacob 

A 

7th  S.  V. 

Moritz,  Edward 

K 

7th  S.  V. 

Moritz,  David 

Sergeant 

I 

17th  S.  V. 

Meyer,  Louis 

I 

17th  S.  V. 

Moses,  Nathan  F. 

Major 

7th  S.  M. 

Mayer,  Bernard 

Lieutenant 

B 

7th  S.  M. 

Meier,  Jacob 

E 

7th  S.  M. 

Meyerson,  Frank  G. 

D 

1st  Cavalry 

Ma  as,  August 

I 

1st  Cavalry 

Mayer,  Max 

2nd  Cavalry 

Mosier,  Levi 

Corporal 

E 

3d  Cavalry 

Meyer,  Adoeph 

Surgeon 

4th  Cavalry 

Meyer,  Emie 

M 

4th  Cavalry 

Myers, 

5th  Cavalry 

Minzesheimer,  Moses 

Adjutant 

A 

5th  Cavalry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Meier,  Eei 

B 

6th  Cavalry 

Meyers,  David 

C 

8th  Cavalry 

Maier,  Jacob 

H 

8th  Cavalry 

Moak,  Jueius 

10th  Cavalry 

Moak,  Harris  P. 

10th  Cavalry 

Meyers,  Moses 

C 

12th  Cavalry 

Mendeeson,  Bernard 

E 

13th  Cavalry 

Meyers,  Isaac 

L 

15th  Cavalry 

Ma  as,  Adoeph 

I 

1 6th  Cavalry 

Maas,  Jacob 

L 

1 6th  Cavalry 

Marks,  Frank 

B 

20th  Cavalry 

Meiers,  Isaac,  Jr. 

A 

21st  Cavalry 

Moses,  Mark  E. 

Sergeant 

F 

22nd  Cavalry 

284 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Company.  Regiment. 

E  25th  Cavalry 

G   1st  Veteran  Cavalry 

Independent  Cavalry 

Independent  Cavalry 


Name.  Rank. 

Meyer,  Raphael 

Moses,  Philip 

Mann,  Daniel  P.  Captain 

Marks,  Samuel  N. 

Mayer,  Alexander 

Mayer,  Ludwig 

Mayer,  A 

Meier,  Herman 

Meyers,  Joseph 

Myer,  Joseph 

Max,  Samuel  Corporal 

Marks,  Samuel 

Meyers,  Jacob  B. 

Mendelson,  Moritz 

Meyers,  Nathan 

Meyer,  Samuel 

Mayer,  Jacob 

Marks,  Joseph 

Meyers,  K. 

Marks,  Louis  Corporal 

Meier,  Joseph 

Meier,  Jacob 

Mark,  Isaac 

Metzger,  Salomon 

Myers,  David 

Meier,  Moses 

Meier,  Louis 

Meier,  Louis 

Moses,  Joseph  ( 

Mayer,  William         General 

During  the  Draft  Riots  at  New  York  City  he  did 
heroic  service  for  which  he  received  an  autograph  let- 
ter from  President  Lincoln,  thanking  him  for  the  emi- 
nent services  rendered  by  him  to  our  country  during 
those  days  of  darkness.  Subsequently,  he  devoted 
himself  to  journalism,  editing  several  leading  German 
newspapers. 


H 

15th  Artillery 

H 

15th  Artillery 

1st  Mounted  Rifles 

H 

1  st  Mounted  Rifles 

D 

2nd  Mounted  Rifles 

K 

2nd  Mounted  Rifles 

E 

2nd  Artillery 

F 

2nd  Artillery 

K 

2nd  Artillery 

E 

4th  Artillery 

F 

8th  Artillery 

B 

9th  Artillery 

K 

9th  Artillery 

I 

10th  Artillery 

A 

13th  Artillery 

A 

15th  Artillery 

H 

15th  Artillery 

H 

15th  Artillery 

K 

1 6th  Artillery 

K 

Marine  Artillery 

H 

Marine  Artillery 

2nd  Independent  Artillery 

9th  Independent  Artillery 

9th  Independent  Artillery 

>4th  Independent  Artillery 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


285 


Name. 


Rank. 


Company. 


Regiment 


3d  Infantry 

4th  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 

10th  Infantry 

10th  Infantry 

service   again 


Nkwman,  Abel  R.  I 

Newman,  Hknry  F 

Nathan,  Michael  F 

Newman,  August  G 
Nkustadter,  Joseph     Quartermaster 

Newman,  Philip  B 

Newburg,  Joseph            Captain  G 

Wounded   at    Fredericksburg;  joined 

after  discharge  from  hospital. 

Neuburg,  Lionel  C.       Sergeant  H 

Entered  as  private. 

NUSSBAUMER,  CHARLES  C 

Noah,  David  G.  G 

Noah,  Moses  D.  G 

Newman,  Lazarus  A 

Lost  a  foot  in  action. 

Newman,  Leopold  C.  Lieutenant-Colonel 

B 
Was  mustered  in  service  as  Captain; 
rank  of  Lieutenant- Colonel.  His  term 
piring  a  few  days  prior  to  the  battle  of  Chancellor  - 
ville,  May  2,  1863,  he  expressed  a  desire  to  remain  at 
the  front  and  during  that  terrible  struggle  his  foot 
was  shattered  by  a  cannon  ball;  was  taken  to  Wash- 
ington, where  he  died  shortly  after.  President  Lin- 
coln visited  him  at  his  bedside,  and  brought  his  com- 
mission promoting  him  to  the  rank  of  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. 


10th  Infantry 

13th  Infantry 
20th  Infantry 
20th  Infantry 
24th  Infantry 


31st  Infantry 
he  rose  to  the 
of  service  ex- 


Newman,  William 

F 

31st  Infantry 

Newman,  Levi  L. 

Corporal 

I 

32  nd  Infantry 

Nieman,  Carl 

H 

39th  Infantry 

Neubauer,  L. 

46th  Infantry 

Newman,  Louis 

G 

53d  Infantry 

Newman,  Charles 

Lieutenant 

54th  Infantry 

Neuhauser,  Ferdinand 

C 

54th  Infantry 

Newman,  Adolph 

H 

54th  Infantry 

Nathan,  Wolf 

D 

55th  Infantry 

Nussbaum,  Abraham 

Quartermaster 

58th  Infantry 

THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 


Rank. 


Company. 

Neuberger,  August  C 

Newman,  Isaac         Sergeant  I 

Newman,  Charles  A 

Newman,  Samuee  A 

Newman,  Abraham  K 

Nussbaum  Henry  F 

Newberger,  Louis  G 

Newberger,  Ansee  D 

Nathan,  Henry         Corporal  K 

Neelis,  Captain 

Killed  at  Port  Hudson. 

Newman,  Abraham  D.  F 

Newman,  August        Lieutenant  D 

Died  of  wounds  received  in  action. 
NlEDEREANDER,  F. 

Nath anson,  Nathan  B 

Newman,  Benjamin  F.      Sergeant  B 

Newman,  Ferdinand  G 

Newman,  Morris  D 

Newman,  Joseph         Corporal  F 

Nieman,  GotteiEb     Sergeant  K 
Noah,  D. 

Newman,  Care  D 

Newman,  Oscar  K 

Newman,  Simon  F 

NlEBERGAEE,  JUEIUS 

Newman,  Abraham  F 
Numburger,  Alexander 

Regimental  Quartermaster 

Neuberger,  Meier  L 

Captured;  died  in  Andersonville  Prison. 

Newman,  Simon  G 


Oppenheim,  Jacob 

Oppenheim,  Arnoed         Adjutant 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 
Oppenheimer,  Louis 
Ochs,  John 


A 


H 
D 


Regiment. 

58th  Infantry 
6 1  st  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
68th  Infantry 
70th  Infantry 
72  nd  Infantry 
73d  Infantry 
90th  Infantry 

95th  Infantry 
103d  Infantry 

1 1 5th  Infantry 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

137th  Infantry 

140th  Infantry 

146th  Infantry 

162nd  Infantry 

174th  Infantry 

1 86th  Infantry 

7th  S.  V. 

7th  S.  V. 

47th  S.  M. 

3d  Artillery 

4th  Artillery 

4th  Cavalry 

7th  Cavalry 

20th  Cavalry 

1st  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 

8th  Infantry 
41st  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  287 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  .  Regiment. 


OppEnheimer,  Henry 
Ochs,  Joseph 

Oppenheim,  David         Sergeant 
Ostrosky,  Leopold 

Wounded  at  Alutra. 


Corporal       B  42nd  Infantry 

C  1 6th  Cavalry 

L  15th  Artillery 

1  st  Independent  Infantry 


Pinkson,  Henry         Corporal 

E 

1st  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Phillips,  Lewis 

G 

2nd  Infantry 

Phillips,  Joseph 

E 

6th  Infantry 

Proskauer,  Herman 

H 

7th  Infantry 

Phillipson,  Ferdinand 

C 

8th  Infantry 

Phillips,  Meyer  D. 

A 

10th  Infantry 

Phillips,  Alfred       Quartermaster 

36th  Infantry 

Pollock,  Bernhard     1st  Lieutenant 

39th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private ;  promoted  for  bravery  at  Cross 

Keys. 

Peck,  Louis 

D 

40th  Infantry 

Pisko,  Edward 

C 

45th  Infantry 

Proskauer,  Adolph         Sergeant 

G 

52nd  Infantry 

POTZNONSKY,   MORITZ 

E 

54th  Infantry 

Pinkson,  Isidor 

K 

59th  Infantry 

Phillips,  Henry         Corporal 

G 

62nd  Infantry 

Pollock,  Joseph  B. 

D 

83d  Infantry 

Pollock,  David             Sergeant 

E 

96th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Phillipson, 

1  ooth  Infantry 

Pinkus,  L.                          Sergeant 

D 

103d  Infantry 

Wounded   at    Stone    Creek;  promoted 

from    Private; 

captured  and  sent  to  Libby  Prison 

Phillips,  L. 

E 

1 1 5th  Infantry 

Peisner,  Eli  as                    Colonel 

119th  Infantry 

.  Killed  at  Chancellorsville. 

Peisner,  Ferdinand        Captain 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Peisner,  Francis         1st  Lieutenant 

119th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 


288 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company, 

Regiment. 

PlNKSON,   ISIDOR 

119th  Infantry 

Pinkson,  Henry 

E 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

Posner,  Jacob 

E 

131st  Infantry 

Phillips,  Abraham 

E 

132nd  Infantry 

Phillips,  Isaac 

E 

132nd  Infantry 

Platto,  Harris 

A 

149th  Infantry 

Poppklstkin,  Samuel 

A 

149th  Infantry 

Pollock,  Jacob 

I 

149th  Infantry 

Peyser,  Nathan 

Sergeant 

K 

1st  Independent 

Peyser,  M. 

Corporal 

G 

1st  Independent 

Peixotto,  Moses  L. 

Captain 

B 

7th  S.  M. 

Entered  as  Private. 

Phillips, 

5th  Cavalry 

Rosenthal,  John 

G 

1  st  Infantry 

ROSENSTRAUS,  SELIGM^ 

lN 

D 

4th  Infantry 

Reizenstein,  Charles 

A 

6th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Jacob 

B 

6th  Infantry 

Rhein,  Moritz 

Captain 

7th  Infantry 

Ritter,  G. 

7th  Infantry 

Rosenstein,  Adolph 

D 

7th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Samuel 

G 

7  th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  August 

I 

7th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  M. 

D 

8th  Infantry 

Rauscher,  J. 

8th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Herman 

F 

8th  Infantry 

Raphael,  Jacob 

Corporal 

H 

8th  Infantry 

Reich,  Samuel 

I 

10th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Joseph 

K 

10th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  George 

A 

13th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Louis 

D 

17th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Charles 

I 

19th  Infantry 

Rosenfeld,  Joseph 

E 

20th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  I. 

A 

24th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Milo 

A 

24th  Infantry 

Rothschild,  Moses 

A 

24th  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

ROSENBERGER,  L. 

C 

25th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


289 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company.            Regiment. 

Raszhk,  Julius 

c 

31st  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Morris 

c 

31st  Infantry 

Rowk,  Morris 

Corporal 

E 

31st  Infantry 

Reitler,  Louis 

Sergeant 

32  nd  Infantry 

Killed  at  Crampton  Pass,  Maryland. 

Rosenbaum,  Joseph  D. 

D 

35th  Infantry 

Rowe,  Samuel  E. 

H 

37th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Lewis 

C 

38th  Infantry 

Rich,  George  L. 

B 

39th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Gustav 

F 

39th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Carl 

G 

39th  Infantry 

Raphael,  Alfred  Maurice     Lieutenant 

40th  Infantry 

Recipient  of  testimonials  for  brav 

ery  at 

Gettysburg. 

Rachel,  August     Quartermaster 

41st  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Rosenberg,  Samuel 

A 

41st  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Jacob 

I 

41st  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Joseph 

C 

47th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  M. 

50th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Andrew 

J- 

K 

50th  Infantry 

Rosenburg,  Max 

Lieutenant 

54th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  A. 

Lieutenant 

54th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  George 

54th  Infantry 

Rosenfp:ld,  Henry 

C 

54th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Daniel 

K 

54th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Barney 

55th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Isaac 

A 

56th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Moses 

B 

58th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Louis 

K 

58th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  K. 

K 

58th  Infantry 

Reese,  J. 

62nd  Infantry 

Seriously  woundec 

at  Gettysburg 

Rees, 

K 

62nd  Infantry 

Rosendale,  Charles  H. 

65th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Edward 

A 

66th  Infantry 

Rothschild,  Moritz 

Lieutenant 

K 

66th  Infantry 

It) 


290 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


Name. 

Rank.                  Company 

Regiment. 

ROSENDALE,  SlLAS 

Captain 

68th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Rosenthal,  Joseph 

Cx 

79th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Joseph 

F 

82  nd  Infantry 

Rau,  Max 

B 

90th  Infantry 

Rowe,  Joseph 

C 

91st  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  George 

Corporal 

H 

97th  Infantry 

ROSENBERGER,   FREDERICK 

K 

105th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Edward 

G 

1 1 3th  Infantry 

Rich,  Frank  E. 

I 

1 1 5th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Levy 

1 

1 1 7th  Infantry 

Rosenstein,  David 

E 

119th  Infantry 

Rehman,  Marcus 

E 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

Rosenstein,  Louis 

E 

119th  Infantry 

Regensburger,  J. 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

Rich,  Aaron  P. 

B 

125th  Infantry 

Rosendale,  Daniel 

F 

131st  Infantry 

Rosenburg,  Adam 

Corporal 

G 

136th  Infantry 

Rowe,  Moses 

K 

137th  Infantry 

Rose,  Isaac  E. 

D 

141st  Infantry 

Rothschild,  Moses 

A 

149th  Infantry 

Killed  -at  Lookout  Mountain.     Far  in  advance  of  his 

company  he  tore  < 

down  the  rebel 

flag, 

when  he  was 

killed  by  bullets. 

Rosenberg,  Isaac 

A 

149th  Infantry 

Rose,  Daniel 

I 

149th  Infantry 

Rosenburg,  N.  J. 

I 

151st  Infantry 

Rosenburg,  Isaac 

B 

155th  Infantry 

Rosendale,  Samuel 

•  Corporal 

D 

177th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private 

Rosendale,  Charlks 

H. 

K 

185th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  D. 

D 

1st  Independent 

Rosenberg,  D. 

D 

1  st  Independent 

Rothschild,  Samuel 

F 

5th  S.  V. 

Rosenbaum,  Louis 

B 

7th  S.  V. 

Rosenburg,  Adolph 

H 

7th  S.  V. 

Rebhun,  Jacob 

22nd  S.  M. 

Rosenblatt,  M. 

E 

1  st  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


291 


Name. 

Rank.            C< 

OMPANY. 

Regiment. 

ReissJ  Nathan 

M 

2nd  Cavalry 

Richter,  Herman 

Lieutenant 

4th  Cavalry 

Rosenthal,  Isaac 

E 

13th  Cavalry 

Rich,  Benjamin 

H 

22nd  Cavalry 

Rosenburg,  Joseph 

E 

25th  Cavalry 

Rosenthal,  Edward 

G 

yth  Artillery 

Reiss,  Solomon 

Lieutenant 

8th  Battery 

Rosenburg,  August 

C 

14th  Battery 

Rosenthal,  Milo 

Rosenburg,  Israel 

Silva,  Francis 

Captain 

1st  Infantry 

Scooler,  Henry 

1  st  Infantry 

Sebesky,  Wole 

1  st  Infantry 

Steinhardt,  

1st  Infantry 

Sternberger,  J. 

A 

4th  Infantry 

Solomon,  James 

B 

4th  Infantry 

SCHWARZSCHILD,   HERMAN 

D 

4th  Infantry 

Simon,  Jacob 

B 

6th  Infantry 

Scheier,  Ignaz, 

K 

6th  Infantry 

Sternberg,  Siegmund 

Captain 

7th  Infantry 

Stern,  Alexander 

Lieutenant 

7th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 

Sterne,  Louis 

Captain 

7th  Infantry 

Simons,  B. 

7th  Infantry 

Straus,  Jacob 

F 

7th  Infantry 

Sachs,  Louis 

■ 

H 

7th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 

Schimmel,  August 

8th  Infantry 

Captain  and  Assistant  Quartermaster. 

Silva,  Frank 

Lieutenant 

8th  Infantry 

Strauss,  Friedrich 

A 

8th  Infantry 

Sternfeld,  Philip 

D 

8th  Infantry 

Sobesky,  Wole 

G 

8th  Infantry 

Schwartz,  Edward 

H 

8th  Infantry 

Strauss,  Solomon 

H 

8th  Infantry 

Sporehase,  Alexander 

8th  Infantry 

Sachs,  Louis 

8th  Infantry 

292 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                              Rank.                  Company. 

Regiment. 

Steiner,  Joseph  N.      Captain 

9th  Infantry 

Schweizer,  Herman  P. 

A 

9th  Infantry 

Simons,  Harris 

H 

9th  Infantry 

Solomon,  Benjamin 

K 

10th  Infantry 

Simpson,  Frank  H. 

A 

nth  Infantry 

Commissary  Sergeant 

Seixas,  Isaac  G.           Lieutenant 

C 

nth  Infantry 

Steffter,  William 

nth  Infantry 

Strauss,  Peter           Captain 

B 

12th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  lieutenant. 

Simmons,  Jacob            Corporal 

B 

12th  Infantry 

Saemon,  Leon  N. 

B 

13th  Infantry 

Simon,  Jacob 

I 

15th  Infantry 

Schoenburger,  Napoleon     Quartermaster 

20th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Sternberg,  Moritz     ist  Lieutenant 

20th  Infantry 

SCHOENTHAE,  JACOB 

B 

20th  Infantry 

Sieberstein,  Moritz 

C 

20th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Chancellorsville. 

Scheesinger,  Moritz 

D 

20th  Infantry 

Salomon,  Leopold 

H 

20th  Infantry 

Simon,  Jueius 

H 

20th  Infantry 

Schwab,  Gustav 

H 

20th  Infantry 

Sanders,  Herman 

G 

2 1  st  Infantry 

Salmon,  David 

D 

23d  Infantry 

Strauss,  George 

E 

23d  Infantry 

Strauss,  John 

E 

23d  Infantry 

Shalensky,  Charles 

f   24th  Infantry 
\  149th  Infantry 

Salomon,  Henry 

K 

25th  Infantry 

Strausberg,  August 

K 

28th  Infantry 

Spear, Jacob 

D 

29th  Infantry 

Seriously  wounded. 

Sonnenberg,  Edward     Sergeant 

E 

29th  Infantry 

Salomon,  Louis 

F 

29th  Infantry 

Simon,  Charles 

G 

29th  Infantry 

Simons,  David 

A 

31st  Infantry 

Salomon,  S. 

C 

31st  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


293 


Name, 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Summer,  Solomon 

c 

31st  Infantry 

Strauss,  Abraham 

c 

31st  Infantry 

SULMAN,  S. 

c 

31st  Infantry 

Salek,  Adolf 

c 

31st  Infantry 

Straznisky,  J. 

c 

31st  Infantry 

Stern,  Louis 

c 

31st  Infantry 

Schonfeld,  K. 

31st  Infantry 

Steinback,  D. 

31st  Infantry 

Simpson,  J.                    ] 

lieutenant 

35th  Infantry 

Simons,  Henry  F. 

B 

35th  Infantry 

Salomon,  Cornelius 

37th  Infantry 

Schoenwalt,  C. 

38th  Infantry 

Stern, Jacob 

C 

38th  Infantry 

Spiegel,  Ludwig 

C 

38th  Infantry 

Simons,  Lewis 

H 

38th  Infantry 

Simons,  Noah 

H 

38th  Infantry 

Siegmund,  Oscar 

F 

39th  Infantry 

Sachs,  Leopold 

Corporal 

I 

39th  Infantry 

SCHAINBERGER,  ALEXANDER 

A 

41st  Infantry 

Schweitzer,  Julius 

B 

41st  Infantry 

Schweitzer,  Henry 

B 

41st  Infantry 

Simon,  Henry 

B 

41st  Infantry 

Strauss,  Ferdinand 

D 

41st  Infantry 

Sachs,  Friedrich 

H 

41st  Infantry 

SCHOENFELDER,  GUSTAV 

K 

41st  Infantry 

Simon,  Friedrich 

K 

41st  Infantry 

Strassburger,  J. 

41st  Infantry 

SCHLESSINGER,  ANTON 

Sergeant 

B 

42nd  Infantry 

Sulchman, 

Lieutenant 

44th  Infantry 

Simpson,  L. 

44th  Infantry 

Strauss,  Max 

G 

45th  Infantry 

Susedorf,  Carl  Frederick      Capt; 

lin 

46th  Infantry 

Schlesinger,  August 

B 

46th  Infantry 

Selig,  Jacob 

Captain 

D 

46th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private 

Selig,  Andreas 

46th  Infantry 

Schiff,  Simon 

C 

47th  Infantry 

294 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.  Rank. 

Simpson,  D.  Corporal 

Stein,  Gottlob 

Salmon,  David 

Stkinburg,  Samuel 

Sickel,  M.  Quartermaster 

Sternberger,  Joseph 

Samuels,  Isaac         Corporal 

Enlisted  as  Private.  • 
Simon,  Henry 

Stern,  Adolph  Sergeant 

Stern,  William         lieutenant 
Strauss,  Abraham    Sergeant 
Schuler,  J.  Sergeant 

Schuler,  F. 
Strauss,  Daniel 

Schuler,  Charles      Corporal 
Silberman,  Henry 
Schwab,  Herman 
Simons,  Louis 

SlLBERBERG,  AnSELM 

Salomon,  Joseph 
Steiner,  Leopold 
Steinberg,  Albert 
Samuels,  Henry 
Strauss,  Franz 
Strauss,  Abraham 
Samuels,  Louis 
Salomon,  Philip 
Silberman,  Joseph 
Stern,  Ferdinand 
Strauss,  Adam 
Strauss,  Jacob 
Simon,  Louis 
Spitzer,  Louis 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant 
Schwerin,  Herman  Lieutenant 
Schweitzer  ,  Emanuel 


Company. 

B 
E 
G 

A 
D 

E 
I 
E 
G 


B 


Corporal 


Sergeant 


Corporal 

Quartermaster 
1st  Lieutenant 


D 
H 
H 

B 

C 

I 

C 

C 

D 

H 

B 

A 

A 

E 

E 


B 
C 


Regiment. 

47th  Infantry 
49th  Infantry 
49th  Infantry 
51st  Infantry 
52  nd  Infantry 
52nd  Infantry 
52nd  Infantry 

53d  Infantry 
53d  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
55th  Infantry 
(S.  M.) 
55th  Infantry 
55th  Infantry 
55th  Infantry 
56th  Infantry 
58th  Infantry 
58th  Infantry 
58th  Infantry 
58th  Infantry 
59th  Infantry 
59th  Infantry 
59th  Infantry 
62nd  Infantry 
63d  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
68th  Infantry 
68th  Infantry 

68th  Infantry 
68th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Strauss,  William 

c 

6 8 tli  Infantry 

Simon,  Emil 

D 

68th  Infantry 

Simon,  Louis 

Captain 

E 

68th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Sinshkim,  Gottlieb 

E 

68th  Infantry 

Sternberg,  Franz 

K 

68th  Infantry 

Sulzberger,  Jacob 

K 

68th  Infantry 

Solomon,  Charles 

B 

70th  Infantry 

Solomon,  Louis 

B 

70th  Infantry 

Schife,  David 

B 

70th  Infantry 

Steinberg,  Henry 

B 

70th  Infantry 

Simon,  Samuel 

A 

72nd  Infantry 

Solomon,  Morris 

Sergeant 

K 

72  nd  Infantry 

Silva,  Manuel 

Captain 

73d  Infantry 

Silberman,  Louis 

B 

74th  Infantry 

Salmons,  Charles  H 

ARMON 

G 

75th  Infantry 

Simon,  Benjamin  F. 

B 

77th  Infantry 

Solomon,  A. 

F 

77  th  Infantry 

Stein,  Frank 

B 

83d  Infantry 

Strauss,  Louis 

G 

84th  Infantry 

Spear,  Leopold 

E 

87  th  Infantry 

Simonson, Joseph 

Corporal 

H 

87  th  Infantry 

Sommer,  Louis 

Sergeant 

D 

89th  Infantry 

Sampson,  Charles 

91st  Infantry 

Strauss,  George 

G 

95th  Infantry 

Steiner,  Jacob 

H 

101st  Infantry 

Strauss,  G. 

Captain 

A 

103d  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Steinbach,  Friedrich 

A 

103d  Infantry 

Siebert,  Julius 

H 

103d  Infantry 

Simon,  Lewis 

E 

105th  Infantry 

Salmon,  Joseph 

H 

105th  Infantry 

Samson,  Levi  C. 

C 

110th  Infantry 

Speyer,  Morris 

Corporal . 

A 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

Schwerin,  Henry  R 

..     Captain 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Sussman,  William 

Sergeant 

I 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

Sternberger,  T. 

Quartermaster 

121st  Infantry 

296 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                              I 

Eank.                   Company. 

Regiment. 

Sax, Jacob 

I 

122nd  Infantry 

Simmons,  Lewis 

C 

128th  Infantry 

Strass,  Moritz 

Sergeant 

G 

128th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Sachs,  Louis 

B 

140th  Infantry 

Schoneman,  Henry 

B 

140th  Infantry 

Strauss,  John 

B 

149th  Infantry 

SCHOENTHAL,  GOTTUIEB 

K 

152nd  Infantry 

Strauss,  Simon 

Corporal 

C 

175th  Infantry 

Sternberg,  Siegmund 

Lieutenant 

175th  Infantry 

Stern,  Moses 

C 

177th  Infantry 

Steiner,  D. 

177th  Infantry 

Solomon,  Phineas 

Captain 

D 

178th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Solomon,  Levi 

E 

184th  Infantry 

Sternberg,  Abraham 

Major 

1 86th  Infantry 

Stern,  Moses 

A 

191st  Infantry 

Sommer,  Jacob 

C 

1st  Independent 

Seeigman,  Louis 

Lieutenant 

D 

1st  Independent 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Scooler,  Henry 

1st  Independent 

Simon, Jacob 

F 

1st  Independent 

Sebesky,  Wolf 

F 

1  st  Independent 

Simon,  L- 

G 

1  st  Independent 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Steinhardt,  

G 

1st  Independent 

Sieva,  Frank  A. 

Captain 

E 

7th  S.  M. 

SCHLESSINGER,  NATHANIEE  F. 

E 

7th  S.  V. 

Strauss,  G.  Adam 

F 

7th  S.  V. 

Strauss,  Salomon 

F 

7th  S.  V. 

Stern,  Alexander 

K 

7th  S.  V. 

Stein,  Leopold 

B 

17th  S.  V. 

Salowsky,  Henry 

Adjutant 

1st  Cavalry 

SCHWARZENBERG,  J. 

1st  Cavalry 

Sachs,  Henry 

G 

1st  Cavalry 

Swaal,  T.  W. 

Lieutenant 

2nd  Cavalry 

Samson,  Julius 

Lieutenant 

4th  Cavalry 

Sachs,  H. 

A 

5th  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


297 


Name. 


Rank. 


Company. 


Regiment. 


Solomon,  Benjamin 
Samuelson,  John 
Samuelson,  Samuel  A. 
Stern,  Charles  H. 
Schwab,  Simon 
Sholem,  Louis 
Schwaab,  Frederick  W 
Strasburger,  Joseph 
Solomon,  Joseph 
Stadeker,  Julius 

Wounded;  captured; 
Stein,  Henry 
Stein,  Adolph 
Simon,  Frank 
Stein,  Gustav 
Stein,  Julius 
Samuels,  Alexander  R. 
Simon,  Henry 

Solomon  M.  Sergeant 

Schweitzer,  Abraham 
Shalmek,  Charles 


Lieutenant 


B  5  th  Cavalry 

F  9th  Cavalry 

F  9th  Cavalry 

K  1 2th  Cavalry 

C  13th  Cavalry 

K  13th  Cavalry 

1 6th  Cavalry 
M     1  st  Mounted  Rifles 
D   2nd  Mounted  Rifles 
1st  Artillery 


died  in  Libby  Prison 
L 
B 
K 
H 
H 


2nd  Artillery 

8th  Artillery 

14th  Artillery 

15th  Artillery 

15th  Artillery 

6th  Independent  Artillery 

9th  Independent  Artillery 

27th  Independent  Artillery 

30th  Battery 


Traub,  Adolph 
Tannhauser,  Herman 
Tschopick,  Adolph 
Truefinger,  Philip     Lieutenant 
Thalheimer,  Jacob 
Thalheimer,  Anton 

Ullman,  Benjamin 


E 
H 


20th  Infantry 
29th  Infantry 
45th  Infantry 
57th  Infantry 
151st  Infantry 
8th  Cavalry 

55th  Infantry 


ViExelbaum, 1st  Independent  Infantry 

Captured  and  sent  to  Andersonville  Prison. 
Van  Etten,  David  D  23d  Infantry 

Van  Baalen,  Henry  E  49th  Infantry 


Killed  at  the  Wilderness. 
Veit,  Meyer 

Van  Bosh,  Max  Lieutenant 

Van  Etten,  Jacob 


54th  Infantry 

3d  Artillery 

5th  Artillery 


298 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank.                  Company 

Regiment. 

Wolf,  Charles 

E 

2nd  Infantry 

Wolf,  Joseph 

H 

2nd  Infantry 

Wolf,  William 

C 

3d  Infantry 

Wolf,  Henry 

C 

4th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Max 

D 

4th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Charles 

G 

4th  Infantry 

Weil,  Oscar 

Adjutant 

5th  Infantry 

(Veteran) 

Weil,  Charles 

Lieutenant 

8th  Infantry 

Weiss,  Adolph 

Lieutenant 

8th  Infantry 
(Veteran) 

Wolf,  William 

Corporal 

B 

8th  Infantry 
(Veteran) 

Wild  a,  M. 

8th  Infantry 

Wolf,  William 

A 

9th  Infantry 

Wolf,  William 

A 

9th  Infantry 
(Veteran) 

Wolf,  Edward 

B 

12th  Infantry 
(Veteran) 

Wolf,  W.  W. 

K 

1 6th  Infantry 

Wolf,  John 

I 

17th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Mark 

1 8th  Infantry 

Wiseman,  Samuel 

I 

19th  Infantry 

Wolf,  William 

A 

20th  Infantry 

Weiss,  Adolph 

B 

20th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Adam 

20th  Infantry 

Wenk,  Joseph 

20th  Infantry 

Lost  an  arm;  Past  Commander  of 

Colt's 

Post  No.  32. 

Weiss,  Julius  A. 

C 

2 1  st  Infantry 

Weyman,  Nathan 

24th  Infantry 

Wasserman,  Ignatius     ist  Lieutenant 

29th  Infantry 

Mustered  out  as 

Captain. 

Weinberg,  Theo. 

Sergeant 

C 

29th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Gustav 

Corporal 

C 

29th  Infantry 

Weiner,  Gustav 

Lieutenant 

E 

29th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 

Wolf,  Emil 

F 

29th  Infantry 

Weisheimer,  C. 

C 

31st  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


299 


Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

E 

39th  Infantry 

E 

39th  Infantry 

Surgeon 

39th  Infantry 

I 

39th  Infantry 

' 

B 

41st  Infantry 

B 

41st  Infantry 

B 

41st  Infantry 

rst  Lieutenant 

52  nd  Infantry 

L  CICI  SUulg, 

Captain 

54th  Infantry 

Name. 

Wiener,  Gustav 
Weil,  Josfph 
Wolf,  Friedrich 
Wolf,  Jacob 
Wiener,  Gustav 
Wolf,  Jacob 
Wolf,  Leopold 
Wolf,  Louis 

Killed  at  siege 
Wertheimer,  Edwin 

Special  mention  is  made  of  the  heroic  conduct  of  Captain 
Wertheimer  at  the  battle  on  the  plains  of  Manassas:  With  a 
small  guide  flag  in  his  hands  he  advanced  and  cheered  the  men 
to  follow  him,  while  the  enemy  were  pouring  a  perfect  hail  of 
lead  into  the  Union  lines.  At  the  Battle  of  Chancellorsville, 
Captain  Wertheimer  particularly  distinguished  himself  by 
gallantly  rescuing  the  State  flag  during  a  murderous  cross-fire 
of  the  enemy.  While  severely  wounded,  he  proudly  and  nobly 
defended  it  until  unable  to  bear  up  any  longer,  he  placed  the 
flag  in  charge  of  a  brother  officer. 
Wolf,  A.  B. 
Weinburg,  Isaac 
Wolf,  Arthur  S.  Surgeon 

Worms,  A.  C.  Quartermaster 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 

Worms,  Charles        2nd  Lieutenant 

Wertheim,  Moritz         Corporal 

Wenk,  Aaron 

Wenk,  August 

Wenk,  Joseph 

Wertheim,  Louis 

Wolf,  David 

Wolf,  Carl 

Woog,  Emanuel 

Wounded  at  Bull  Run. 

Wolf,  Simon 

Wolf,  Adolph 

Wolf,  Louis 


54th  Infantry 

54th  Infantry 

55th  Infantry 

K 

58th  Infantry 

K 

58th  Infantry 

K 

66th  Infantry 

K 

66th  Infantry 

K 

66th  Infantry 

K 

66th  Infantry 

K 

66th  Infantry 

K 

66th  Infantry 

A 

68th  Infantry 

C 

68th  Infantry 

D 

68th  Infantry 

I 

68th  Infantry 

C 

71st  Infantry 

300 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                                    Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Wasserman,  Moses 

G 

71st  Infantry 

Warner,  Wieeiam 

72nd  Infantry 

Warner,  Phieip 

H 

72  nd  Infantry 

Woefsohn,  Charees 

B 

74th  Infantry 

WOEFSKy,  Louis 

B 

74th  Infantry 

Weil,  Joseph 

B 

78th  Infantry 

W7ertheim,  Henry 

F 

84th  Infantry 

Waterman,  Charees 

E 

86th  Infantry 

Woefsohn,  Louis 

C 

87th  Infantry 

Woef,  Phieip 

K 

87th  Infantry 

Waterman,  Samuee  H. 

A 

91st  Infantry 

Woef,  Frederick 

K 

97th  Infantry 

Weieer,  Joseph 

E 

101st  Infantry 

Woef,  Charees  H. 

I 

102nd  Infantry 

Woef,  Charees 

F 

1 1 7th  Infantry 

Weie,  Joseph 

B 

119th  Infantry 

Weie,  Lyon 

B 

119th  Infantry 

Wiener,  Joseph 

I 

119th  Infantry 

Weinstein,  Jacob 

I 

119th  Infantry 

Woef,  Herman 

F 

127th  Infantry 

Wise,  Soeomon  S. 

I 

136th  Infantry 

Woef,  Abraham  B. 

D 

148th  Infantry 

Woef,  Henry 

B 

154th  Infantry 

Woef,  Joseph 

F 

163d  Infantry 

Wenzeick,  R. 

G 

173d  Infantry 

Woef,  Wieeiam         Lieutenant 

178th  Infantry 

Woef,  Adam 

K 

178th  Infantry 

Woef,  Leopoed 

B 

1 st Independent 

Woef,  Henry 

H 

1st  Independent 

Woef,  Gabriee 

F 

5th  S.  V. 

Woef,  C. 

H 

5th  S.  V. 

Woef,  Joseph 

F 

7th  S.  V. 

Woef,  Wieeiam 

B 

7th  S.  M. 

Wiesbaden,  Jueius 

D 

7th  S.  M. 

Woef,  Louis 

F 

1 2  th  Cavalry 

Weinberg,  Morris 

D 

14th  Cavalry 

Woef,  Leopoed 

L 

14th  Cavalry 

Woef,  Joseph 

L 

14th  Artillery 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


801 


Name.  Rank. 

Woef,  Charles 
Wkrtheim,  Henry 
Wolf,  Joseph  C. 
Wise,  Theodore 

Zoeeer,  Otto 

Zimmerman,  B. 

Zabinski,  Gabriee         Corporal 


Company. 


Regiment. 


F  15th  Artillery 

32nd  Independent  Artillery 

I  2nd  Cavalry 

5th  Cavalry 

7th  Infantry 

F  7th  Infantry 

4th  Artillery 


NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Name.             Rank.  Company.     Regiment. 

Aaron,  Meyer  1st  Infantry 
Killed  in    battle;    buried  in  Jewish  cemetery,    Rich- 
mond Virginia. 

Abraham,  F.  B                  6th  Cavalry 
Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

Aetman,  Nathan  G              40th  Infantry 

Captured;    died  and  buried  in  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 
Elmira,  New  York. 

Behrends,  Iy.  C                   1  st  Infantry 

Brandt,  Jacob  5th  Infantry 

Bass,  Benjamin  H             45th  Infantry 

Captured;  died  and  buried  at    Woodlawn  Cemetery, 

Elmira,  New  York. 


Cohen,  E.  B. 


Lieutenant 


1st  Infantry 


Daniee,  Henry                                           F  10th  Infantry 

Captured;  died,  and  buried  in  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 
Elmira,  New  York. 

Danane,  Jacob                                            B  53d  Infantry 


302 

THE  AMERICAN 

JEW  AS 

Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

ElGENBRUN,  I. 

c 

ist  Infantry 

Engel,  Jonas 

fC 

"1 

ist  Infantry 
53d  Infantry 

Eli  as,  Louis 

Lieutenant 

nth  Infantry 

Eigenbrun,  Isaac 

35th  Infantry 

Friedheim,  Arnold  K  4th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Seven  Pines  and  at  the  Wilderness. 

Goodman,  Henry  G  26th  Infantry 

Captured;  died  and  buried  in  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 
Elmira,  New  York. 

Hyman,  S.                                                     C  ist  Infantry 

Hofflein,  Marcus         Captain  4th  Infantry 

Afterwards  on  the  staff  of  General  Grimes. 

Heineman,  Morris                                   D  4th  Infantry 

Harris,  Edward                                       G  36th  Infantry 

Captured;  died  and  buried  in  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 

Elmira,  New  York. 

Israel,  J.  E  51st  Infantry 

Captured;    died  and  buried  in  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 
Elmira,  New  York. 


Jonas,  Daniel  D  ist  Infantry 

Captured;  died  and  buried  at  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 
Elmira,  New  York. 


Jacoby,  Nathaniel 

Katz,  I. 
Katz,  Jack 
Katz,  Aaron 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 


25th  Infantry 

ist  Infantry 
35th  Infantry 
53d  Infantry 


Leavy,  Charles  M. 

Appointed  Commissary  by  General  Palmer  in  Special 
Order,  Number  23. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


308 
Regiment. 
—  Infantry 


Name.  Rank.  Company. 

Luria,  Albert  (Moses)     Lieutenant 

Promoted  from  Sergeant.  At  the  age  of  nineteen 
years  he  was  appointed  Lieutenant  in  a  North  Carolina 
Infantry  Regiment.  He  was  killed  at  Seven  Pines,  in 
June,  1862,  while  rallying  his  Company,  having 
seized  the  colors  falling  from  the  hands  of  the  dying 
color-bearer. 

An  incident  of  this  brave  officer's  career  is  worth 
recording.  At  the  engagement  at  Sewell's  Point,  in 
May,  1 86 1,  an  eight-inch  shell,  with  fuse  still  burn- 
ing, fell  into  the  Company's  gun-pit,  and  young 
Albert  without  a  moment's  hesitation,  seized  it  in  his 
arms  and  put  it  in  a  tub  of  water,  quenched  the  fuse  and 
thereby  saved  his  own  and  his  comrades'  lives.  The 
Company  in  recognition  of  his  heroism  had  the  shell 
engraved  with  a  history  of  the  incident,  and  adding 
the  words,  "The  pride  of  his  Regiment  and  the 
bravest  of  the  brave,"  sent  it  to  his  parents.  It  now 
stands  upon  a  pillar  over  his  grave  at  the  '  'Esquiline, " 
near  Columbus,  Georgia,  as  a  fitting  monument. 

Levi,  Isaac  C. 
Leon,  L. 


Levy,  J.  C. 
Lkwis,  Lovet 
Lewis,  David 


Captain 


Elmira,  New  York. 


Meyer,  Aaron 

Killed;     buried 

Virginia . 

Myers,  Marcus 

Myers,  Ezekiel 

Myers,  William 

Oppenheimek, 


in     Jewish 


C                  ist  Infantry 

(  C                  ist  Infantry 

(                     53d  Infantry 

C                  ist  Infantry 

D                4th  Reserves 

C              22  nd  Infantry 

Woodlawn   Cemetery, 

cemetery, 

ist  Infantry 
Richmond, 

2nd  Infantry 
Reilly's  Battery 
Reilly's  Battery 

r 

ist  Infantry 
44th  Infantry 

304  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Name.                            Rank.                 Company.  Regiment. 

Ottingkr,  L.  2nd  Infantry 

Killed  at  Seven  Pines. 

OppKnhkimer,  S.                                         B  44th  Infantry 

Pheeps,  H.  M.              Sergeant                 B  1st  Infantry 

Pinner,  I.  M.                                              E  3d  Infantry 

Captured;    died  and  buried  in  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 

Elmira,  New  York. 

Pinkus,  L.                                                     D  103d  Infantry 

Rose,  Joseph  3d  Infantry 

Rice,  Ignatius                                          B  8th  Infantry 

Commissary  and  Quartermaster-Sergeant 

RoESSEER,  J.                      Captain               E  13th  Infantry 

Severely  wounded  at  the  Battle  of  the  Wilderness; 

promoted. 

RoESSEER,  Jacob             Captain               F  13th  Infantry 

SterngeanTz,  D.                                        D  4th  Infantry 

Southan,  Levi                                           A  28th  Infantry 

Captured;    died  and  buried   at  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 

Elmira,  Mew  York. 

SEEEERS,  J.                          Sergeant           G  36th  Infantry 

Captured;  died  and  buried  in  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 

Elmira,  New  York. 

Simon,  Jesse                                               C  20th  Infantry 

Captured;    died  and  buried  in  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 

Elmira,  New  York. 

Simmons,  Moses                                         G  20th  Infantry 

Captured;  died,  and  buried  at  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 

Elmira,  New  York. 

TELEER,  E.  i 8th  Infantry 

Woef,  G.                                                        C  1st  Infantry 

Died   from    exposure;  buried    in    Jewish  Cemetery, 
Richmond,  Virginia. 

Weie,  Harm  an                                            D  4th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  305 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 


WeiSEneield,  M. 

A 

4th  Infantry 

Wertheimer,  Henry 

35th  Infantry 

Wertheimer,  George 

B 

53d  Infantry 

Wertheimer,  H. 

B 

53d  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

OHIO. 

Name.                              Rank. 

Abraham,  Alexander 
Asher,  Adbert 

Wounded  in  action. 

Company. 

G 

Regiment. 

2nd  Infantry 
3d  Infantry 

Adder,  Moses 
Arnold,  Levi 

Served  three  years. 

4th  Infantry 
4th  Infantry 

Amburg,  Louis  C.         Sergeant 
Promoted  from  Corporal. 

26th  Infantry 

Appel,  Joseph 

Aaron,  Theodore 

Adder,  Joseph 

Aaron,  Herman         Sergeant 

Aaronson,  I. 

Abram,  Joseph 

Died  in  the  service. 

F 

A 

F 

I 

C 

28th  Infantry 
34th  Infantry 
37th  Infantry 
37th  Infantry 
37th  Infantry 
39th  Infantry 

Appel,  Samuel 
Appel,  David  H. 
Killed  in  action. 

F 

39th  Infantry 
45th  Infantry 

Abraham,  Henry             Corporal           I 
Enlisted  as  Private;  died  in  the  service. 

Adder,  Joseph 

Arnbach,  Simon 

Auerbach,  Henry  H.                              H 

Aaron,  Louis                  Sergeant              A 
Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three  years. 

49th  Infantry 

58th  Infantry 

74th  Infantry 

85th  Infantry 

108th  Infantry 

20 

306 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


Name, 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Baer,  Isaac 

B 

ist  Infantry 

Bakr,  Samuel 

I 

ist  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Branstetter,  Abraham 

A 

2nd  Infantry 

Bernheimer,  Samuel 

4th  Infantry 

Bachman,  Adam 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Resaca. 

Baer,  William 

5th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Baum,  Isaac 

E 

5th  Infantry 

Blum,  Henry 

8th  Infantry 

Bluhn,  Ernst 

9th  Infantry 

Baer,  Henry 

Corporal 

9th  Infantry 

Bachman,  Jacob 

12  th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Bash,  Simon 

K 

13th  Infantry 

Blumberg,  Joseph 

C 

14th  Infantry 

Blum,  David 

K 

1 8th  Infantry 

Bunzel,  W.  J. 

22nd  Infantry 

Bernstein,  Lewis 

24th  Infantry 

Baer,  David 

G 

25th  Infantry 

Baum,  Joseph 

G 

33d  Infantry 

Baumgardner,  Solomon 

C 

34th  Infantry 

Baer,  Herman 

37th  Infantry 

Blau,  Emil 

37th  Infantry 

Baum,  August 

37th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Blau,  A. 

37th  Infantry 

Killed  in  Virginia. 

Benjamin,  David 

Captain 

39th  Infantry 

Baum,  J.  C. 

H 

42nd  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Frank 

D 

48th  Infantry 

Bing,  Joseph 

56th  Infantry 

Blout,  Henry 

56th  Infantry 

Bachman,  Solomon 

F 

58th  Infantry 

Bachman,  Joseph 

G 

58th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Company 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  307 

Regiment. 

6ist  Infantry 
6ist  Infantry 


Name.  Rank. 

Blumenthal,  Frederick 
Bien,  Emanuel  Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Blum,  Manuel  E             67th  Infantry 

Baer,  Abraham  A              68th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Baer,  Samuel  G            68th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  Samuel  F              69th  Infantry 

Blaut,  Henry  E              75th  Infantry 

Benjamin,  J.  A.  C               76th  Infantry 

Baer,  Jonas  C              80th  Infantry 

Baum,  Herman  C               80th  Infantry 

Baum,  Kaufman  C              80th  Infantry 

Berlin,  Jacob                  Corporal  K              80th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  wounded  at  Mission  Ridge. 

Berlin,  Solomon  80th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Bush,  Jacob                     Sergeant-Major  82nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant;  served  three  years. 

Breyfogel,  Israel         Corporal  C              86th  Infantry 

Bernheimer,  Samuel  H              91st  Infantry 

Bernheimer,  William  H              91st  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Benjamin,  Levi  D              97th  Infantry 

Bamberger,  Adam        Sergeant  E             104th  Infantry 


Promoted  from  Corporal;  served  three  years 


Bamberger,  Cyrus 

Baer,  Jacob  Corporal 

Served  three  years. 
Bachman,  Leopold         Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private. 
Bernheimer,  Aaron 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 
Bien,  Mordecai  P.         Lieutenant 
Baumgardner,  Emanuel 

Served  three  years. 


I) 


104th  Infantry 
106th  Infantry 

106th  Infantry 

107th  Infantry 

1 1 3th  Infantry 
114th  Infantry 


308  THE  AMERICA N  JEW  AS 

Name.            Rank.       Company.  Regiment, 

Bakr,  Joel  120th  Infantry 
Died  in  Louisiana. 

Barr,  Jacob  P.              1st  Sergeant         A  123d  Infantry 
Enlisted  as  Private;  captured  at  Winchester. 

Bamberger,  John                                     G  128th  Infantry 

Braunschweiger,  Jacob                          G  130th  Infantry 

Baer,  Jacob                                                 B  133d  Infantry 

Breyfogel,  C.  W.                                      F  9th  Cavalry 


Cohn,  Henry  S. 

D 

5th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Cohen,  J. 

12th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Jacob 

1 8th  Infantry 

COBLENZ,   HPHRAIM 

19th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Aaron 

C 

2 1  st  Infantry 

Cohn,  Bernard 

22nd  Infantry 

Cohen,  Jacob  C.             Lieutenant 

27th  Infantry 

Cohen,  Israel 

A 

30th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Cohn,  Joseph 

H 

34th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Winchester. 

Cohen,  Isaac  D.                 Corporal 

B 

35th  Infantry 

Cohn,  Henry 

K 

38th  Infantry 

Coblenz,  Daniel 

41st  Infantry 

Cobl?:nz,  Adam 

C 

50th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Cohen,  William  F. 

F 

55th  Infantry 

Cohen,  J.  W. 

C 

69th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Jonesboro,  Georgia. 

Coen,  Reuben  L. 

D 

77th  Infantry 

Killed  in  Tennessee. 

Cohen,  Henry                Sergeant 

G 

1 06th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Hartsville,  Tennessee 

Cohen,  William             Corporal 

H 

1 1 4th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


809 


Name.                              Rank.                  Company. 

Regiment. 

Coblenz,  Noah 

H 

115th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Coblenz,  Joseph  D. 

C 

128th  Infantry 

Durst,  Gabriel 

1  st  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Davidson,  Joshua 

5th  Infantry 

Darley,  David 

7th  Infantry 

David,  Lewis             Lieutenant 

8th  Infantry 

Dryfus,  Arthur 

9th  Infantry 

Daniels,  Abraham 

H 

15th  Infantry 

De  Silva,  Manuel         Lieutenant 

E 

1 6th  Infantry 

Ezekiel,  David  J.          Brevet  Captain 

(  7th  Infantry 
1  U.  S.  Army 

Wounded  at  Shiloh   and  promoted  from 

Sergeant  by 

order  of  General  Banks  for  meritorious  conduct. 

Khrlich,  Henry 

H 

22nd  Infantry 

Eppstein,  Leopold 

24th  Infantry 

Ephraim,  W.  H. 

G 

25th  Infantry 

Engel,  Samuel         Corporal 

K 

85th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Eli  as,  Israel 

1 08th  Infantry 

Eli  as,  Elijah 

A 

1 1 5th  Infantry 

Erdman,  Charles  W.     Sergeant-Maj 

or 

121st  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Engel,  David  A.         Corporal 

C 

131st  Infantry 

Engel,  Samuel  C. 

K 

131st  Infantry 

ElSENSTAEDT,  B. 

E 

146th  Infantry 

Friedman,  David          Captain 

2nd  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Fox,  A.  2nd  Infantry 

Captured  at  Chickamauga;  prisoner  at  Andersonville. 

Frank,  Jacob  G                 3d  Infantry 

Frank,  William  D                5th  Infantry 

Frank,  Samuel  5th  Infantry 

Furst,  Joseph  F                 6th  Infantry 


310 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


Name. 

Rank 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Franks,  Henry 

7th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Cedar  Mountain. 

Frank,  A. 

9th  Infantry 

Frank,  Herman 

9th  Infantry 

Falk,  Nathan 

Corporal 

H 

25th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action . 

Falk,  C. 

28th  Infantry 

Fox,  Levi 

E 

31st  Infantry 

Falk,  C. 

35th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Friedman,  Jacob 

37th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Frankfurter,  David 

37th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Fleischman,  Moritz 

Lieutenant 

I 

37th  Infantry 

Friedlein,  Jacob 

C 

42nd  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Frank,  Charles 

Corporal 

E 

49th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Frank,  Benjamin 

49th  Infantry 

Frank,  Jacob 

57th  Infantry 

Fleischman,  G. 

60th  Infantry 

Fishel,  Daniel 

Corporal 

A 

61st  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Frank, Joel 

E 

61st  Infantry 

Killed  in  battle. 

Frankhauser,  D. 

63d  Infantry 

Frankhauser,  S. 

63d  Infantry 

Frankhauser,  L. 

63d  Infantry 

Frankhauser,  Solomon 

A 

64th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Frankenfield,  Josepi 

[ 

K 

66th  Infantry 

Died  in  service. 

Frank,  Daniel 

D 

69th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Frank,  David 

D 

69th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


311 


Name.                            Rank.                   Com 

PANY. 

Regiment. 

Frankfurt,  H-. 

69th  Infantry 

Killed  near  Atlanta. 

Feldheim,  Edward 

K 

70th  Infantry 

Frkund, Jacob 

E 

80th  Infantry 

Freiberger,  Daniel 

H 

83d  Infantry 

Fleischer,  Jacob  F. 

B 

86th  Infantry 

Frankfurter,  Jacob 

F 

86th  Infantry 

Frankfurter,  H. 

86th  Infantry 

Frankfurter,  Alexander 

90th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Fishel,  Solomon 

H 

105th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Furst,  Jacob 

B 

107th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Fees,  Joseph                 Corporal 

F 

107th  Infantry 

Promoted  at  Chancellorsville. 

Franck,  C. 

107th  Infantry 

FlEischman,  F.           i st  Lieutenant 

1 08th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 

Frank,  David 

1 08th  Infantry 

Friedman,  David          Captain 

E 

1 08th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant;  served  three  years. 

Frank, Jacob 

K 

110th  Infantry 

Fees,  Samuee 

D 

114th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Thompson's  Hill,  Mississippi, 

Furst,  Jacob  H. 

E 

114th  Infantry 

Furst,  Jacob  H. 

D 

120th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Jackson,  Mississippi. 

Frank,  Daniee 

E 

1 20th  Infantry 

Friend,  Levi 

E 

134th  Infantry 

Frank,  C. 

137th  Infantry 

Frank,  Joseph 

A 

139th  Infantry 

Furst,  Samuel 

C 

139th  Infantry 

GUNTHER,  A. 

7th  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 


312 


Name. 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Rank.  Company. 


Regiment. 


Quartermaster 


lieutenant 


Goldsmith,  Joseph 

Green walt,  D 

Goldsmith,  James 

Guggenheim,  Theodore 

Gross,  Jacob 

Gross,  D. 

Gans,  David  M.  Captain 

Gratz,  Morris 

Wounded  at  Fort  Donelson. 
Gratz,  Emanuel 

Died  of  wounds. 
Goldsmith,  George 

Died  in  the  service. 

Gorrel,  Levi 
Goldsmith,  Jacob 
Goldsmith,  Henry  M. 

Enlisted  as  private. 
Geiger,  Joshua 

Died  in  the  service. 
Goldsmith,  Leopold 

Died  in  the  service. 
Goldsmith,  Henry 

Served  three  years. 
Goldsmith,  John 

Captured. 
Goldsmith,  B. 
Greenwalt,  Abraham 

Awarded  by  Secretary  of   War   "Medal  of  Honor" 

for  capturing  Rebel  Corps  flag  in  the  battle  of  Frank- 
lin, Tennessee. 
Goldsmith,  William  C  i  i 3th  Infantry 

Died  at  Nashville,  Tennessee. 
Goodman,  Isaac  A  125th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service  at  Franklin,  Tennessee. 
Greenwalt,  Michael  K  129th  Infantry 

Geiger,  Jacob  G  130th  Infantry 


E 


H 


G 


K 


B 

B 
G 


15th  Infantry 
24th  Infantry 
29th  Infantry 
34th  Infantry 
34th  Infantry 
34th  Infantry 
35th  Infantry 
35th  Infantry 

35th  Infantry 

42nd  Infantry 

46th  Infantry 
47th  Infantry 
56th  Infantry 

72nd  Infantry 

72nd  Infantry 

76th  Infantry 

77th  Infantry 

83d  Infantry 
104th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


313 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Green,  Simeon 

G 

130th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  John 

C 

133d  Infantry 

GOTTSCHALK,   GuSTAV 

D 

138th  Infantry 

Green,  Simon 

Corporal 

F 

177th  Infantry 

Gans,  Isaac 

Corporal 

2nd' Cavalry 

Received  a  Congressional  "Medal  of  Honor"  for  brav- 
ery displayed  on  the  battlefield. 
Guggenheim,  S.  S.  10th  Cavalry 


Hart,  Benjamin 

H 

2nd  Infantry 

Harris,  Solomon  S. 

C 

2nd  Infantry 

Harris,  Isaac 

K 

3d  Infantry 

Heller,  Blias 

C 

4th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Hirsch,  J. 

K 

5th  Infantry 

Herman,  Henry 

A 

6th  Infantry 

Hahneman,  A. 

H 

6th  Infantry 

Hofman,  Henry 

7th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Chancellorsville. 

Hellbrun,  Alexander         1st  Lieutenant 

9th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 

Herzog,  P. 

9th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chickamauga. 

Heineman,  Frederick 

B 

9th  Infantry 

Hessberg,  Isaac 

C 

9th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Jacob 

C 

9th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Chickamauga. 

Hirschman, 

F 

9th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chickamauga. 

HlRSCHBAUM,  A. 

9th  Infantry 

Hirsh,  J. 

10th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Herzog,  Jacob 

H 

12  th  Infantry 

Captured. 

Hirsch,  William 

12th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Henry 

A 

17th  Infantry 

Hess,  Isaac 

C 

1 8th  Infantry 

314 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 
Rank.  Company, 

Isaac 


Name. 
HlRSCHBERG 

Died  in  the  service. 
Hess,  Jacob 

Hirschberg,  David  D 

Herrman,  Adoeph 

Hirschman,  Joseph  K 

Herzog,  Adoeph 

Heyman,  Jacob  B 

Hecht,  Moses  H 

Hirsch,  John  W. 

Hirschman,  John  A 

Herrman,  Ferdinand  C 

Herrman,  Bernhard 
Herrman,  Joseph  K 

Died  in  the  service. 
Hirsch,  Jacob  E 

Hofman,  Levi 
Hoffman,  S.  Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private. 
Herzog,  Benjamin 

Hess,  Jacob  A 

Hirschberg,  Henry  B 

Hirsch,  Henry  D 

Herrman,  Lewis  Sergeant  I 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Heeeer,  Emie  Quartermaster-Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  four  years. 
Heineman,  Henry 
Herrman,  Henry 

Wounded  in  action. 
Hess,  Ferdinand  E 

Hart,  Abram  D 

Hess,  Jacob 
Hahn,  Levi  A 

Served  three  years. 
Hahn,  Moritz  A 

Served  three  years. 


Regiment. 
19th  Infantry 

19th  Infantry 
19th  Infantry 
22  nd  Infantry 
22  nd  Infantry 
24th  Infantry 
26th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 
29th  Infantry 

32nd  Infantry 

32  nd  Infantry 

33d  Infantry 

33d  Infantry 

33d  Infantry 

33d  Infantry 

35th  Infantry 

35th  Infantry 

37th  Infantry 

37  th  Infantry 
37th  Infantry 

37  th  Infantry 
39th  Infantry 
39th  Infantry 
40th  Infantry 

40th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 

Rank. 


815 


Name. 

Heller,  Joseph 
Hofman,  Reuben 

Died  in  the  service. 
Heller,  Herman 

Died  of  wounds. 
Hofman,  Levi 

Died  in  the  service. 
Herrman,  Jacob 
Herrman,  Henry 
Hofman,  Joseph  Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private. 
Heineman,  William 

Killed  at  Stone  River. 

Heller,  Simon  P. 
Heiman,  Jacob 
Hahn,  William 
Herzog,  Felix 
Hess,  David 

Died  in  the  service. 
Herrman,  Adolphus     Corporal 

Wounded  in  action. 
Hofman,  Jacob 

Killed  in  action. 
Herrman,  Jacob 
Heine,  Jacob 
Hofman,  Samuel 
Hahn,  Reuben 
Heller,  Eli  as 

Haas,  Moses  Corporal 

Hirschberg,  Samuel 
Hess,  Abraham 
Hofman,  Abraham 
Heller,  Henry  Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private;  received  Congressional    "Medal 

of  Honor ' '   for  bravery  and  daring. 
Heineman,  August  B  68th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Champion  Hills. 


Company. 

Regiment. 

c 

41st  Infantry 

41st  Infantry 

B 

46th  Infantry 

46th  Infantry 

H 

47th  Infantry 

K 

47th  Infantry 

A 

48th  Infantry 

49th  Infantry 

52  nd  Infantry 

H 

53d  Infantry 

56th  Infantry 

57th  Infantry 

57th  Infantry 

B 

58th  Infantry 

58th  Infantry 

58th  Infantry 

G 

58th  Infantry 

59th  Infantry 

60th  Infantry 

F 

63d  Infantry 

G 

63d  Infantry 

K 

64th  Infantry 

F 

65th  Infantry 

H 

65th  Infantry 

A 

66th  Infantry 

816 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                                Rank. 

Company, 

Regiment. 

Herzfeld,  Jacob 

H 

68th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Hahn,  W.  C. 

C 

69th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Hess,  D. 

69th  Infantry 

Haas,  Joseph 

70th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Hahn,  Henry 

70th  Infantry 

Hoeman,  Jacob             Sergeant 

C 

72nd  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  captured; 

served  three 

years. 

Hahn,  Charles 

G 

72nd  Infantry 

Hofman, Jacob 

73d  Infantry 

Hirschman,  Isaac         Corporal 

F 

74th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Heller,  William       Commissary  Sergeant 

78th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Hart,  Israel 

G 

78th  Infantry 

Herzog,  D. 

80th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Herzog,  Jacob 

D 

80th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Hess,  Moses 

D 

80th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Hart,  Samuel 

K 

82  nd  Infantry 

Hays,  Aaron 

C 

84th  Infantry 

Heyman,  Frank         Adjutant 

84th  Infantry 

Heller,  George 

K 

84th  Infantry 

Hirschberg,  Henry 

B 

86th  Infantry 

Heller,  Charles 

I 

90th  Infantry 

Died  at  Murfreesboro. 

Heineman,  Adam 

K 

92nd  Infantry 

Hofman,  Levi 

96th  Infantry 

Died  at  Young's  Point,  Louisiana. 

Hahn,  Jacob 

D 

1 06th  Infantry 

Hahn,  Henry 

D 

107th  Infantry 

Captured  at  Chancellorsville . 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  317 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Haas,  Jacob                                                A  108th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Charles         Sergeant           D  108th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  died  from  wounds  at  Resaca. 

Hofman,  Jacob                                          H  108th  Infantry 

Hart,  Levi                                                 H  noth  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Winchester  and  at  Monocacy,  Maryland. 

Heller,  Nathan                                      D  i  nth  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Hahn,  Henry                                              I  1 1 1  th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Harris,  Israel                                          K  i  nth  Infantry 

Huhn,  Joseph  S.         Sergeant                 F  114th  Infantry 

Promoted  Corporal;  wounded  at  Vicksburg. 

Heidelbach,  Jacob                                   F  1 1 4th  Infantry 

Heideebach,  Henry                                 F  1 1 4th  Infantry 

Heidelbach,  David                                  G  114th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Heidelbach,  H.  114th  Infantry 

Hoeman,  L.  115th  Infantry 

Hays,  Abraham                                         F  1 1 8th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Heidelbach,  C.  122nd  Infantry 

Captured;  served  three  years. 

Heidelbach,  A-  122nd  Infantry 

Heym an,  Samuel         Sergeant               F  123d  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  captured  at  Winchester. 

Heyman,  Jacob                                          F  123d  Infantry 

Haas,  Jacob                                                K  123d  Infantry 

Died  at  Clarksburg,  West  Virginia. 

Heller,  Moses        Corporal  

Captured  at  Winchester;  served  three  years. 

Herrman,  Simon  K  123d  Infantry 

Captured  at  Winchester. 

HESS,  David  K.  F  125th  Infantry 

Heller,  Charles  G  125th  Infantry 

Hart,  Marks  K  128th  Infantry 


318 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                              Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Hamburger,  Francis 

D 

131st  Infantry 

HOFMAN,  EPHRAIM 

K 

131st  Infantry 

Herrman,  Joseph 

I 

137th  Infantry 

Was  honorably  mentioned  by  President  Lincoln. 

Hess,  Nathan 

C 

167th  Infantry 

Israel,  P. 

Wounded  at  Chaplin  Hills. 

3d  Infantry 

Israel,  Alfred 
Israel,  Elisha 
Captured. 

F 

19th  Infantry 
77th  Infantry 

Israel,  David 

Died  at  Murfreesboro. 

97th  Infantry 

Israel,  William 
Israel,  Elias 

K 

97th  Infantry 
1 08th  Infantry 

Joseph,  Joseph 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

F 

15th  Infantry 

Jacoby,  Benjamin 
Jacobson,  Otto 
Joseph,  Nathan  B. 
Jacob,  Julius 
Judell,  D. 

Jacobson,  Daniel         Corporal 
Enlisted  as  Private. 

F 
G 
F 

35th  Infantry 
39th  Infantry 
47th  Infantry 
47th  Infantry 
47th  Infantry 
49th  Infantry 

Jacoby,  David 
Jacoby,  David  H. 
Jacoby,  Henry 

Died  in  the  service. 

K 
K 
K 

49th  Infantry 
49th  Infantry 
49th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Ferdinand         Corporal 
Served  three  years. 

57th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Jacob 
Joseph,  Nathan 
Jacobs,  Joseph               Lieutenant 
Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

C 
C 
B 

57th  Infantry 
59th  Infantry 
67th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Henry                 Sergeant 
Enlisted  as  private. 

B 

67th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


319 


Name.                              Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Jacoby,  Frank 

F 

69th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Benjamin 

F 

70th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Daniel 

G 

71st  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Lewis  W.        Sergeant 

I 

71st  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private;  served  four 

years. 

Jacobs,  M.                     Sergeant 

71st  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Alexander 

E 

75th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Bull  Run. 

Jacobs,  Henry             Sergeant 

F 

75  th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private;    died  from 

wounds 

received  at 

McDowell. 

Jacobs,  David 

H 

75th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Frank              Corporal 

I 

76th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private;  served  four 

years. 

Joseph,  Jacob 

A 

80th  Infantry 

Wounded  and  captured. 

Jacoby,  Henry             Lieutenant 

D 

82nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant;  killed  at  Gettysburg. 

Jacob,  Martin 

82nd  Infantry 

Killed  at  Gettysburg. 

Jacobs,  Bernhard 

C 

83d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Jacobs,  Henry 

I 

86th  Infantry 

Julian,  S. 

88th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Henry 

A 

91st  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Jacob,  Joshua 

B 

94th  Infantry 

Judah,  Emanuel 

F 

94th  Infantry 

Judah,  John  H. 

F 

94th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Jones,  S. 

95th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Henry 

A 

99th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Jacob 

H 

107th  Infantry 

Jacob,  Louis                  Corporal 

C 

1 08th  Infantry 

Jacob,  Henry  J.           Sergeant 

K 

110th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal;  served  three  years. 


320 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                              Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Jacobs,  Charles 

B 

nith  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Jacobs,  Michael 

H 

i  nth  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Jacobs,  A. 

125th  Infantry 

Jacoby,  N. 

1 1 5th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  S. 

125th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Abraham 

I 

128th  Infantry 

Jacoby,  Edwin             Sergeant 

B 

130th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Gust  a  v 

F 

130th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  S. 

135th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Benjamin  T. 

A 

135th  Infantry 

Jacobs,  Louis  C. 

A 

138th  Infantry 

Kline,  M.                       Lieutenant 

K 

1st  Infantry 

Kline,  Moses 

A 

2nd  Infantry 

Captured  at  Chickamauga. 

Kiefer,  William 

A 

2nd  Infantry 

Kaufman,  David 

B 

2nd  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Samuel 

F 

4th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Chancellorsville. 

Kohn,  SlEGMUND 

G 

5th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Port  Republic. 

Kaufman,  Joseph 

5th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

King,  Samuel 

7th  Infantry 

Koch,  Michael 

9th  Infantry 

Kuhn,  Isidore 

H 

9th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Kuhn,  Jacob 

F 

10th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Kaufman,  G. 

1 2th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Kaufman,  Jacob 

K 

1 6th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Kaufman,  David 

G 

1 8th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


321 


Name. 

Rank.            Company. 

Regiment. 

Kaufman, Jonathan 

2  i  st  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Klein,  Moses 

Captain 

H 

22nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Klein,  Frank 

H 

22nd  Infantry 

Klein,  David 

Corporal 

24th  Infantry 

Kahn,  Simon 

G 

25th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Cross  Keys. 

Koenigsberger,  Hkrman     Lieutenant 

28th  Infantry 

Koch,  Lewis 

28th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Frank 

A 

28th  Infantry 

Kahn,  Lewis 

F 

28th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Frank 

K 

28th  Infantry 

Koch,  Jacob 

H 

30th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Solomon 

Quartermaster 

32nd  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Koch,  Samuel 

H 

33d  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Kaufman,  Joseph  C. 

36th  Infantry 

Klein,  Moritz 

E 

37th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Samuel 

C 

38th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Frank 

Sergeant 

K 

42nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  priv 

ate. 

King,  Emanuel 

E 

44th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Benjamin 

44th  Infantry 

Klein,  David 

Sergeant 

47th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private; 

captured. 

Klein,  Abraham 

B 

48th  Infantry 

Klein,  Jacob  W. 

Lieutenant 

49th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private; 

captured  at  Stone  River. 

Klein,  David 

49th  Infantry 

Koch,  Joseph 

Sergeant 

G 

50th  Infantry 

King,  Jacob 

H 

50th  Infantry 

Klein,  David 

51st  Infantry 

Kaufman,  W.  H.         i 

st  Lieutenant 

A 

52nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 
21 


322 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                              Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Koch,  Henry 

K 

52  nd  Infantry 

Klein,  Jacob 

58th  Infantry 

King,  David 

62nd  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

Kaufman,  Levi          Lieutenant 

B 

68th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 

Kaufman,  David 

H 

71st  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Isaac 

72nd  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Shiloh. 

KlEin,  Joseph 

H 

73d  Infantry 

Klein,  David  B. 

B 

74th  Infantry 

Klein,  D.  J. 

75th  Infantry 

Wounded  and  captured  at  Gainesville. 

Klein,  Isaac 

A 

76th  Infantry 

Klein,  Louis 

E 

76th  Infantry 

Klein,  Isaiah               Sergeant 

G 

77th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  died  in  the 

service. 

Klein,  Franx 

82nd  Infantry 

Klein,  Frank 

83d  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Henry 

1 

83d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Koch,  Jacob 

E 

84th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  David 

C 

86th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Herman  S.     Corporal 

I 

86th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Frank 

I 

87th  Infantry 

Klein,  D. 

91st  Infantry 

Klein,  S. 

92nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Kaufman,  Abraham 

A 

94th  Infantry 

Kaufman,  Frank 

94th  Infantry 

Klein,  Jacob                   Sergeant 

A 

96th  Infantry 

Klein,  Jacob                  Sergeant 

A 

96th  Infantry 

Enlisted  at  Private;  served  three 

»  years. 

Klein,  Jonas 

C 

96th  Infantry 

Captured. 

Klein,  Jacob                   Sergeant 

F 

96th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  323 

Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Corporal  F  96th  Infantry 


Name. 

Kaufman,  Jacob  J. 

Enlisted  as  Private. 
Kaufman,  Emanuel       Captain 

Died  at  Knoxville,  Tennessee. 
Kaufman,  Daniel 


1  ooth  Infantry 


I) 


102  nd  Infantry 
102nd  Infantry 


1 06th  Infantry 
1 06th  Infantry 
1 08th  Infantry 

1 08th  Infantry 


Captured  at  Athens;  died  in  rebel  prison. 
Klein,  Joseph 

Served  three  years. 
Kaufman, Henry  A 

Kaufman,  Louis  Captain  C 

Koch,  Henry  C 

Killed  at  Hartsville,  Tennessee. 
King,  David  Sergeant  I 

Enlisted  as  Private;  wounded  near  Petersburg;  served 

three  years. 
Kaufman,  Philip  E  110th  Infantry 

Wounded  near  Petersburg. 
Kaufman,  Henry  I  110th  Infantry 

Captured  at  Winchester,  and  wounded  at  Cedar  Creek. 
Klein,  Jonas  L.  Corporal 

Enlisted  as  Private. 
Klein,  Isaac  N. 
Kahn,  Jacob 
Kohler,  Daniel 
King,  Solomon  Corporal 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  four  years 
Koch,  Max 
Klein,  Emanuel 
Klein,  Levi  J. 
Kaufman,  Henry 
Kaufman,  Frank     1st  Lieutenant 
Krauskopf,  Solomon     Corporal 
Klein,  Solomon 
King,  Levi 
Krauskopf,  Justis 
Klein,  Jacob 


1  nth  Infantry 

A 

1 1 6th  Infantry 

I 

124th  Infantry 

K 

125th  Infantry 

I 

ars. 

126th  Infantry 

F 

103th  Infantry 

D 

131st  Infantry 

D 

131st  Infantry 

K 

131st  Infantry 

B 

132nd  Infantry 

B 

132nd  Infantry 

D 

132nd  Infantry 

B 

133d  Infantry 

I 

138th  Infantry 

F 

139th  Infantry 

324 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

KLIPPSTEIN,  MEYER 

7th  Cavalry 

Koch,  Moses            -\ 

150th  Infantry 

Koch,  Herman         > 

(three  brothers) 

4th  Artillery 

Koch,  Joseph            ) 

177th  Infantry 

Koch,  Jacob 

164th  Infantry 

Levi,  Charles 

G 

2nd  Infantry 

Lehman,  Lewis 

4th  Infantry 

Loser,  Joseph 

B 

4th  Infantry 

Lazarus,  Ed. 

Sergeant 

G 

7th  Infantry 

Promoted   from    Corporal;   wounded   at 

Winchester; 

also  at  Cedar  Mountain. 

Lazarus,  Martin 

7th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Antietam. 

LOWENTHAL,  JACOB 

G 

8th  Infantry 

Died  from  sickness  contracted  in 

camp. 

Landauer,  Samuel 

Sergeant 

9th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 

Lovenstein,  Nathan 

C 

9th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Lowenstein,  J. 

C 

9th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Joseph 

Corporal 

F 

9th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private; 

wounded  at  Chattanooga. 

Levy,  Nathan 

K 

9th  Infantry 

Lieberman,  William 

14th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Benjamin 

Corporal 

C 

15th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Pickett's  Mills. 

Lowenstein,  George 

D 

23d  Infantry 

Leopold,  William 

H 

23d  Infantry 

LlCHENFELD,  AdOLPH 

Corporal 

A 

24th  Infantry 

Loeser,  Lewis 

A 

26th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Theodore 

G 

26th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Jacob 

Sergeant 

28th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Herrman 

B 

28th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Ferdinand 

D 

28  th  Infantry 

Leopold,  Frank 

G 

28th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Jacob 

E 

32nd  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  325 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 


Lehman,  Henry                  Sergeant 

H 

32  nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Lyons,  Joseph 

33d  Infantry 

Lyons,  David 

A 

34th  Infantry 

Levy,  William 

F 

38th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Daniel 

F 

39th  Infantry 

Lyons,  Jacob 

40th  Infantry 

Killed  in  battle. 

Lehman,  Alexander 

F 

41st  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Lehman,  Abraham 

G 

41st  Infantry 

Lehman,  Samuel 

F 

42nd  Infantry 

Levy,  J.  J. 

43d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Liebman,  Frederick 

I 

43d  Infantry 

Lehman,  Joseph 

A 

46th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Levy,  B. 

46th  Infantry 

Wounded;  served  four  years. 

Lehman,  Noah 

D 

48th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Alexander 

K 

54th  Infantry 

Ludwig,  Benjamin 

58th  Infantry 

Levy,  John  A. 

A 

77th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Isaac 

D 

81st  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

LOWENTHAL,  THEODORE 

I 

81st  Infantry 

Lowenthal,  J. 

8 1  st  Infantry 

Lehman,  Nathan 

C 

83d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Lehman,  Lewis                   Sergeant 

D 

86th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Samuel  S. 

D 

86th  Infantry 

Lichtenstein,  Joseph 

F 

87th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Daniel 

A 

93d  Infantry 

Lehman,  Julius 

H 

93d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Lehman,  Henry  M.            Corporal 

H 

99th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Lowenthal,  Theodore 

E 

ioist  Infantry 

Lehman,  Henry 

F 

102  nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

. 

Lehman,  Daniel 

F 

102nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Lehman,  Henry 

A 

107th  Infantry 

Leopold,  Gustav 

Corporal 

C 

107th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chancellors ville. 

Lehman,  Noah 

I 

107th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Lehman,  Herman 

c 

108th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Lowenstein,  Daniel 

G 

108th  Infantry 

Ludwig,  Frank 

Corporal 

E 

1 1 1  th  Infantry 

Enlisted   as   private  ; 

captured 

at   Stone 

Mountain, 

Georgia. 

Lehman,  Jacob 

Sergeant 

D 

114th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Samuel 

1 1 4th  Infantry 

Died  at  Vicksburg. 

Lehman,  Judah 

H 

1 1 5th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Lehman,  Jacob 

Sergeant 

A 

120th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal;  captured. 

Lehman,  Salomon 

H 

131st  Infantry 

Lehman,  David  K. 

Corporal 

H 

134th  Infantry 

Levy,  W.  H. 

D 

137th  Infantry 

Levy,  Samuel 

C 

139th  Infantry 

Linderman,  J. 

C 

1  st  Artillery 

Levi,  Henry  I. 

2nd  Cavalry 

Machner,  Emanuel 

E 

1st  Infantry 

Moses,  William 

E 

1st  Infantry 

Meyers,  Samuel 

- 

B 

2nd  Infantry 

Morris,  Aaron 

2nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

f 

Michels,  Abraham 

F 

2nd  Infantry 

Messner,  Levi 

3d  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


327 


Name.                           Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Miller,  Jonas  Aaron 

E 

5th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Bernard 

C 

6th  Infantry 

Mosler,  Herman 

C 

6th  Infantry 

Marks,  Jacob              Corporal 

B 

7th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Cedar  Mountain  and  at  Dallas 

Georgia. 

Marks,  William 

8th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Antietam. 

Marienthal,  Simon 

8th  Infantry 

Maier,  Louis 

C 

9th  Infantry 

Mangold,  Ad.             Lieutenant 

K 

9th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Mandel,  Charles 

9th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Mayer,  Henry 

9th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Joseph 

10th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Meyer,  Jacob 

nth  Infantry 

Marks,  Samuel 

F 

nth  Infantry 

Maurice,  Isaac 

I 

nth  Infantry 

Mann,  Frederick 

14th  Infantry 

Moses,  Samuel 

F 

1 6th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Mann,  Joseph 

1 8th  Infantry 

Maas,  David 

1 8th  Infantry 

Meier,  Leopold 

A 

22nd  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Miller,  Alexander 

H 

22nd  Infantry 

Miller,  William 

H 

22nd  Infantry 

Myers,  Abraham 

24th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Henry 

24th  Infantry 

Meier,  Frank 

24th  Infantry 

Morris,  Nathan 

C 

25th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Adolph 

25th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Cross  Keys. 

Marx,  Emil 

•25th  Infantry 

Meier,  Henry 

25th  Infantry 

Menken,  Jacob             Captain 

B 

27th  Infantry 

328 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                              Rank.                  Company.            Regiment. 

Mayer,  Louis  H.     Commissary  Sergeant 

27th  Infantry 

Afterwards  Corporal  of  Company 

B,    2 

7th   Infantry; 

subsequently  detached  for  staff  duty. 

Maykr,  Adolph         Sergeant 

B 

27th  Infantry 

Moak,  J.  H.                   lieutenant 

A 

28th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Marx,  J.  H. 

A 

28th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Frank 

B 

28th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Frank 

G 

28th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Herman 

28th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Meier,  Leopold 

28th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Herman 

28th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Joseph 

28th  Infantry 

May,  David                 Corporal 

32nd  Infantry 

Marks,  Abraham 

E 

32  nd  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

Mann,  Samuel 

33d  Infantry 

Morris,  Israel 

34th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Jacob 

34th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Noah 

D 

34th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Samuel 

34th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Edward 

34th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Joseph         Sergeant 

35th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three 

years. 

Meyers,  Jacob  T. 

B 

35th  Infantry 

Maier,  Isidore 

35th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Mandelbaum,  Solomon 

35th  Infantry 

Mainz,  Abraham 

36th  Infantry 

Myers,  David 

36th  Infantry 

Moritz,  Carl             Captain 

37th  Infantry 

May,  Jacob 

37th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Marcus,  Frederick 

37th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Moritz,  Joseph 

37th  Infantry 

Meier,  Bernhart 

L 

37th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


329 


Rank. 


Company. 


D 


Name. 

Maykr,  Frederick 
Mann,  David 

Wounded  in  action. 
Moritz,  Jacob         Sergeant  H 

Entered  as  Private;  served  four  years. 
Mann,  Aaron  B.  I 

Myers,  Solomon 
Meyer,  Jacob  Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private. 
Marks,  Samuel  Sergeant  K 

Meyers,  Jacob  B 

Meyer,  Samuel 
Meyers,  Joseph 

Mann,  Samuel  I 

Meyers,  Alexander  I 

Captured;  died  in  rebel  prison. 
Meyer,  Jacob  Corporal 

Enlisted  as  Private;  wounded  in  action 
Mendel,  William 
Meyer,  Henry 

Wounded. 

Meyers,  Jacob 

Died  in  the  service. 

Marks,  Henry 
Meyer,  Jacob 
Marks,  Samuel  A. 

Killed  at  Petersburg. 
Marks,  Isaac  N. 


E 
E 


Marks,  Samuel 
Meyer,  Herman 
Meier,  Marcus 
Meyers,  Joseph 
Marks,  Jonas  S. 
Marks,  Isaac 
Maier,  Isaac 
Mann,  Abraham 
Mann,  Aaron 


Lieutenant 


H 
H 

I 
B 
H 
H 
I 

A 
D 


Regiment. 
37th  Infantry 
39th  Infantry 

46th  Infantry 

46th  Infantry 
47th  Infantry 
49th  Infantry 

51st  Infantry 
52  nd  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 


56th  Infantry 
56th  Infantry 

57  th  Infantry 

57th  Infantry 
60th  Infantry 
60th  Infantry 

60th  Infantry 
60th  Infantry 
6 1  st  Infantry 
64th  Infantry 
65th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
66th  Infantry 
68th  Infantry 
70th  Infantry 


880 


Name. 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 
Rank. 


Mann,  Isaac  Lieutenant 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 
Mann,  Jacob  Sergeant 

Promoted  from  Corporal;  served 
Maas,  Henry 

Died  in  the  service. 
May,  Samuel 

Died  in  the  service. 
May,  Joseph 
Mayer,  Simon 

Killed  at  Gettysburg. 
Mann,  Isaac 

Served  three  years. 
Myers,  Israel 

Died  in  the  service. 
Meyers,  Jacob 

Died  in  the  service. 
Myers,  Frank 
Marx,  Emil 
Mendel,  William 

Served  three  years. 
Mann,  Jacob 
Maiers,  Solomon 
Mp:yers,  David 

Died  in  the  service. 
Mann,  Samuel 
Meyers,  David 
Meyers,  Lewis  H. 
Mann,  Samuel 

Served  three  years. 
Maier,  William 

Served  three  years. 
Meyer,  Seraphim  Colonel 

Captured  at  Chancellorsville. 
Meier,  Joseph 

Served  three  years. 


Company 

Regiment. 

c 

71st  Infantry 

c 

71st  Infantry 

three  y< 

^ars. 

72nd  Infantry 

B 

73d  Infantry 

C 

73d  Infantry 

D 

73d  Infantry 

75th  Infantry 

A 

76th  Infantry 

E 

76th  Infantry 

76th  Infantry 

I 

78th  Infantry 

I 

78th  Infantry 

K 

83d  Infantry 

A 

98th  Infantry 

99th  Infantry 

H 

102  nd  Infantry 

102  nd  Infantry 

102  nd  Infantry 

K 

104th  Infantry 

B 

105th  Infantry 

107th  Infantry 

H 

107th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


331 


Name.  Rank.       Company.     Regiment. 

Mann,  Jacob  Corporal  K  107th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Maier,  Joseph  107th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Henry        Commissary  Sergeant  108th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant;  served  three  years. 

Meyers,  Jacob,  Jr.       1st  Sergeant         B  108th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three  years. 


Meyer,  Joseph 

B 

108th  Infantry 

Meier,  Daniel 

D 

1 08th  Infantry 

Moseer,  Max                Lieutenant. 

E 

1 08th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Henry 

F 

1 08th  Infantry 

Menke,  Henry 

G 

1 08th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Joseph 

H 

1 08th  Infantry 

Mantel,  Lewis 

I 

1 1 3th  Infantry 

Mann   David 

C 

1 1 6th  Infantry 

Captured  at  Winchester;  died  in 

the  service. 

May,  Simon                         Corporal 

E 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three 

years. 

Mann,  Jacob 

E 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Mann,  Samuel 

E 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Kennesaw  Mountain,  Georgia. 

Myers,  David 

I 

1 20th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

May,  Samuel 

B 

121st  Infantry 

Mann,  Joseph 

H 

121st  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Meyers,  Henry 

I 

122nd  Infantry 

Meyers,  Joseph 

D 

123d  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Opequan,  Virginia; 

served  three  years. 

Meyers,  Joseph  P.             Corporal 

I 

123d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Meyer,  Anselm                 Corporal 

H 

125th  Infantry 

Moses,  Henry  S.     Sergeant-Major 

126th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three 

years. 

Moses,  David 

G 

126th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Spottsylvania,  Virginia. 


332 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                                    Rank.                 Company. 

Regiment. 

Myers,  David  H. 

H 

126th  Infantry 

Captured  at  Monocacy,  Maryland. 

Marks,  Albert 

B 

128th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Jacob 

B 

128th  Infantry 

Myers,  Jacob  C. 

B 

128th  Infantry 

Marx,  Loeb 

C 

128th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Albert 

K 

128th  Infantry 

Moses,  Frank  A. 

B 

130th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Joseph 

130th  Infantry 

Mann,  Charles 

E 

131st  Infantry 

Meyers,  David 

A 

132nd  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Meyers,  Jacob 

K 

132nd  Infantry 

Meyers,  Samuel 

K 

132nd  Infantry 

MORGENTHAL,  HENRY 

B 

136th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Michael 

D 

136th  Infantry 

Moses,  George 

B 

137th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Jacob 

A 

138th  Infantry 

Mann,  Joseph  B.             Sergeant 

C 

138th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Henry 

C 

138th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Isaac 

169th  Infantry 

Meyers,  Samuel 

169th  Infantry 

Neuberger,  Frederick 

28th  Infantry 

Neuberger,  Samuel 

44th  Infantry 

Neustat,  David 

58th  Infantry 

Neuman,  Charles 

61st  Infantry 

Nieman,  Daniel 

c 

83d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Nussbaum,  Frank 

A 

88th  Infantry 

Newhouse,  David  K. 

K 

101st  Infantry 

Killed  at  Stone  River. 

Nussbaum,  Frederick      Sergeant 

C 

107th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal;  served  three  years. 

Nathans,  Henry 

K 

107th  Infantry 

Neuman,  Henry 

F 

1 08th  Infantry 

Nussbaum,  Henry 

A 

1 1 3th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


333 


Rank. 


Company. 

E 


Name. 

Nkwbaukr,  Jacob  B 

Served  three  years. 
Nauman,  Jacob  Corporal  G 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three  years 
Neuman,  Jacob  H 

Neuberger,  William  M.  F 

Newman,  Joseph  Lieutenant 


Regiment. 
115th  Infantry 

1 20th  Infantry 

123d  Infantry 

1 34th  Infantry 

4th  Cavalry 

1  st  Infantry 


Ochs,  Ferdinand         Sergeant-Major 

Promoted  from  Private;  served  three  years 

Ochs,  George  K 

Oppenheimer,  Benjamin 

Oppenheimer,  J.  C 

Ochs,  John 

Ochs,  Julius 

Orbanski,  David  B 

Was  awarded  a  Congressional  ' '  Medal  of  Honor  ' '  for 

distinguished  bravery  at  Shiloh,  Tennessee,   and  at 

Vicksburg,  Mississippi. 
Ochs,  Henry 

Served  three  years. 

Oppenheimer,  Alexander 

Ochs,  Theodore 

Killed  at  Petersburg. 
Ochs,  Julius  Captain 


B 

K 
G 


13th  Infantry 
19th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 
37th  Infantry 
52nd  Infantry 
58th  Infantry 


82nd  Infantry 

1 08th  Infantry 
123d  Infantry 


Independent  Company 


Pollock,  Henry         Corporal  A  4th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three  years. 
Pollock,  Joseph  7tn  Infantry 

Perley,  Victor  7th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chancellorsville. 
Passauer,  Joseph  9th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Chickamauga. 
Paradise,  Solomon  G  13th  Infantry 

Killed  in  battle. 
Phillips,  Israel  I  13th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 


334 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                               Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Pollock,  William  15th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Pollock,  David             Corporal  E  48th  Infantry 

PeixoTTO,  MoSKS  L.       Captain  G  103d  Infantry 

Brother  of  Honorable  Benjamin  Franklin  Peixotto. 

Pike,  Henry  C.           Lieutenant  G  2nd  Cavalry 


Rheinheimer,  Jacob 

E 

1  st  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Resaca. 

Rice,  Asher 

4th  Infantry 

Rice,  Simpson 

6th  Infantry 

Rosenfeld,  William 

C 

9th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Abraham 

10th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Rothschild,  David 

A 

nth  Infantry 

Rosen au,  G. 

13th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Chattanooga;  captured;  died  of  wounds. 

Rose,  Henry 

B 

13th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Rosenberg,  David 

A 

21st  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chickamauga. 

Richmire,  Solomon 

G 

23d  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  Samuel        Lieutenant 

28th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 

Rosenberg,  Gustav 

I 

28th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Jacob 

G 

29th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Port  Republic. 

Rosenberg,  W. 

C 

34th  Infantry 

Rosenbaum,  Herman         Captain 

37th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 

Rosenfeld,  Gustav 

38th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Rapp,  Jacob 

49th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Gustav 

57th  Infantry 

Rosenfeld,  Alexander 

D 

58th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


335 


Name,                              Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Rosenbaum,  William 

D 

58th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Gustav 

61st  Infantry 

Rubel,  William 

63d  Infantry 

Rice,  Simon  P. 

K 

66th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Rice,  .Isaac  L. 

C 

67th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Winchester. 

Rosenberg,  Henry 

I 

69th  Infantry 

Rau,  Louis 

72nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Rosenberg,  David 

G 

76th  Infantry 

Rose,  Gershom                    Corporal 

B 

78th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private;  served  three 

years. 

Rose,  Reuben 

Rosenbaum  ,  Samuel 

K 

82  nd  Infantry 

Rosenbaum,  Isaac 

D 

89th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Rosenbaum,  Jacob 

D 

89th  Infantry 

Reichman,  Benjamin 

8th  Infantryg 

Served  three  years. 

Rose,  Jacob 

G 

102nd  Infantry 

Captured;  died  in  the  service. 

Rose,  Daniel 

104th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Rosenbaum,  G.  W. 

104th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Rubel,  Isaac 

F 

1 06th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Rosenberg,  Joseph 

H 

1 06th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Rosenfeld,  Siegmund        Corporal 

E 

107th  Infantry 

Captured  at  Gettysburg. 

Rose,  D. 

113th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chickamauga. 

Rice,  Esau 

F 

113th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

336 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank.           Company.            Regiment. 

Rosendale,  Charles 

G 

1 1 3th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Rose,  Ezekiel 

F 

114th  Infantry 

Rose,  Daniel 

B 

1 1 6th  Infantry 

Captured  at  Winchester;  served  three  years. 

Rich,  Solomon 

H 

1 1 6th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  at  Piedmont,  Virg 

inia. 

Rice,  Levi 

Sergeant 

B 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private; 

killed  at  Nashville, 

Tennessee. 

Rose,  Levi  B. 

H 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Rose,  Jesse 

H 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Ruhrman,  Abraham 

K 

120th  Infantry 

Rosenbaum,  Oswald  H 

Sergeant 

G 

123d  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal;  captured 

.at  Winchester. 

Scherck,  Solomon 

D 

1st  Infantry 

Schane,  Abraham  M. 

G 

1  st  Infantry 

Summas,  Jacob 

G 

2nd  Infantry 

Schwab,  Charles 

3d  Infantry 

vSolomon,  J.  S. 

5th  Infantry 

Sommer,  Levi 

F 

6th  Infantry 

Stern,  Charles  H. 

A 

7th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Winchester 

Stein,  David  G. 

7th  Infantry 

Strauss,  J. 

7th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Cedar  Mountain. 

Simon,  Lewis 

F 

8th  Infantry 

Stern,  William 

F 

9th  Infantry 

Strauss,  Ernst 

F 

9th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Sommer,  Jacob 

9th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Sommer,  Julius 

10th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Susman,  Maurice 

Lieutenant 

13th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private;  1 

three  years  service. 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


337 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Schei/t,  Moses 

Sergeant 

B 

13th  Infantry 

Straus,  Lehman 

Corporal 

C 

14th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Sampson,  Samuel 

Corporal 

15th  Infantry 

SlEGMUND,   EPHRAIM 

D 

17th  Infantry 

Schloss,  Jacob 

G 

17th  Infantry 

Sachs,  Jacob 

C 

28th  Infantry 

Silberman,  Charles 

G 

28th  Infantry 

Schwartz,  Eouis  Henry 

28th  Infantry 

Sampson,  Joseph 

Corporal 

31st  Infantry 

Schwab,  Jacob 

33d  Infantry 

Solomon,  R. 

K 

33d  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Sachs,  John 

34th  Infantry 

Schwarz,  Isaac 

34th  Infantry 

Samuels,  Nathan 

C 

35th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Chickamauga. 

Siedenberg,  Henry 

B 

37th  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

Schwarz,  Adodph 

D 

37th  Infantry 

Wounded;  served  four  years. 

Schwab,  Adolph 

37th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Simon,  August 

Sergeant 

F 

39th  Infantry 

Sanger,  George 

Corporal 

41st  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private: 

;  served  three 

years. 

Sampson,  Samuel 

41st  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Schwarz,  David 

H 

46th  Infantry 

Stern,  Solomon 

Sergeant 

K 

46th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Sternberg,  Henry 

47th  Infantry 

Solomon,  J.  E. 

48th  Infantry 

Strauss,  Edward 

G 

51st  Infantry 

Saltsman,  Benjamin 

52  nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 
2'2 

338 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Sai/tsman,  Joshua 

52  nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Sampson,  David  W. 

53d  Infantry 

Strauss,  William 

B 

57th  Infantry 

Salomon,  Joseph 

H 

57th  Infantry 

Seklig,  Samuel           { 

Sergeant 

58th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private; 

wounded. 

Straps,  Frederic 

58th  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

. 

Stein,  Jacob 

58th  Infantry 

Samlung,  Edward 

B 

58th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Shiloh. 

Schlesinger,  David  B 

58th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Straus,  David 

B 

63d  Infantry 

Straus,  Aaron 

K 

63d  Infantry 

Solomon,  Abraham 

H 

64th  Infantry 

Killed  in  action. 

Straus,  Frederick 

66th  Infantry 

Captured. 

Stern,  Isaac 

K 

72nd  Infantry 

Simon,  Joseph 

8 1  st  Infantry 

Stern, Jacob  G. 

G 

82nd  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Bull  Run. 

Schwarz,  Abraham 

82nd  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Chancellorsville. 

Schwarz,  Joseph 

82nd  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Dallas, 

Georgia. 

Stein,  Lewis 

84th  Infantry 

Stein,  L. 

85th  Infantry 

Strauss,  Abraham 

D 

86th  Infantry 

Stern,  John 

K 

86th  Infantry 

Stein,  Louis 

A 

88th  Infantry 

Sternberg, Jacob 

H 

88th  Infantry 

Sampson,  Samuel 

92nd  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


839 


Name. 


Rank. 


Company. 


Strauss,  George  I 

Killed  at  Chickamauga. 
Schwab,  Solomon  A 

Scharff,  Nathan  B 

Captured  near  Lexington,  Kentucky. 
Solomon,  Joseph  K 

Died  in  the  service. 
Stiner,  Abraham 

Wounded  in  Louisiana. 
Stein,  Reuben  D.  K 

Captured  at  Limestone  Station,  Tennessee. 
Solomon,  Isaiah  Corporal 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three  years. 
Sampson,  Franklin  D 

Schreier,  Frank  G 

Stein,  Jacob  A 

Stein,  Henry  Lieutenant  B 

Promoted  from  Private. 
Sachs,  William  K 

Strauss,  Jacob  A 

Schwab,  Samuel  I 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 
Schipf,  Simon 
Steinberg,  A.  Corporal 

Enlisted  as  Private;  died  at  Chattanooga. 
Simon,  Albert 

Died  at  Rossville,  Georgia. 
Simpson,  Samuel  G 

Schwarz,  Joseph  Corporal 

Wounded  at  Resaca;  served  three  years. 
Strauss,  Philip  E 

Schwarz,  Abraham  .  B 

Strauss,  Nathan  Captain  I 

Strauss,  Abraham         Sergeant  I 

Served  three  years. 
Schwarz,  Levi  D 

Served  three  years. 


Regiment. 

93d  Infantry 

94th  Infantry 
94th  Infantry 

95th  Infantry 

96th  Infantry 

1  ooth  Infantry 

1 01  st  Infantry 

103d  Infantry 

103d  Infantry 

105th  Infantry 

105th  Infantry 

106th  Infantry 
107th  Infantry 
107th  Infantry 

108th  Infantry 
108th  Infantry 

108th  Infantry 

110th  Infantry 
1  nth  Infantry 

1  nth  Infantry 
1 1 3th  Infantry 
113th  Infantry 
113th  Infantry 

1 1 5th  Infantry 


340 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Sachs,  Jacob  C. 
Sulzberger,  Lewis 

Enlisted  as  Private 
Stein,  Joseph 

Served  three  years. 
Spiegel,  Marcus  M. 


Rank.  Company, 

I 

Corporal  C 

served  three  years. 
C 


Regiment, 
i  1 5th  Infantry 
1 1 6th  Infantry 

1 1 8th  Infantry 

1 20th  Infantry 


Colonel 

Enlisted  in  the  67th  Ohio  Infantry;  was  soon  pro- 
moted to  2nd  Lieutenant,  Captain,  Lieutenant- Colonel, 
and  for  bravery  manifested  on  the  battle-field,  was 
appointed  Colonel  of  the  120th  Ohio  Infantry.  This 
brave  officer  was  wounded  at  Vicksburg,  Mississippi, 
and  notwithstanding  entreaties,  rejoined  his  regiment, 
but  to  fall  at  Snaggy  Point,  on  the  Red  River,  Louisi- 
ana. But  for  his  untimely  death,  Colonel  Spiegel 
would  have  been  promoted  to  Brigadier-General,  for 
which  position  he  had  been  recommended  by  his 
superior  officers.  Colonel  Spiegel  was  the  son  of  a 
well-known  Rabbi,  of  Oppenheim-on-the-Rhine,  and 
a  relation  of  the  Greenbaum  family,  of  Chicago. 


A 


G 

I) 


Steiner,  Joseph 

Served  three  years. 

Strauss,  John 
Steinberg,  Morris 

Served  three  years. 

Strauss,  Joseph  J.  Corporal  E 

Enlisted  as  private;  served  three  years. 

Solomon,  Charles  D 

Served  three  years. 

vSchwab,  Jacob  B 

Sternberger,  Mark  F 

Strauss,  David  F 

Strauss,  John  F 

Sommer,  Charles  F 

Solomon,  Edward  B.  A 

Steiner,  Harry  G 

Steiner,  Henry  G 
Strasburg,  J. 


121st  Infantry 

121st  Infantry 
124th  Infantry 

126th  Infantry 

128th  Infantry 

129th  Infantry 
129th  Infantry 
130th  Infantry 
130th  Infantry 
130th  Infantry 
131st  Infantry 
131st  Infantry 
131st  Infantry 
133d  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


341 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Sternberg,  Nathan 

D 

138th  Infantry 

Simon,  Isaac 

K 

138th  Infantry 

Strauss,  David  W. 

E 

140th  Infantry 

Tannhauser,  A. 

B 

6th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Tannhauser,  Moses 

B 

6th  Infantry 

Tachan,  Henry  G.     Lieutenant 

K 

6th  Infantry 

Tyroler,  Sigo 

7th  Infantry 

Trownstein,  Philip 

Captain 

B 

5th  Cavalry 

Ullman,  Joseph 

G 

1 6th  Infantry 

Ullman,  Isaac 

A 

23d  Infantry 

Ullman,  Frank 

K 

28th  Infantry 

Ullman,  August 

43d  Infantry 

Ulman,  Isaac 

Captain 

A 

80th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

UiyMAN,  Frederick 

80th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Vicksburg. 

Vogel,  Israel 

D 

32  nd  Infantry 

Vogel,  Frank 

39th  Infantry 

Vogel,  Klisha 

C 

41st  Infantry 

Vogel,  Noah 

57th  Infantry 

Witkowsky,  H. 

1st  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Wise,  Jacob 

3d  Infantry 

Wise,  Samuel 

G 

4th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Albert 

5  th  Infantry 

Wendelstein,  Moritz 

5th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Wolf,  Julius 

7th  Infantry 

Wiesner,  Louis 

G 

10th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Samuel 

17th  Infantry 

Wolf,  David 

1 8th  Infantry 

Weis,  Jacob 

19th  Infantry 

Wolf,  David 

F 

21st  Infantry 

342 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                               Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment, 

Wolf,  Samuel 

G 

2  i  st  Infantry 

Wolf,  Max 

24th  Infantry 

Died  in  service. 

Wise,  Samuel 

G 

25th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Adolph 

G 

28th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Wolf,  Adolph  A. 

30th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Antietam. 

Wise,  Joseph 

31st  Infantry 

Watkowsky,  Kan. 

K 

35th  Infantry 

Wise,  Samuel 

36th  Infantry 

Weiler,  Jacob 

C 

37th  Infantry 

Weinberg,  Lewis 

D 

37th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Wolf,  Adolph             Sergeant 

K 

37th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Wise,  Levi 

K 

39th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Aaron 

39th  Infantry 

Wise,  Benjamin  L. 

I 

40th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Waterman,  Henry 

46th  Infantry 

Weil,  Jacob 

47th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Jacob                  Lieutenant 

F 

49th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant;  Killed  at  Chattanooga. 

Wolf,  Isaac 

A 

50th  Infantry 

Wolf,  David 

51st  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Wise,  Joseph  M. 

B 

53d  Infantry 

Captured;  died  in  hospital. 

Wolf,  Isaac 

H 

54th  Infantry 

Wise,  Jacob 

55th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Wolf,  Israel 

57th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Weiss,  Lewis 

E 

57th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Levi 

H 

57th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 

Name.  Rank.  Company. 

Waterman,  Henry  H 

Wolf,  Jacob  I 


343 


C 
A 


B 


K 
B 

K 
E 

I 


Regiment. 
6oth  Infantry 
67th  Infantry 


Died  in  the  service. 
Wolf,  Levi  M. 
Wise,  Abraham 
Wien,  Alexander 

Died  in  the  service. 
Wolf,  Marcus 

Captured . 
Weis,  Louis 

Served  four  years. 
Wolf,  Jacob 
Wise,  Daniel  W. 
Wise,  Henry 
Wertheimer,  Andrew 

Served  three  years. 
Wise,  Samuel 
Weinstein,  Charles  W. 
Wolf,  Jacob 

Died  of  wounds  at  the  siege  of  Atlanta. 
Wise,  Levi  I 

Served  three  years. 
Wolf,  Emanuel 
Wise,  Emanuel  Corporal  A 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three  years. 
Wolf,  M.  I 

Wise,  Jacob  D 

Captured  at  Chancellorsville. 
Weinman,  Leopold         Sergeant  F 

Enlisted  as  Private;  wounded  at  Gettysburg. 
Weis,  Joseph  H  107th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 
Wolf,  Jacob  Sergeant  K  107th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal;  captured  at  Chancellorsville. 
Wise,  Levi  Corporal  E  115th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three  years. 


68th  Infantry 
71st  Infantry 
71st  Infantry 

7  2d  Infantry 

73d  Infantry 

80th  Infantry 

82  nd  Infantry 

82nd  Infantry 

83d  Infantry 

87th  Infantry 
88th  Infantry 
94th  Infantry 

1 01  st  Infantry 

101st  Infantry 
104th  Infantry 

104th  Infantry 
107th  Infantry 

107th  Infantry 


344 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 


Rank. 


Wolf,  Jacob 

Wentz,  Jacob  Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private;  captured 

Rebel  prison. 

Wolf,  Jacob  Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private;  captured 


Company.  Regiment. 

G  121st  Infantry 

G  123d  Infantry 

at  Winchester;  died  in 

K  123d  Infantry 

at  Winchester. 


Wormser,  Nathan 

A 

128th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Wolf,  Levi 

H 

128th  Infantry 

Wise,  Joseph  A. 

lieutenant 

E 

131st  Infantry 

Weiss,  Samuel 

K 

135th  Infantry 

de  Wolf,  Israel 

A 

135th  Infantry 

de  Wolf,  Simon 

Lieutenant 

B 

136th  Infantry 

Wiener,  Michael 

150th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Solomon  B. 

Surgeon 

165th  Infantry 

Served  through 

the  war. 

Wolf,  Leopold 

C 

1  st  Cavalry 

PENNSYLVANIA. 


Name. 


Rank. 

Sergeant 


Arnold,  Amos 

Arnold,  Benjamin 

Apple,  Jacob  Corporal 

Ash,  Solomon 

Arnold,  Max 

Adelsheimer,  Jacques       Captain 

Enlisted     as    Private;     promoted 

Captaincy;   wounded  at   Chancellorsville;    mentioned 

in  special  orders  for  gallantry. 
AdleR,  Noah  B  27th  Infantry 

Captured  at  Gettysburg;  sent  to  Belle  Island. 
Adler,  Jacob  N.  B  27th  Infantry 


Company 

Regiment. 

A 

14th  Infantry 

B 

17th  Infantry 

G 

22  nd  Infantry 

C 

25th  Infantry 

A 

27th  Infantry 

B 

27  th  Infantry 

I    step 

by 

step    to 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


345 


Name. 


Rank. 


Company. 


Regiment. 


Alexander,  Jastrow      Lieutenant      H  27th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  promoted  to  Regimental  Adjutant 
subsequently  Adjutant  on  staff  of  General  von  Stein- 
wehr;  mentioned  in  special  orders  for  gallant  conduct 
at  Chancellorsville. 

Appel,  Francis 

Appel,  HENRy 

Adelsheimer,  S. 

Alexander,  J. 

Arnold,  Aaron 

Abrahams,  Abraham 

Apple,  Samuel  A.  Sergeant 

Served  four  years. 

Allabach,  C.  H. 


H 

27th  Infantry 

H 

27th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 

40th  Infantry 

G 

48th  Infantry 

B 

51st  Infantry 

E 

54th  Infantry 

Army 

as  Assistant 

63d  Infantry 

B 

69th  Infantry 

I 

69th  Infantry 

1C1. 

B 

71st  Infantry 

Surgeon. 
Arnold,  George 
Aarons,  Solomon 

Served  through  the  war. 
Asher,  Asher 

Killed  on  picket  duty  near  Richmond. 
Asher,  Morris 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg;   Served  three  years. 
Apple,  David  A.  Captain  B  83d  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant,  Lieutenant  and  Captain  in 

Veteran  Reserve  Corps.     Died  of  wounds. 
Abraham,  Isaac  M.  Major  85th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Captain;  wounded  near  Deep  Bottom, 

Virginia. 

Lieutenant         A 
Captain  F 

Aarons,  Joseph  B 

Enlisted    as   a   drummer    boy    while 

captured  while  delivering  a  dispatch  in  second  Battle 

of  Bull  Run;  after  release  appointed  "orderly"   on 

staff  of  General   Geary,     2nd    Division,    12th  Army 

Corps;  served  until  close  of  war. 
Arnold,  Jacob  E.  Corporal  E  114th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 


Appel,  Charles  A, 


{ 


92nd  Infantry 

109th  Infantry 
quite    young; 


346 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


Name,  Rank.  Company. 

Abel,  Jacob  W. 

Also    in    Veteran    Reserve   Corps;     served 

hospital  steward. 
Arnold,  Henry  F 

Wounded  at  Fredericksburg. 
Arnold,  Eli  I 

Arnold,  Simon  G 

Killed  at  Gettysburg. 
Arnold,  Levi  Sergeant  F 


Regiment. 

115th  Infantry 
as   array  - 

133d  Infantry 

137th  Infantry 
140th  Infantry 


Also  Veteran  Reserve  Corps;  served  three  years, 


143d  Infantry 


Arnold,  Simon  J.       Sergeant- Major 

Promoted  from  Sergeant  of  Company  K; 

at  Gettysburg. 
Arnold,  Simon  I 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 
Arnold,  Moses  P.  Sergeant  A 

Anstein,  Jacob  D 

Apple,  Benjamin  Corporal  I 

Alexander,  Samuel     Assistant-Surgeon 

Killed  at  Dranesville,  Virginia. 
Allen,  Michael  Mitchell        Chaplain 


Aub,  Jacob 
Armhold,  Max 

Captured. 
Appel,  Henry 
Altman,  Solomon 
Arnold,  Henry 
Asch,  Charles  J. 

Barnet,  Moses 
Birnbaum,  Charles 
Blumenthal,  Simon 
Bach,  Louis 
Biggard,  Isaac 
Belsinger,  Lazarus 

Served  three  years. 
Bp:ar,  Abraham  K. 


Quartermaster 


Corporal 


B 

K 
Battery 


151st  Infantry 
Wounded 

151st  Infantry 

172nd  Infantry 

194th  Infantry 

209th  Infantry 

1  st  Cavalry 

5  th  Cavalry 
5th  Cavalry 
5th  Cavalry 

5th  Cavalry 

14th  Cavalry 

[       5th  Artillery 


Independent  Battery 


A 

I 

A 

D 

K 

D 

B 


1st  Infantry 
22nd  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 

30th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN 


347 


Name.  Rank.  Company. 

Bernard,  Aaron  A.  H 

Brandon,  Isaac  M.  Corporal  K 

Benjamin,  Oscar  H.        Sergeant  B 

Beoom,  Nathaniee  F.     Corporal  F 
Wounded  at  Petersburg. 

Bachenheimer,  Jacob     Sergeant 

Wounded  at  Cold  Harbor. 
Barnett,  Phieip  A.  Corporal         B 

Bahney,  Moses  Corporal  B 

Berkowitz,  L,eon  Corporal  H 

Barnett,  Nathaniel  P.  Assistant  Surgeon 
Bair,  Joseph  A 

Wounded  at  Chickamauga;  Served  four  y 
Bamberger,  Henry  Corporal         E 

Died  of  disease  contracted  in  the  service. 
Barnett,  David  A.  Corporal         B 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Kelly's  Ford, 
Beoom,  Samuee  S.  Lieutenant       H 

Bear,  Eeias  C 

Baer,  Benjamin  F.  Captain  F 

Served  three  years. 
Benedict,  Jacob 


Baer,  Michaee 


Corporal 
Major 


Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 
Benedict,  Joseph  Sergeant 

Severely  wounded. 
Bear,  Henry 
Beum,  Aaron 
Bush,  Asher 
Bear,  Joseph  Sergeant 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 
Beoom,  David  S. 

Bair,  Israee  Sergeant 

Bachman,  Joseph  Sergeant 

Baum,  Samuee  Corporal 


K 

H 
B 
B 
I 

I 
F 
H 
G 


Regiment. 
30th  Infantry 
30th  Infantry 
41st  Infantry 
45th  Infantry 

51st  Infantry 

51st  Infantry 
54th  Infantry 
59th  Infantry 
72nd  Infantry 
79th  Infantry 
ears. 

79th  Infantry 

99th  Infantry 

Virginia. 

1  nth  Infantry 

122nd  Infantry 

122nd  Infantry 

122nd  Infantry 

123d  Infantry 

204th  Infantry 

126th  Infantry 

133d  Infantry 
153d  Infantry 
153d  Infantry 
153d  Infantry 

137th  Infantry 
195th  Infantry 
195th  Infantry 
200th  Infantry 


Wounded  at  Fort  Steadman,  Virginia. 


348 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 


Rank. 


Company 


Regiment. 


Bachman,  H.  C  2nd  Cavalry 

Bloom,  David  H.  A  5th  Cavalry 

Birnbaum,  Henry  F.     Hospital  Sergeant     H        5th  Cavalry 
Promoted  from  Private;  served  about  four  years. 

Berg,  Henry  Corporal  D  nth   Cavalry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  wounded  near  Richmond;  served 
three  years. 

Blum,  Julius  Corporal  A  Independent  Battery 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three  years. 


Cohen,  Jacob  da  Silva  Solis  26th  Infantry 
Assistant  Surgeon 
Subsequently  in  United  States  Navy,  in  Commodore 
Du  Pont's  expedition  to  Port  Royal. 

Cahn,  Louis  27th  Infantry 
Cromelien,  Washington       Sergeant-Major      27th  Infantry 

Discharged  to  accept  Commission  as  Lieutenant  65th 

Infantry 

~           T                         f    Lieutenant          C  -    _  f 

Cohn,  Ignatz            <     _     J   .                   ^  27th  Infantry 
(    Captain                B 

Calker,  Isaac                                            B  33d  Infantry 

Died  from  effects  of  wounds. 

Casner,  Abraham                                     I  38th  Infantry 

Cohen,  J.                         Sergeant  62nd  Infantry 

Cohen,  Lewis                                             F  122nd  Infantry 

Cantner,  Jacob                                         C  126th  Infantry 

Constine,  Lewis                                        C  143d  Infantry 

Killed  at  White  Oak  Church. 

Cohen,  A.  J.                   Captain                A  5th  Cavalry 
Seriously  wounded. 

Cromelien,  Alfred     1st  Lieutenant    C  5th  Cavalry 
Promoted   from    2nd    Lieutenant;    elected   to    Loyal 
Legion  U.  S.   Commandery  of   Pennsylvania;  acting 
Recorder  of  Commandery;  titled  Major. 

Cromelien,  James         Lieutenant          G  5th  Cavalry 
Also  Quartermaster. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


349 


Name.  Rank. 

Cohen,  Leon  Solis         Corporal 

Wounded  in  action. 
Coons,  Jacob  Captain 


Company.  Regiment. 

Keystone  Battery 

Wyoming  Jagers. 


Dinbacher,  S.                                              B  6th  Infantry 

Durlacher,  S.                                             H  6th  Infantry 

De  Young,  Washington  R.     Lieutenant  I       17th  Infantry 

Bre vetted  Captain  for  bravery. 

David,  Louis  N.                                         B  18th  Infantry 

Doon,  Theodore                 Sergeant  23d  Infantry 

Dusch,  Abraham                                       C  27th  Infantry 

Also  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 

Davidson,  Joseph                 Sergeant  28th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  killed  at  Chancellorsville. 

Davidson,  Isaac                                         H  122nd  Infantry 

Died  at  Falmouth,  Virginia,  in  1862. 

Davis,  Evan                                                D  125th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant;  died  of  wounds  received  at 

Chancellorsville. 


Davidson,  Joseph  A. 

I 

134th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Fredericksburg. 

Davidson,  Eli  as  B. 

G 

136th  Infantry 

Dasher,  Samuel 

D 

192nd  Infantry 

DlNKELBERGER,  J.  R. 

E 

1st  Cavalry 

De  Haan,  Aaron 

A 

2nd  Artillery 

De  Haan,  Henry             Sergeant 

M 

3d  Artillery 

Transferred  to  United  States  Veterans, 

2nd  Regiment. 

Ellenger, Jacob 

I 

26th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 
Ellenger,  William  I  26th  Infantry 

Einstein,  Max  Colonel  27th  Infantry 

Born  at  Buchau,  Wurtemberg,  Germany,  October  10, 
1822;  1  st  Lieutenant  of  Washington  Guards,  1852; 
Captain  of  Philadelphia  (Flying)  Artillery  Company, 
1853  J  Aide-de-Camp  (with  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
Colonel)  to  Governor  James  Pollock,  of  Pennsylvania, 


350  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

and  Paymaster-General  of  Pennsylvania  (with  rank 
of  Brigadier-General)  1856;  Brigadier- General  2nd 
Brigade,  Pennsylvania  Militia,  i860;  Colonel  of  27th 
Regiment  of  Volunteers  (Pennsylvania)  1861.  This 
Regiment,  under  Colonel  Einstein's  command,  suc- 
ceed in  covering  the  retreat  of  the  Union  Army  in  the 
first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  won  credit  by  its  con- 
duct. Colonel  Einstein  was  subsequently  appointed 
by  President  Lincoln,  United  States  Consul  at  Niirem- 
burg,  Germany,  and  since  then  served  as  United 
States  Internal  Revenue  Agent  in  Philadelphia,  where 
he  still  resides. 

Name  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Ellinger,  Emanuel  C  27th  Infantry 

Eppstkin,  Daniel        1st  Lieutenant     D  27th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant. 
Eisenman,  Jacob  H  27th  Infantry 

Emanuel,  Lyon  Levy         Major  82nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant  and  Captain;  distinguished 

for  bravery;  served  three  years. 
Emanuel,  Louis  Maney     Brigade  Surgeon         82nd  Infantry 

Promoted  from   Surgeon;  rendered  valuable  services; 

served  three  years. 
Etting,  Charles  Edward     Captain     D  121st  Infantry 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant;  Regimental  Adjutant 

on  Brigade  Staff;  assigned  to  1st  Brigade,  3d  Division, 

1st  Army  Corps;  served  three  years. 
Eckermann,  Jacob  B  E  139th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Salem  Heights  and  at  the  Wilderness. 
Eisenberg,  Daniel  f  I  ,    _ 

Transferred  to  X  B  5th  CavaIry 

Frauentha,.,  Abraham    Corpora,     {£  ^VSry 

At  expiration  of  service,  Lieutenant,  Company  I,  83d 

Infantry.     Served  nearly  four  years. 
Floersheim,  Henry      Lieutenant         A  27th  Infantry 

Frankel,  Mayer  A  27th  Infantry 

Honorably  mentioned  by  Secretary  of  War. 


Company. 

Regiment. 

B 

27th  Infantry 

I 

27th  Infantry 

E 

98th  Infantry 

K 

122nd  Infantry 

B 

153d  Infantry 

B 

153d  Infantry 

A 

167th  Infantry 

C 

197th  Infantry 

5th  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  351 

Name.  Rank. 

Fuchs,  Jacob 

Transferred  to  109th  Regiment. 

Frank,  Charles 

Frikdheim,  Adolph 

Fellenbaum,  David 

Frankenfield,  K. 

Frankenfield,  George 

Fromm,  Nathan  Corporal 

Frank,  Jacob  Corporal 

Friedman,  Max  Colonel 

Born  in  Miihlhausen,  Bavaria,  Germany,  March  21, 
1825.  He  was  Major  of  a  regiment  in  Pennsylvania 
Militia  before  the  Civil  War;  Colonel  of  65th  Regi- 
ment (5th  Pennsylvania  Cavalry)  1861  ;  severely 
wounded  in  battle  of  Vienna,  Virginia,  in  February, 
1862.  After  his  resignation,  Colonel  Friedman  was 
commissioned  to  organize  other  Cavalry  Regiments 
in  Pennsylvania.  He  was  Special  Inspector  of  the 
Revenue  Department  (1867- 1868);  he  started  the 
Union  Square  National  Bank,  of  New  York  City,  in 
1869,  and  became  its  cashier.  He  is  President  of  the 
Veteran  Corps  of  "Cameron  Dragoons"  (by  which 
title  the  65th  Regiment  has  been  known).  Colonel 
Friedman  resides  in  New  York  City. 

Frank,  Jacob  I  5th  Cavalry 

Fishblatt,  Lewis  Lieutenant        E  8th  Cavalry 

Frankee,  Rev.  Jacob     Chaplain  United  States  Hospital 

Gross,  J.  L.  K  1st  Infantry 

Goodman,  Aaron  A  14th  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  James  F  26th  Infantry 

Served  three  years;  captured  at  Gettysburg. 
Goedberg,  Sampson,         Sergeant         A  27th  Infantry 

Gross,  Leopold  A  27th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Cross  Keys,  Virginia. 
Goodman,  Benjamin  B.     Lieutenant     B  27th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant. 


352 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.  Rank  Company.  Regiment. 

Genter,  Nathan  B  27th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 
GassEnheimer,  Gus  27th  Infantry 

Glaser,  Adolph  27th  Infantry 

Transferred  to  15th  Heavy  Artillery,  New  York. 
Goodman,  David  J.  A  33d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 
Grossman,  Lewis  C  40th  Infantry 

Served  three  years;  lost  an  arm  and  leg  at  Spottsyl- 

vania;     died    from    wounds;      buried     in     National 

Cemetery,  Arlington. 


Gross,  Abram 

F 

41st  Infantry 

Transferred   to    190th    Infantry; 

served 

over   three 

years. 

Gross,  Isaac 

H 

50th  Infantry 

Goldstein,  Louis 

B 

61st  Infantry 

Gremitz, Captain 

62nd  Infantry 

Goldsmith,  Joseph         Captain 

A 

74th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 

Goodman,  David            Sergeant 

B 

78th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Goodman,  Isaac            Sergeant 

• 

91st  Infantry 

Promoted    from    Private;     wounded    at 

Petersburg; 

served  four  years. 

Goldberg, Corporal 

A 

91st  Infantry 

Gassenmaier,  Joseph 

D 

98th  Infantry 

GOLDENBERG,  C.   D. 

F 

1 1  oth  Infantry 

GOLDENBERG,  HENRY 

F 

noth  Infantry 

Gallinger,  Joseph 

B 

123d  Infantry 

Enlisted  at  eighteen  years  of  age . 

Gisner,  George              Corporal 

142nd  Infantry 

Goldbacher,  Isaac         Sergeant 

150th  Infantry 

Gross,  Aaron 

C 

153d  Infantry 

Captured  at  Gettysburg. 

Goldstrom,  Leopold 

E 

5th  Cavalry 

Quartermaster-Sergeant 
Entered  as  Private;  served  four  years. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  353 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

GerSChel,  Adolph  I  6th  Cavalry 

Served  three  years,  until  expiration  of  term. 
Goldschmidt,  Anton     Lieutenant        A  12th  Cavalry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant;  served  three  years  and  until 

the  close  of  the  war. 
Goldsmith,  James  Sergeant  H  18th  Cavalry 

Promoted  from  Corporal;  served  three  years. 


Hays,  David 

Hirsh,  Jacob  Lieutenant 

Hirsh,  Morris  Corporal 

Hirsch,  Isidor  Lieutenant 

Heller,  Henry  Surgeon 

Heller,  Maximilian     Surgeon 

Heyman,  Herman 

Harris,  B. 

Heimburg,  Julius     Quartermaster 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 
Herrman,  Frank  Lieutenant 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 
Heller,  David 
Houseman,  Jacob 
Herman,  Philip 
hochstetter,  a. 
Hirsch,  A. 
Hertzog,  Joel  J. 

Corporal 

Served  three  years. 

Hertzog,  Joseph 
Henry,  B. 
Hess,  Jacob 
Captured. 

Hess,  Michael 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Fredericksburg, 

Hassler,  Augustus  Sergeant       ( F 

Herman,  Jacob 
23 


C 
G 
G 
A 


A 
B 
B 


C 
B 
H 


/M 
ID 

E 
D 
H 

H 


2nd  Infantry 
1 8th  Infantry 
1 8th  Infantry 
22nd  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 
147th  Infantry 

29th  Infantry 
32nd  Infantry 
36th  Infantry 

36th  Infantry 

41st  Infantry 

190th  Infantry 

57th  Infantry 


354 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.  Rank. 

Hightule,  Israel  Sergeant 

Hoffman,  S. 

Harris,  Benjamin  Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  private. 
Hamberg,  Ansel 


Company. 


Regiment. 
6  i  st  Infantry 
67th  Infantry 
72  nd  Infantry 


91st  Infantry 
44th  Infantry 
12th  Infantry 


Lieutenant       (  A 
Major  -) 

Colonel 

He   has   been  Junior  and  Senior  Vice-Commander  of 
George   G.    Meade   Post,    No.  1,  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic. 
Hart,  Abraham  I  73d  Infantry 

Captain  and  Brigade  Adjutant-General. 
Captain  Abraham  Hart,  at  present  commander  of  Kit 
Carson  Post,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  one  of  the 
large  Posts  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  was  born  in 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  Germany,  in  1832.  At  the  age  of 
eighteen  years  he  came  to  the  United  States  and  was 
employed  in  a  large  house  in  Philadelphia,  where  he 
was  residing  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Rebellion  in  1861. 
He  volunteered  as  a  soldier  in  the  73d  Regiment  of 
Pennsylvania  Infantry,  commanded  by  Colonel  John 
A.  Koltes;  he  aided  Colonel  Koltes  in  enlisting  other 
volunteers,  and  as  early  as  August,  1861,  was  on  his 
way  with  the  regiment  to  help  in  the  defences  of 
Washington  on  the  Virginia  side.  While  there,  Lieu- 
tenant Hart — for  he  had  been  promoted  to  a  lieu- 
tenancy —  was  frequently  sent  out  on  reconnoitring 
expeditions,  and  in  one  of  these  he  had  a  sharp  brush 
with  a  body  of  Confederate  cavalry  which  was  also 
out  reconnoitring.  Subsequently,  Lieutenant  Hart 
was  promoted  to  a  captaincy,  and  when  Colonel  Koltes 
was  elevated  to  the  command  of  a  brigade  in  General 
Blenker's  Division  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
Captain  Hart  was  detailed  as  Adjutant-General  of  the 
Brigade.  In  this  capacity  he  participated  in  the 
battle  of  Cross  Keys,  in  numerous  skirmishes,  and  in 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run. 

At    the    battle   of    Cross    Keys,    the   commanding 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  355 

General  desired  information  as  to  the  position  and 
movements  of  the  opposing  force  under  ' '  Stonewall ' ' 
Jackson,  and  Captain  Hart  undertook  to  obtain  it  for 
him.  In  pursuance  of  this  undertaking,  and  in  com- 
pany with  a  squad  of  picked  men,  he  successfully 
made  the  circuit  of  the  rebel  camp,  obtained  the 
desired  information,  and  reported  it  to  the  General. 

At  Sulphur  Springs  he  was  entrusted  by  General 
Sigel  with  the  command  of  a  force  to  destroy  a  bridge 
over  the  Rappahannock  which  was  defended  by  rebel 
artillery,  and  he  succeeded  in  destroying  it.  At 
another  time  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  rescue  several 
hundred  Union  soldiers  who  had  been  captured  by 
the  Confederates. 

But  perhaps  Captain  Hart's  most  important  service 
was  done  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run.  General 
von  Steinwehr's  (Blenker'sj  Division  was  in  ad- 
vance, and  engaged  in  the  first  day's  battle,  as  well 
as  in  the  second  and  third.  In  the  afternoon  of 
the  third  day  (August  30)  of  the  fight,  Koltes' 
Brigade  was  ordered  to  silence  a  rebel  battery  which 
was  doing  us  great  damage.  The  Brigade  was  several 
times  driven  back,  but  each  time  rallied,  and  finally 
captured  and  spiked  the  guns.  It  was  here  that  the 
Brigade  Commander,  Colonel  Koltes,  was  killed,  and 
here  that  the  Brigade  suffered  the  heaviest  loss. 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Hkrrman,  Jacob  Sergeant  C  98th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private;  wounded  at  Cedar  Creek;  served 

four  years. 
Hirsch,  M.  L.  101st  Infantry 

Hirsch,  August  Corporal  A  102nd  Infantry 

Wounded  at  the  Wilderness;  three  years  service. 
Herman,  Emanukl         Captain  D  103d  Infantry 

Hoffman,  Leopold  C  1 1 3th  Infantry 

Regimental  Quartermaster  Sergeant;  promoted  from 

private. 


356  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Hyneman,  Jacob  EzEkiel  G  119th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Fredericksburg;  also  at  Brandy  Station 
and  Mine  Run;  transferred  to  United  States  Signal 
Corps;  served  three  years  (1862- 1865);  has  served 
since  during  riots  in  Pennsylvania;  has  held  several 
military  ranks. 
Hoffman,  Abraham  Corporal         E  186th  Infantry 

Hynkman,  Elias  Leon     Sergeant         C  5th  Cavalry 

A  reference  to  this  brave  soldier  and  the  sacrifice 
which  cost  him  his  life  is  contained  in  our  ' '  Introduc- 
tion," page  5,  so  that  little  is  left  to  record.  Hyne- 
maii  voluntarily  enlisted  in  the  5th  Cavalry,  after  the 
first  Battle  of  Bull  Run.  He  was  promoted  from 
Corporal  to  Sergeant,  and  was  always  eager  for  active 
service,  distinguishing  himself  in  several  battles,  and 
being  one  of  twelve  skirmishers  who  advanced  on  the 
enemy  in  the  Battle  of  Gettysburg.  He  fought  dis- 
mounted in  the  Battle  of  the  Wilderness.  His  term 
expired  in  1864,  but  so  anxious  was  he  to  serve  his 
country  that  he  re-enlisted,  only  to  meet  so  untimely 
a  fate  as  recorded.  He  died  on  January  7,  1865,  at 
Andersonville,  of  starvation  and  sickness,  and  his 
body  was  brought  for  interment  to  Philadelphia  five 
months  later. 

As  to  Hyneman's  course  as  a  soldier,  no  stronger 
testimony  than  that  contained  in  the  following  official 
paper  is  required: 

' '  I  hereby  certify  on  honor  that  I  was  well  and  per- 
sonally acquainted  with  Elias  Leon  Hyneman,  who 
was  a  Sergeant  of  Company  C,  5th  Regiment,  Penn- 
sylvania Cavalry,  Volunteers,  that  the  said  Elias  L. 
Hyneman  was  a  thorough  and  efficient  soldier,  and  a 
person  of  excellent  habits,  and  known  and  respected 
as  such  by  all  in  the  regiment.  That  he  was  ever 
foremost  in  the  line  of  duty  and  at  the  post  of  danger, 
and  vigilant  and  patient  in  the  prosecution  of  his 
patriotic  services.  That  by  his  zeal  and  enthusiasm 
to  be  foremost  among  the  defenders  of  his  flag  he  was 


PATRIOT,  CITIZEN.  SOLDIER  AND  357 

unhappily  captured  by  a  merciless  foe,  and  consigned 
to  an  ignominious  and  beastly  prison  house,  there  to 
suffer  for  many  months  and  at  last  to  yield  up  his 
noble  spirit  in  death.  Even  his  last  life  scenes  were 
worthy  of  a  soldier  and  full  of  true  manfulness.  That 
I,  being  a  prisoner  of  war  at  the  same  time  with  said 
Klias  L-  Hyneman,  heard  of  his  many  sufferings  with 
deepest  regret.  I  sympathize  sincerely  with  his 
afflicted  relatives  and  all  who  mourn  his  loss.  He 
fought  and  fell  in  the  glorious  cause  of  freedom  and 
justice  omnipotent 

"Given  at  Camp,  Fifth  Pennsylvania  Cavalry,  near 
Richmond,  Va.,  this  ist  day  of  May,  1865. 
J.  Frank  Cameron, 

"  Capt.  Com'd'g  Company  C,  Fifth  Penn.  Cavalry." 
"  Approval: 

"Colonel  Commanding  Regiment." 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Harris,  Abraham  B.     Lieutenant         F  5th  Cavalry 

Hoffman,  David  B.  G  5th  Cavalry 

Hasseer,  Jacob  Sergeant  D  9th  Cavalry 

Served  about  four  years. 
Hkrzog,  Jacob  Captain  H  12th  Cavalry 

Hamburger,  Herman    Lieutenant        L  18th  Cavalry 

Assistant  Adjutant-General,  ist  Brigade,  3d 
Cavalry    Corps,    Army   of    the    Potomac;    has    been 
Judge  in  Carbon  County,  Pennsylvania,  etc.,  etc. 


Israel,  Daniel 
Isaacs,  Henry 
Israel,  Jacob 

Isaacs,  Henry 


F 

I 

B 

M 

C 


10th  Infantry 
1 8th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 

72nd  Infantry 


Josephs,  Gustav  C                   3d  Infantry 

And  one  year  in  Hancock's  Veteran   Corps;    served 
three  years. 

Jacobs,  Henry  B                 4th  Infantry 


358 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Rank.  Company. 


Jacobs,  Jacob 
Jacoby,  Henry 
Josephs,  Aaron 
Jacques,  Henry 


Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Corporal  K  nth  Infantry 

Corporal  I  18th  Infantry 

F  19th  Infantry 

Lieutenant         G  26th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  second  Battle  of  Bull  Run,  and   other 
battles. 
Jacobson,  Augustus  A  27th  Infantry 

Transferred  to  United  States  Navy. 
Jacoby,  Herman  A  27th  Infantry 

Wounded   at    Missionary   Ridge;   served   throughout 
the  war. 
Jacob,  John  B  27th  Infantry 

Josephs,  Abraham  F  27th  Infantry 

And  one  year  in  Hancock's  Veteran  Corps;    served 
three  years. 
Jacoby,  Hugo  Sergeant 

Promoted  from  Corporal;  transferre  I  to 
Jacoby,  H. 


Jacobs,  Henry 

Served  three  years. 
Jacobs,  Samuel 

Served  four  years. 
Jacobs,  Israel 

Served  three  years. 
Jacobs,  Abraham  B. 

Subsequently 
Jacoby,  Moses 

Enlisted  as  Private 
Jacobs,  Henry 


II 
V 


27th  Infantry 

109th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 

28th  Infantry 


H 


I) 


f    A 


Corporal 


29th  Infantry 

30th  Infantry 

34th  Infantry 

6th  U.  S.  Cavalry 

47th  Infantry 


Lieutenant      F 


Promoted  from  Sergeant;'  served  four  years. 
Jacobs,  Simon  D 

Served  three  years. 
Jacobs,  Henry  H.  Sergeant  F 

Jacobs,  Alexander  Corporal  F 

Jacoby,  Joseph  Sergeant  I 

Jacobs,  Theodore     Assistant  Surgeon 
Jacoby,  Simon  P.  E 


51st  Infantry 

99th  Infantry 

165th  Infantry 
165th  Infantry 
167th  Infantry 
187th  Infantry 
3d  Artillery 


Jacobs,  S.  H 


1  st  Troop,  Philadelphia  City  Cavalry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  359 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Koknigsberg,  Max         Lieutenant        A  12th  Infantry 

Wounded  at    Gaines'    Mills;    captured   and   sent    to 
Libby  Prison. 


Kauffman,  Isaac  B.      Lieutenant 

C 

1 6th  Infantry 

Kirschhkimer,  Joseph 

Sergeant 

27  th  Infantry 

Kuhn,  Magnus 

A 

27th  Infantry 

Kuhn,  Marcus 

A 

27th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Ignaz 

Captain 

B 

27th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

• 

Kuhn,  Abraham 

B 

27th  Infantry 

Kahn,  Louis 

C 

27th  Infantry 

Katz,  Jacob  F. 

c 

35th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Kauffman,  Samup;l 

A 

46th  Infantry 

Kauffman,  Levi  H 

Corporal 

H 

52nd  Infantry 

Kline,  Joseph 

I 

61st  Infantry 

Killed  at  Fair  Oaks, 

Virginia. 

Karpel,  Jacob 

C 

63d  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  rece 

ived  at  Bull  Run. 

Kohen,  Frank  P. 

Lieutenant 

I 

67th  Infantry 

Kauffman,  Benjamin  L 

Corporal 

(D 

90th  Infantry 

(H 

1  ith  Infantry 

Koshland,  Nicholas  E 

. 

A 

91st  Infantry 

Kayser,  Morris 

Captain 

B 

91st  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant;  served  about  three  years. 

Katz,  Emanuel 

98th  Infantry 

Kauffman,  Jacob 

Corporal 

A 

101st  Infantry 

Kline,  Nathan 

K 

119th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Kauffman,  Solomon  B 

Corporal 

F 

126th  Infantry 

Kramer,  Solomon  H. 

Sergeant 

G 

128th  Infantry 

Kauffman, Jonas  H. 

Assistant  Surgeon 

151st  Infantry 

Kauffman,  Joseph  A. 

Lieutenant   B 

154th  Infantry 

Kauffman,  Jacob 

Corporal 

F 

171st  Infantry 

Kauffman,  David  S. 

Sergeant 

F 

179th  Infantry 

Kauffman,  Solomon  B 

Sergeant 

B 

202nd  Infantry 

360  THE  A  MEll  ICA  N  JE  \V  A  S 

Name  Rank.  L'omimny.  ■  Ukoimknt. 

Kauffman,  Isaac  B.    2nd  Lieutenant    H  9th  Cavalry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Moore's  Hill,  Kentucky. 
Karpei.es,  Leo  2nd  Artillerv 


Livermauli.  Moses 

Levy,  David 

Levy,  Abraham 

Levi,  Charles  Corporal 

LOWENTHAE,  SAMUEL 

Served  four  years. 

Lazarus,  David 

Lewenberg,  Joseph 

Levy,  Aaron 

Transferred  to  Signal  Corps. 

Luescher,  Jacob  Sergeant 

Served  three  years. 

Leo,  Charles  Lieutenant 

Regimental  Adjutant. 

Lowenstein,  M. 

Lazarus,  Aaron      Brevet  Captain 

Enlisted  as  Private,  and  promoted  to  Corporal,  Ser- 
geant, rst  Sergeant,  2nd  Lieutenant,  1st  Lieutenant, 
Regimental  Adjutant,  and  Brevet  Captain,  United 
States  Volunteers;  served  three  years;  has  since  been 
Captain  and  Major;  member  of  Loyal  Legion  of  the 
United  States  (Commandery  of  Pennsylvania). 


B 

I 
E 
E 
G 

2nd  Infantry 
5th  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 
9th  Infantry 

F 

I 
A 

23d  Infantry 

23d  Infantry 

26th  Infantry 

A 

27th  Infantry 

H 

27th  Infantry 

D 

27th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 

Lachenheimer,  E. 

K 

29th  Infantry 

Lyon,  Abraham                  Corporal 

H 

35th  Infantry 

Lang,  Philip 

I 

37th  Infantry 

Lowenthal,  Samuel 

G 

38th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Lebengood,  Jacob 

E 

40th  Infantry 

So  seriously  wounded  as  to  be 

disabled 

for  further 

service. 

Levi,  William  P.                 Sergeant 

C 

54th  Infantry 

Lichtenberger,  Daniel     Sergeant 

I 

76th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


361 


Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Leo,  Henry  F.  Captain  B  1 1 5th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant;  served  three  years. 

Lazarus,  Henry  C  119th  Infantry 

Also  Veteran  Invalid  Reserve  Corps ;  served  through 
the  war. 

Levy,  Herman  119th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Emanuel  D  127th  Infantry 

Lehman,  Jacob  D  127th  Infantry 

Lillienstine,  Charles  I  127th  Infantry 

Levi,  Joseph                  Corporal  G  129th  Infantry 

Lazarus,  William  E  132nd  Infantry 
Killed  at  Antietam. 

Loeb,  Jacob  H  151st  Infantry 

Loeb,  Samuel  B.  H  151st  Infantry 

Loeb,  William  C.  H  151st  Infantry 

Died  at  Fairfax  Seminary,  Virginia,  June  27,  1863. 

Long,  Isaac  H  151st  Infantry 

Levy,  Philip  Sergeant  G  193d  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 

Lipowitz,   Herman         Sergeant  H  215th  Infantry 

Langsdorf,  Simon  Corporal  B  5th  Cavalry 

Discharged  for  injuries  received  at  Williamsburg. 

Levy,  Meyer  S.  C  5th  Cavalry 

Levy,  Samuel  C  5th  Cavalry 

Levy,  Theodore  C  5th  Cavalry 

Lang,  Ernst  E  5th  Cavalry 

Levi,  Simon  I  5th  Cavalry 

Lindheimer,  Barney  6th  Cavalry 

Lang,  Morris  12th  Cavalry 
Captured  at  second  Battle  of  Bull  Run. 

Levy,  Benjamin  J.  Brevet-Major  21st  Cavalry 

Promoted  from  Commissary  of  Subsistence. 

LiEbschutz,  Adolph  Lieutenant  2nd  Artillery 

Promoted  from  the  ranks  for  gallantry;  served  three 
years. 


362 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                              Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Miller,  Jonas  K  5th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

May,  Samuel  F.  K  8th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Louis  H.         Sergeant  C  13th  Infantry 

Also  in  Ohio  Infantry,  and  staff  officer  in  Regular  Army. 

Myers,  Solomon          Lieutenant  A  16th  Infantry 

Miller,  Moses  K  19th  Infantry 

Miller,  Samuel  K  19th  Infantry 

May,  Solomon  W.  19th  Infantry 

Meyer,  C.  B  21st  Infantry 

Miller,  Alexander  H  22nd  Infantry 

Mayer,  Jacob                 Corporal  B  23d  Infantry 

Mitchell,  M.  F  23d  Infantry 

Moritz,  Joseph  C  26th  Infantry 

Moss,  John  j  E  26th  Infantry 

Served  three  years.     Transferred  to  I  99th  Infantry 

Meyer,  Joseph  I  26th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg;  transferred  to  99th  Infantry; 

served  four  years. 
May,  Louis 

Sergeant 


Moser,  Leo 

May,  Meyer 

Mayer,  Herman 

Meyer,  Moses 

Meyer,  Kmil  Lieutenant 

Marx,  David 

Maier,  Jacob 

Moser,  David 

Died  at  Winchester,  Virginia. 
Max,  Jacob 
Meyer,  Max 
Myers,  Simon  P. 
Marks,  Emanuel 

Died  at  Rectortown,  Virginia. 
Miller,  Aaron 

Served  three  years. 
Myers,  Levi 

Served  three  years. 


A 

C 
D 
D 
E 
G 
G 
H 
H 


G 

K 


27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 

36th  Infantry 

36th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  363 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 


Moses,  Joshua  I 

Miller, Jacob  A 

Killed  at  South  Mountain. 
Moses,  Daniel  Corporal  K 

Moses,  David  Lieutenant  K 

Promoted  from  Sergeant;  served  until  the 

war. 
Miller,  Soeomon  C.       Sergeant  A 

Served  three  years. 
Mieeer, Jacob  C 

Miller,  Jacob  Corporal  H 

Disabled  at  Malvern  Hill. 
Myers,  Emanuel  Sergeant 

Mazur,  F. 
Myers,  Israel  Corporal  E 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three  years. 
Moss,  William  Surgeon 

Surgeon  United  States  Volunteers. 
Myers,  Isaac  Corporal  G 

Myers,  Sigmund  Corporal  I 

Served  three  years. 
Mayer,  Jacob  Sergeant        .      F 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 
Myers,  Solomon  Captain  E 

Served  over  three  years. 
Moser,  Henry  Corporal  F 

Transferred  to  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 

Moss,  Jacob 

Myers,  Henry  H 

Myers,  Daniel  S.  I 

Myers,  Albert  Sergeant              H 

Miller,  Aaron  F 

Myers,  Benjamin  F.  C 

Myers,  Jacob  A 

Also  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 

Marks,  Israel  E 


42  nd  Infantry 
45th  Infantry 

48th  Infantry 
52nd  Infantry 
close  of  the 

57th  Infantry 

61st  Infantry 
61st  Infantry 

62nd  Infantry 

63d  Infantry 

67th  Infantry 

70th  Infantry 

74th  Infantry 
76th  Infantry 

82nd  Infantry 

87th  Infantry 

107th  Infantry 

119th  Infantry 
122nd  Infantry 
127th  Infantry 
128th  Infantry 
129th  Infantry 
1 30th  Infantry 
150th  Infantry 

151st  Infantry 


364 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 


Rank. 


Regiment. 
153d  Infantry 


F 
E 
H 


Lieutenant 
Corporal 
seriously  wounded  at  Cold   Har- 


155th  Infantry 
162nd  Infantry 

165th  Infantry 

169th  Infantry 

178th  Infantry 

183d  Infantry 


Myers,  Aaron  J.  Sergeant  I 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Gettysburg. 

Myers,  Herman  Corporal  A 

Served  three  years. 

Moyer,  Kmanuel  Sergeant  H 

Killed  at  White  House,  Virginia. 

Myers,  Emanuel       Sergeant-Major 

Marx,  Aaron  J. 

Myers,  Levi 

Myers,  David 

Enlisted  as  private 
bor. 

Miller,  Aaron  Corporal  K 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Michaels,  David  Lieutenant        I 

Promoted  from  Corporal  and  Sergeant 

Menken,  Nathan  D.        Captain 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  organized  a  body 
of  cavalry  and  was  chosen  Captain.  At  the  Second 
Battle  of  Bull  Run  his  horse  was  shot  under  him.  As 
commander  of  General  Pope's  body-guard,  he  won 
the  esteem  and  admiration  of  his  brother  officers  for 
his  bravery,  courtesy  and  firmness.  In  1878,  during 
the  yellow  fever  scourge  in  Memphis,  Tennessee, 
Captain  Menken  refused  to  quit  that  city,  but  re- 
mained at  his  post,  attending  to  the  suffering  until 
the  terrible  plague  made  this  hero  also  a  victim. 

Mieeer,  Jacob  3d  Cavalry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Mine  Run,  Virginia. 


190th  Infantry 

210th  Infantry 

Cavalry 


Moss,  Joseph  L.  Major 

Lieutenant-Colonel  12th  Cavalry 
Moss,  Jacob 


Myers,  Emanuee 
Max,  Charles 
Moeler,  Max 
Meyer,  Leopold 


Lieutenant 
Captain 


5th  Cavalry 
served  three  years. 

J  ^  5th  Cavalry 

K  5th  Cavalry 

E  6th  Cavalry 

E  nth  Cavalry 

C  1 2th  Cavalry 


Served  over  three  years. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


865 


Name.                              Rank.                  Company.  Regiment. 

Miller,  Moses             Corporal                 H  14th  Cavalry 

Moser,  Henry        Quartermaster- Sergeant  19th  Cavalry 

Served  three  years. 
Marks,  Simon  Custer's  Division  of  Cavalry 

Mendel,  Herman         Sergeant              L  j  3d  Artillery 

Subsequently  in  United  States  Army.  \  4th  Cavalry 


Messing,  Bernhard     Sergeant 

M 

3d  Artillery 

Transferred  62nd  Regiment,  U. 

S.  V. 

Nathans,  Oscar  S. 

H 

1 8th  Infantry 

Nathans,  Theodore 

H 

1 8th  Infantry 

Nathan,  Lewis 

A 

51st  Infantry 

Neyman,  Jacob 

Signal  Corps 

Ottenheimer,  Solomon 

A 

19th  Infantry 

Ostheimer,  Nathan 

K 

62nd  Infantry 

Killed  at  Harrison's  Landing. 

Ochs,  Joseph 

E 

5th  Cavalry 

Oppenheimer,  Louis 

E 

5th  Cavalry 

Pinheiro,  Solomon  G  26th  Infantry 

Enlisted  quite  young  as  a  drummer  boy;  subsequently 
entered  United  States  Navy;  served  there  three  years 
and  took  part  in  a  number  of  engagements. 


PlCKARD,   M. 

27th  Infantry 

Pollock,  A. 

27th  Infantry 

Proskauer,  A. 

27th  Infantry 

Phillips,  Isaac  W. 

K 

29th  Infantry 

Captured. 

Phillips,  Isaac  H. 

F 

36th  Infantry 

Phillips,  David  J. 

Adjutant     J 
Captain         I      I 

8 1  St  Infantry 

Podolsky,  Theodore 

Promoted  from  2nd  Lieutenant, 


101st  Infantrv 


etc. 


Rosensteel,  Jacob  I  nth  Infantry 

Wounded    at    Rappahannock    Station;    served    four 
years. 


366 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 


Rank. 


Company. 


Rosenfelt,  Nathan     Sergeant  D 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Gettysburg. 
Rosenthal,  Max  j  D 

Transferred  to  1 

Rosenstein,  William  F 

Rosenthal,  Arndt  Major 

Roedelsheimer,  Solomon   Captain 


ROSENGARTEN,  HENRY 


Corporal 
Sergeant 


Ringetstein,  Jacob 
Rosenheim,  Bernard 
Roth,  Lewis 
Reinhard,  Francis 
Rosenberg,  Maurice       Sergeant 
Wounded  at  Lookout  Mountain. 

Rosenthal,  Abraham 
Reinhart,  Nathan  F.     Corporal 
Rosenstein,  David 
Rosenstock,  Jacob 


A 
A 
K 
A 
A 
A 
B 
C 

E 
F 
I 
A 


Regiment. 
26th  Infantry 

26th  Infantry 
99th  Infantry 
26th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 


Wounded  at  Chancellorsville;  served  three  years. 


Rosenbaum,  Michael  F 

Rashke,  Moritz  Sergeant 

Killed  at  Chancellorsville. 
Rosenfelt,  Nathan  A 

Wounded  and  captured  at  Antietam; 

transferred  to  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 


29th  Infantry 
63d  Infantry 

72nd  Infantry 
when  released, 

74th  Infantry 


Rothschild,  Samuel         Sergeant        I 

Enlisted  as  Private. 
Rosenberg,  Louis  Corporal         K 

Rothschild,  Lewis  K 

Rosenberger,  L.  A.  Lieutenant     D 

Enlisted   as  Private;  captured   at    Gloucester    Point, 

Virginia;  served  three  years. 
Rosengarten,  Joseph  George  D 

Lieutenant 

Major  on  staff  of  General  John  F.  Reynolds,  Army 

of    the    Potomac;    Brevet    Captain    in    United    States 

Volunteers;  served  three  years. 


82  nd  Infantry 

99th  Infantry 

104th  Infantry 


121st  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


367 
Regiment. 
122nd  Infantry 


Name.  Rank.       Company. 

Rowe,  Samuel  W.         Captain  B 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 
ROSENBERGER,  SAMUEL  G 

Rich,  Isaac  B.  Sergeant  B 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 
Rosensteel,  Jacob         Sergeant  F 

Enlisted    as    Private;    wounded    at  the 

served  three  years. 
Rinehard,  Alfred  A.     Captain  D 

Promoted  from  Sergeant;  wounded  at  Po  River,  Vir 

ginia;  served  three  years. 
Rosenstein,  Michael      Lieutenant      K 
Rosensteel,  Tobias         Lieutenant 

Served  three  years. 
Rowland,  Adolphus  Major 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant  for  distinguished  bravery. 
Rosenthal,  Leopold         Captain  A  5th  Cavalry 

Wounded  at  Fort  Magruder. 
Rhine,  Michael  G  5th  Cavalry 

Rosenthal,   Ephraim       Sergeant         A  12th  Cavalry 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three  years,  and  until  close 

of  war. 

Reubenthal,  Elias  Sergeant         I  12th  Cavalry 

Served  over  three  years. 

Rosengarten,  Adolph  G.     Major  15th  Cavalry 

(Anderson  Troop) 
Promoted  from  Sergeant;  killed  at  Stone  River,  Ten- 
nessee . 

ROSENBERGER,  S. 


126th  Infantry 
129th  Infantry 

139th  Infantry 
Wilderness; 

148th  Infantry 


173d  Infantry 
4th  Cavalry 

5th  Cavrlry 


Assistant  Surgeon 


2nd  Artillery 


vSontheimer,  Bernard 

Schwarz,  S.  F. 

Schoneman,  Abram  P.     Lieutenant 


I 


Stern,  Abram  E 


Corporal 


6th  Infantry 
1 6th  Infantry 
19th  Infantry 
65th  Infantry 
Keystone  Battery 
19th  Infantry 


368 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Company. 

Regiment. 

19th  Infantry 

19th  Infantry 

B 

2 1  st  Infantry 

r 

26th  Infantry 

99th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 

A 

27th  Infantry 

B 

27th  Infantry 

B 

27th  Infantry 

B 

27th  Infantry 

B 

27th  Infantry 

B 

27th  Infantry 

Name.  Rank. 

Stern,  Charles 

Sternberger,  Charles 

Stein,  Jacob  Corporal 

Seligman,  Marcus 

Transferred  to 

Salinger,  B.  Lieutenant 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Schloss,  Abraham 

Schoneman,  Emanuel 

Spaeth,  Henry  Sergeant 

Sheier,  Moses 

Siedler,  Joseph 

Silberberg,  Max 

Enlisted  at  eighteen  years  of  age;  took  part  in  battles 
in  Pennsylvania,  incuding  Gettysburg;  served  twice  as 
Commander  of  August  Willich  Post,  G.  A.  R.;  also 
as  President  of  Employment  Bureau  of  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic  Association  of  Hamilton  County, 
Ohio. 

Straus,  Jonas 
Stein,  Louis 
Schoen,  David 
Stern,  Julius 
Schloss,  Moses 

Served  three  years. 
Schloss,  David 
Selker,  Adolph 
Strouse,  Cyrus  Major 

Killed  at  Chancellorsville. 

Snowberger,  Elias 
Stern,  David 
Snellenburg,  Isaac 

Killed  at  Charles  City  Cross  Roads,  Virginia,  buried 

on  the  battle-field. 
Strous,  Jacob  G  34th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 


Sergeant 


B 
D 
G 
H 

K 


K 


B 


27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 
27  th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 

29th  Infantry 

32  nd  Infantry 

33d  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  369 

Name.  Rank.        Company.      Regiment. 

Stein,  Jacob                                              A  37th  Infantry 

Sigmund,  Albert  M.        Assistant  Surgeon  38th  Infantry 

Stein,  Lewis                                             K  41st  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

SiivBERMAN,  Marx              Corporal           A  51st  Infantry 

Raised  a  company  of  men  in  three  days  and  became 

Corporal   of  the   company;  started   the  company  by 

signing  first. 

Stine,  Jacob  C  54th  Infantry 

Steiner,  Jacob  G  55th  Infantry 

Also  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 

Strouss  Eleis  C.  Captain  K  57th  Infantry 

Entered  as  private;  wounded  at   Charles  City  Cross 

Roads  and  at  Wilderness;  served  four  years. 

Strouse,  Henry  Corporal         D  76th  Infantry 

Stern,  Henry  Captain  G  77th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 
Stern,  Herman  B  83d  Infantry 

Soeomon,  Augustus  Sergeant         B  93d  Infantry 

Promoted  from  private;  also  in  Veteran  Reserve  Corps. 
Steinbrun,  J.  D  98th  Infantry 

Snowberger,  Aebert  Leopold  99th  Infantry 

Born  in  Philadelphia,  April  4,  1845.  He  was  sent  to 
the  Military  Academy,  at  Portsmouth,  Virginia,  when 
but  fifteen  years  of  age.  When  the  war  broke  out  he 
enlisted  in  the  Union  Army,  despite  his  youthful  age. 
He  took  part  in  a  number  of  engagements  with  the 
enemy,  but  at  the  Battle  of  Fredericksburg,  Virginia, 
December  13,  1862,  he  was  mortally  wounded,  yet 
even  in  his  agonies  this  young  hero  ' '  waved  his  cap 
and  urged  his  comrades  on  to  victory."  He  died 
January  6,  1863.  Of  this  gallant  boy  the  lad's  com- 
mander wrote  to  his  mother  that  ' '  his  bravery  and 
heroism  were  remarkable  for  one  so  young." 
Saeisburg,  David  S.  Corporal        B  102nd  Infantry 

Strauss,  Henry  Surgeon  115th  Infantry 

24 


370 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                                      Rank.          Company.            Regiment. 

Stine,  Daniel 

I 

126th  Infantry 

Strouse,  Lehman  K.         Corporal 

F 

128th  Infantry 

Stern,  Jacob 

E 

133d  Infantry 

Salisburg,  Samuel  B.       Sergeant 

G 

138th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Monocacy,  Maryland 

;  served  three  years. 

Strouse,  Ferdinand  K. 

E 

151st  Infantry 

Strause,  Joel  S. 

H 

151st  Infantry 

Strause,  Salomon 

H 

151st  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

Strause,  William  S. 

H 

151st  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

Strause,  William  T. 

H 

151st  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

Simon,  Michael 

I 

151st  Infantry 

Sternberger,  Levin 

I 

151st  Infantry 

Sulzbach,  Milton     Quartermaster 

1 66th  Infantry 

Straus,  Daniel                   Corporal 

F 

167th  Infantry 

Silva,  David                         Corporal 

G 

181st  Infantry 

Simon,  Jacob                        Corporal 

E 

183d  Infantry 

Promoted  from  private. 

Steiner,  Levi  A. 

H 

194th  Infantry 

Schlesinger,  Morris       Adjutant 

210th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Sergeant;  died  from  wounds  received 

at  Gravelly  Run,  Virginia. 

Schloss,  Henry                   Corporal 

E 

5th  Cavalry 

Wounded  near  Richmond;  served  four 

years. 

Schloss,  Abraham 

E 

5th  Cavalry 

Wounded  before  Richmond. 

Sontheimer,  Morris 

K 

1 1  th  Cavalry 

Served  four  years. 

Schoenfeld,  J. 

15th  Cavalry 

Stein,  Jacob                        Corporal 

K 

3d  Artillery 

Salzman,  Adam                   Corporal 

G 

5th  Artillery 

Strassman,  A. 

2nd  Battery 

Wounded  twice. 

Schoneman,  R.  A. 

Keystone  Battery 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  371 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Thalheimer,  Albert  B  23d  Infantry 

Captured  at  Cold  Harbor;  served  about  four  years. 

Tschopkk,  Joseph 

Tafel,  Adolph 

Teller,  Michael, 

Served  three  years. 

Trautman,  Jacob 
Served  four  years. 


[yieutenant 

D 
H 
K 

27th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 

1 1 9th  Infantry 

Sergeant 

E 

5th  Cavalry 

Sergeant 

D 

27th  Infantry 

E 

75th  Infantry 

Captain 

E 

5th  Cavalry 

Ulman,  John 

Served  three  years. 

Ullman,  Jacob 

Served  four  years. 

Ullman, 

Was  noted  for  his  bravery;  served  throughout  the 
Civil  War;  he  was  also  engaged  in  the  war  with  the 
Sioux  Indians  in  1876,  and  was  one  of  those  in  the 
command  of  General  Custer  on  that  fatal  day  in  June ; 
in  which  the  entire  command  was  surrounded  by  the 
Indians,  every  man  being  slaughtered. 


Vogel,  Iv.                             Captain 

E 

27th  Infantry 

Wimpfheimer,  Max                                   F               19th  Infantry 
Wolf,  Jacob                        Corporal          H             19th  Infantry 
Wohl,  Samuel                   Lieutenant      B              27th  Infantry 
Weinberger,  Paul                                   B              27th  Infantry 
Transferred  to  29th  Infantry,  New  York  Volunteers. 

Warburg,  Sigmund 
Weinstock,  Bernard 
Weil,  Jacob 
Warburg,  Moses 

Wetzlar,  Morris             Lieutenant 
Promoted;  wounded  at  Pea  Ridge; 

D               27th  Infantry 
D               27th  Infantry 
H               27th  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 
K             37th  Infantry 
disabled. 

Waterman,  Israel 

Transferred  to  United  States  Regu 

I 

ars. 

40th  Infantry 

372  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Name.  Rank. 

Wolf,  David  Sergeant 

Served  nearly  four  years. 

Wolf,  Morris 

Served  three  years. 
Weinbach,  Abraham 

Quartermaster-Sergeant     A 


)MPANY, 

Regiment. 

H 

89th  Infantry 

A 

3d  Cavalry 

A 

12th  Cavalry 

Name. 

Froinsohn,  Samuel 


RHODE    ISLAND. 

Rank. 


Company.  Regiment. 

2nd  Infantry 


Harris,  Bknjamin 


10th  Infantry 


Phillips,  Joseph  S.  2nd  Infantry 

On  staff  of  Commander  General  Sexton,  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic. 


SiEGEL,  M. 


3d  Infantry 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company 

Regiment. 

Alexander,  Isaac 

A 

10th  Infantry 

Alexander,  Isidore 

A 

10th  Infantry 

Alexander,  S. 

A 

10th  Infantry 

Altman,  James  P. 

A 

21st  Infantry 

Captured;  died  and  buried 

at  Woodlawn   Cemetery, 

Elmira,  New  York. 

Asher,  Henry 

Hampton  Legion 

Ascher,  Abraham 

1st  Cavalry 

Asher,  Harris 

Washington  Artillery 

PATRIOT,  CITIZEN.  SOLDIER  AND  373 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 


Abrahams,  E.  H. 
Abrahams,  Thkodork  H. 

Reserves 
Sumter  Guards. 

Bowman,  Louis 
Baee,  Barney 

Lost  his  life  at  Port  Royal. 

E 

i  st  Infantry 
2nd  Infantry 

Baum  Manus 
Baruch,  H. 

Enlisted  a  mere  lad. 

A 
K 

7th  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 

Brown,  Mendel             Sergeant             F               ioth  Infantry 
Wounded  at  Murfreesboro,  Tennnessee,  and  mortally 
wounded  at  Griffin,  Georgia;  died  in  Griffin  Hospital. 

Benjamin,  Solomon                                 L 
Brown,  Joseph 
Brown,  Simon 
Baum,  Marx 

Killed  at  the  Battle  of  the  Wilderness. 

ioth  Infantry 
ioth  Infantry 
ioth  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 

Baruch,  B.  S. 
Baruch,  Herman 

G 
A 

1 6th  Infantry 
7th  Cavalry 

Courier  to  General  Robert  E.  Lee. 
Beankensee,  D. 

Killed  at  Manassas. 
Beeitzer,  Jacob 

Mortally  wounded. 

Beeitzer,  Theodore 
Killed  in  action. 


Hampton  Legion 

Washington  Artillery 

German  Hussars 


Cashby,  A.  3d  Infantry 

Cohen,  Morris  7th  Infantry 

Enlisted  when  not  quite  sixteen  years  old. 

Ceark,  H.  IQth  Infantry 

Cohen,  Gratz  I0th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Malvern  Hill. 

Cohen,  Lawrence  L.  2nd  Cavalry 

Enlisted  1861. 

Cohen,  Asher  D.  Hampton's  Cavalry 

Enlisted  1861. 


374 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Cohen,  Isaac 

Killed  in  action 

mond,  Virginia. 
Cohen,  McDuff 
Cohen,  Ansley  D. 
Cohen,  Philip  I. 

Enlisted  1861. 
Cohen,  Gustavus 
Cohen,  Henry 

Killed  at  Savage    Station 

buried  in  Jewish  cemetery, 


Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Hampton's  Cavalry 
buried  in  Jewish  cemetery,  Rich- 


Hampton's  Cavalry 

Walter's  Battery 

Washington  Artillery 

Washington  Artillery 
Washington  Artillery 
Virginia,   June  29,  1864; 
Richmond,  Virginia. 

f  Washington  Artillery 

Washington  Artillery 

Washington  Artillery 

Washington  Artillery 

10th  Infantry 

Hampton's  Cavalry 

Jefferson  Rangers 


I      Six  brothers; 
three  serving  in 
South   Carolina, 
one  in  North  Car- 
olina,    and    two 


1 


Washington  Artillery 


Cohen,  Aaron 
Cohen,  Jacob  H. 
Cohen,  Julius 
Cohen,  C.  S.  \ 

Cohen,  Fishel 

Cohen,  David  D.    ^  in  Virginia 

Enlisted  1861. 
Cohen,  Dr.  Marx  E.,  Jr. 

One  of  the  heroes  of  the  Civil  War  was  Dr.  Marx  E. 
Cohen,  Jr.,  of  Charleston.  He  enlisted  at  the  age  of 
twenty -one.  At  the  battle  of  Bentonville,  North  Caro- 
lina, towards  the  close  of  the  the  war,  some  shells 
containing  explosive  material  were  thrown  into  the 
Confederate  lines  from  the  guns  of  the  Union  forces. 
The  captain  of  Hart's  Battery  called  for  volunteers  to 
hurl  them  aside  before  they  should  burst  and  cause 
destruction  to  the  command.  Three  men  volunteered 
to  undertake  the  task;  Dr.  Cohen  being  one  of  them. 
He  and  his  companions  were  successful,  but  while 
returning  to  their  own  lines  all  three  were  shot  dead 
by  Federal  bullets. 


Daniels,  L.  B  15th  Cavalry 

Captured ;  died  and  buried  in  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 
Elmira,  New  York. 

Dreyfus,  Herman  Cameron's  Battery 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


375 


Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Emanuel,  Edwin  Sergeant  A  ioth  Infantry 

Died  from  exposure  contracted  in  service. 
Emanuel,  J.  A  ioth  Infantry 

Emanuel,  Solomon  A  ioth  Infantry 

Emanuel,  Washington  A  ioth  Infantry 

Enlisted  when  a  mere  boy;  died  from  wounds  received 

at  Atlanta,  Georgia. 
Emanuel,  H.  ioth  Infantry 

Ellbaum,  G.  14th  Infantry 

Esdwa,  Arthur  A.  Culpepper  Battery 


Fox,  William  K 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg  and  captured 

Fox,  M.  Sr.  A 

Friedman,  Benjamin  A 


1  st  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 
3d  Infantry 


Gundhaus,  S. 
gundhaus,  j.  l. 
Goldsmith,  Isaac 

Killed  in  action. 
Goldsmith,  Michael 
Goldsmith,  Isaac  P. 

Died  in  the  service. 
Goldsmith,  A.  A. 

Wounded  at  Antietam. 
Goldsmith,  M.  M. 


I 
I 
G 

G 


4th  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 

1 6th  Infantry 

1 6th  Infantry 
24th  Infantry 

Kershaw's  2nd 

Regiment 

Reserves 


Heyman,  I.  F  6th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Owensboro,  North  Carolina. 
Hornet,  J.  D.  2nd  Battalion 

Hammerslough,  A.  3d  Battalion 

Hammerslough,  H.  3d  Battalion 

Hartz,  H.  10th  Battalion 

Hirsch,  Melvin  J.  Beauregard  Infantry 

Commissary  Sergeant 

Promoted  from  Private;  served  throughout  the  war. 
Holzhauer,  C.  Washington  Artillery 


376 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.  Rank. 

Hoffman,  Julius 

Hirsch,  I.  W. 
Wounded. 


Joel,  Julius 

Lost  an  arm  in  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness. 

Jacobs,  Isaiah           Lieutenant  D               2nd  Infantry 

Promoted    from    the    ranks;  killed    at    Knoxville, 

Tennessee. 

Joskphus,  Joseph  1st  Cavalry 

James,  — —                  Surgeon  .             7th  Battalion 


Company. 

Regiment. 

A 

Kershaw's  1st 

Regiment 

B 

Kershaw's  2nd 

Regiment 

C 

1st  Infantry 

Promoted  to  Brigade  Surgeon. 

Jacobs,  Emanuel 
Jacobus,  J.  J. 
Jacobs,  Frederick 
Jacobs,  Reid 

Wounded  in  action. 

Jacobs,  A.  L. 

Called  "  Little  Jake;  "  wounded  at  Sharpsburg;  killed 

in  Tennessee. 
Jacobs,  Abraham  Hampton  Legion 

Killed  in  action. 


Washington  Artillery 

Washington  Artillery 

Palmetto  Artillery 

Palmetto  Guards 

I        Hampton  Legion 


Jacobs,  Louis 
Jacobs,  Mitchell 
Jacobs,  H. 

Killed  in  battle; 

mond,  Virginia. 


Hampton  Legion 
Hampton  Legion 


buried    in  Jewish  cemetery,    Rich- 


Kaphan,  Theodore  Hagood  1st  Infantry 

Kahn,  David  8th  Infantry 

Kaminski,  H.                 Sergeant  B               10th  Infantry 

Kahn,  Isaac  12th  Infantry 

Kohn,  Theodore  F              25th  Infantry 
From    a  newspaper   clipping:     "Theodore    Kohn   of 
Orangeburg,    a   veteran   of   the  Bdisto    Rifles,    25th 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


377 


Regiment,  South  Carolina,  will  carry  to  his  grave  the 
wounds  he  received  at  Drewy's  Bluff  while  gallantly 
righting  for  his  adopted  country." 


Name.                              Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Kohn,  August 

25th  Infantry 

Served  throughout  the  war. 

Levi,  Leopold 

5th  Infantry 

Levin,  G.  W. 

A 

15th  Infantry 

Levin,  Samuel 

A 

15th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Sharpsburg,  Maryland. 

Lowenberg,  David         Sergeant 

A 

1 6th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Levy,  Moses 

23d  Infantry 

He  is  spoken  of  by  his  former  Colonel  Benhon  as  one 
of  the  bravest,   truest  and  most  devoted  men  in  his 
command;  he  was  captured  at  the  last  battle  at  Peters- 
burg, Virginia. 
Levin,  L.  C.  2nd  Cavalry 

Levin,  L.  J.  Wheeler's  Cavalry 

Levy,  Lionel  C.  Jr.  Fenner's  Battery 

Lazarus,  M.  H.  Walter's  Battery 

Lazarus,  B.  D.  Washington  Artillery 

Lazarus,  Benjamin  Washington  Artillery 

Lazarus,  Marx  Washington  Artillery 

Lazarus,  Solomon  Washington  Artillery 

Enlisted  1861;  served  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
Levy,  Lionel  L.  Washington  Artillery 

Promoted  to  Judge  Advocate. 
Lopez,  John 

From  1 86 1  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
Lopez,  Moses 

From  1 86 1  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
Levin,  S.  M. 

Wounded  at  Secession ville. 
Lyons,  J.  C. 
Lehman,  A. 

Killed;  buried  at  Jewish  Cemetery,  Richmond,  Virginia. 


Palmetto  Guards 


Palmetto  Guards 


Sumter  Guards 


Company  Cadets 


Regiment. 
2nd  Infantry 
wounded  at 

2nd  Infantry 

2nd  Infantry 

2nd  Infantry 

2nd  Infantry 
27th  Infantry 


378  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Name.  Rank.  Company. 

Moses,  H.  C.  1st  Lieutenant 

Promoted  from  Private,   Lucas  Battalion; 

Manassas. 
Moses,  Perry  D 

Killed  at  Malvern  Hill,  aged  17  years. 
Moses,  Claremont  K  • 

Wounded  in  action. 
Moses,  P.  K 

Seriously  wounded. 
Moses,  Meyer 
Moses,  Edwin  L. 

Captured;  died  prison,  Camp  Chase. 
Mordecai,  J.  Randolph  Washington  Artillery 

Lieutenant  and  Assistant  Quartermaster. 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 

MoiSE,  Camiixus  Washington  Artillery 

Served  four  years. 

Mordecai,  G.  L.  Washington  Artillery 

The  father  of  this  soldier,  the  late  Benjamin  Mordecai, 
was  the  first  contributor  to  the  Southern  cause,  donat- 
ing $10,000  to  South  Carolina. 

Moses,  Joshua  L.  1st  Lieutenant 
Wounded  at  Manassas;  killed 
at  Mobile,  commanding  Bat- 
talion. 

Moses,  Jackson 

Moses,  Horace 

Entered   service  at    17  years  ;    V 
captured  at  Mobile. 

Moses,  Perry,  Jr. 

Wounded  at  Mobile. 

Moses,  I.  Harby 

Graduate  of  Citadel  Academy; 
served  throughout  the  war. 

Moses,  Daniel 
Moses,  David  L. 


<' 
n 

c 

r-r- 
CD 


Culpepper  Battery 


Culpepper  Battery 
Culpepper  Battery 


Culpepper  Battery 
6th  Cavalry 


Culpepper  Battery 
Culpepper  Battery 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  379 

Name,  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

MOSES,  I.  L.  Culpepper  Battery 

Wounded  at  Manassas;  killed  at  Fort  Blakely 


Moses,  M.  P. 
Moses,  T.  J.  Jr. 
Moses,  Z.  P. 
Moses,  Meyer  B. 
Mordecai,  Thomas  W. 

Killed  at  Brandy  Station,  Virginia. 

Manning,  Jacob 

Killed  at  Brandy  Station,  Virginia. 

Moses,  A.  D.  L. 

Wounded  at  Seven  Pines. 

Moses,  A.  J.  Sr. 


Culpepper  Battery 
Culpepper  Battery 
Culpepper  Battery 
Culpepper  Battery 
Hampton's  Cavalry 

Hampton  Legion 
Hampton  Legion 


Moise,  Edward 
Enlisted  1861 

Moise,  Isaac 

Enlisted  1861 


Mellet's  Regiment 
Palmetto  Guards 
served  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

Palmetto  Guards 
served  until  the  close  of  the  war. 


Oppenheimer,  Edwin 

Sergeant 

G 

1 6th  Infantry 

Oppenheimer,  Julius  H. 

Sergeant 

G 

1 6th  Infantry 

Oppenheimer,  Samuel 

Sergeant 

G 

1 6th  Infantry 

Oppenheimer,  H.  D.  H. 

G 

1 6th  Infantry 

Pollock,  B.  C. 

A 

1st  Infantry 

Pollock,  Clarence 

A 

1st  Infantry 

Killed  at  Spottsylvania 

,  Virginia. 

Pollock,  J.  L. 

A 

1st  Infantry 

Pollock,  T.  M. 

A 

1st  Infantry 

Peixotto,  S.  C. 

1st  Infantry 

Phillips,  Isidore 

Hampton  Legion 

Phillips,  Michael  A. 

Hampton  Legion 

POSNANSKI,  GUSTAVUS 

Sumter  Guards 

Robertson,  Abraham 

A 

3d  Infantry 

Robinson,  Charles  C. 

7th  Infantry 

Served  throughout  the  war. 


380  THE  AMERICA N  JEW  AS 

Name.  Rank.        Company.     Regiment, 

Richards,  Meyer  21st  Infantry 

Rosendorf,  Jacob  1st  Cavalry 

Rothschild,  Benjamin  Hampton  Cavalry 
Killed  at  Gaines'  Mills,  Virginia. 

Soeomon,  J.  L.  2nd  Infantry 

Summers,  Ad.  2nd  Infantry 

Drowned  near  Port  Royal. 

Suezbacher,  Wileiam  K                  3d  Infantry 

SpiEGEEBERG,  Morris  16th  Infantry 

Seixas,  B.  M.  20th  Infantry 

Soeomon,  J.  F.  20th  Infantry 

Schileer,  Louis  ist  Cavalry 

Sommers,  Isaac  Heavy  Artillery 

Killed  at  Siege  of  Fort  Moultrie. 

Shapira,  L.  D.  Hampton  Legion 

Sampson,  Henry  Stuart's  Command 

Sampson,  H.  J.  

Killed  on  June  27,  1864;  buried  in  Jewish  Cemetery, 

Richmond,  Virginia. 

Triest,  Maier  24th  Infantry 

Vaeentine,  Jacob         Captain  Infantry 

Served  while  a  mere  youth  in  the  Palmetto  Regiment 
during  the  Mexican  War  and  was  wounded  in  the 
storming  of  Cherubusco.  He  was  believed  to  be  the 
youngest  pensioner  of  the  United  States  Government. 
He  lived  in  Philadelphia  at  the  passage  of  "Seces- 
sion," and  immediately  went  to  Charleston,  offering 
his  services  to  his  native  State.  He  was  appointed 
Lieutenant  in  the  first  South  Carolina  regular  in- 
fantry and  took  part  in  the  bombardment  of  Fort 
Sumter,  in  April,  1861.  He  served  in  this  regiment 
from  that  time  continuously  until  December,  1863, 
when  he  was  severely  wounded  while  in  command  of 
Fort    Moultrie.      This   wound   was   of    so   serious   a 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


381 


character  as  to  prevent  him  from  performing  any  fur- 
ther active  service.  He  was  detailed  to  the  recruiting 
department  in  which  he  served  until  the  close  of  the 
war.  During  the  Mexican  War  he  received  two 
medals;  one  for  bravery  on  the  battle-field,  and 
another  for  being  the  youngest  soldier  in  the  regiment. 


Rank. 


Name. 

Valentine,  Isaac  R. 

Killed  at  Secession ville. 
Valentine,  H.  M. 

Wounded  at  Secessionville 
Valentine,  Herz 

Wounded  in  action. 

Valentine,  I. 

Seriously  wounded. 


Company.  Regiment. 

Sumter  Guards 

Sumter  Guards 

Palmetto  Guards 

Palmetto  Guards 


Witkowski,  Adolph  2nd  Infantry 

Severely  wounded  at  the  Wilderness. 
Wachtel,  M. 
Wertheim,  Herman         Lieutenant 

Killed  at  Spottsylvania. 
Wertheim,  Berthold  G 

Wetherhorn,  Solomon  H 

Wolf,  D.  G 

Captured;    died    and    buried     at    Woodlawn    Cemetery, 

Klmira,  New  York. 
Wertheim,  Levi 
Wertheim,  Julius 
Wilson,  J.  C. 
Wolf,  W.  M.  Lieutenant 

Killed;  buried  in  Jewish  Cemetery,  Richmond, Virginia. 
Warner,  Henry  Colleton  Rifles 

Wertheim,  Heyman  Kershaw's  Command 

Killed  at  Gettysburg. 


4th  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 

1 6th  Infantry 
25th  Infantry 
25th  Infantry 


German  Artillery 

Hampton  Legion 

Hampton  Legion 

Hagood's  Brigade 


Zach arias,  David 

Killed  at  Mechanicsville. 


5th  Cavalry 


38^ 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 
BlKBKR,  

Burg,  Felix 


TENNESS 

Rank. 


Company. 

I 
I 


Regiment. 

15th  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 


Cook,  Joel  K  63d  Infantry 

Captured;  died  and   buried    at  Woodlawn  Cemetery, 
Elmira,  New  York. 


Dahlsheimer,  M. 
Danhkiskr,  Charles 


Corporal  I 

I 


15th  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 


Freed,  Julius  I  15th  Infantry 

Wounded  at    Perry ville,    Chickamauga,  and   Dallas. 
Foltz,  Benjamin  15th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Shiloh. 
Foltz,  Leon  15th  Infantry 

Lost  a  leg  in  battle 
Foltz,  Moses  15th  Infantry 

Lost  a  leg  in  battle. 
Freeman,  Max  15th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Murfreesboro. 


Gutmann,  Emanuel 


3d  Infantry 


Hirschberg,  Simon 

Hober,  G.  Major 

Taken  prisoner  at  Port  Hudson. 
Hansman,  Samuel 
Hecht,  Samuel 


1st  Infantry 
8th  Infantry 

15  th  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 


Jacoby,  Emil  G. 

Killed  at  Shiloh. 


3d  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


383 


Name 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Kuhn,  Max 

Killed  at  Shiloh. 

15  th  Infantry 

IyiEBscHUTz,  Jacob 
Killed  at  Resaca. 

8th  Infantry 

Liebschutz,  Joseph 
Killed  at  Franklin, 

Tennessee. 

8th  Infantry 

Lang, 

Lenbril,  L. 
IyOEB,  Jacob 

I 
I 
I 

15th  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 

Minkus,  J. 
Martin,  Mordecai 

I 

1  st  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 

Nassauer,  Louis 
Nathan,  Julius 
Promoted. 

Sergeant 

I 

1  st  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 

Paraire,  Isaac 

1st  Infantry 

Schiffman,  Simon 
Sanders,  Mark 
Seelig,  Simon 
Straus,  S. 
Seesel,  Henry,  Jr. 

Simonson, 

Killed  at  Shiloh. 

Lieutenant 

I 

I 
I 

3d  Infantry 

4th  Infantry 

4th  Infantry 

15th  Infantry 

15th  Infantry 

15th  Infantry 

Wronker,  Morris 
Wolf,  Frederick 
Wasseman,  Charles 

Wachenheim,  S. 

Corporal 

I 
I 

4th  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 
40th  Infantry 

Zucker,  Simon 

K 

10th  Cavalry 

384 


THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


TEXAS. 

Name.                                      Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Alexander,  A.  S.         Captain 

ist  Infantry 

Commander  Oswald's  Battalion; 

served  until  close  of  war. 

Angel,  A. 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Manassas. 

Auerbach,  Doctor  J. 

A 

5th  Infantry 

AUERBACH,   B. 

B 

5th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Wilderness. 

Ash,  Henry 

C 

5th  Infantry 

Benedict,  Jacob 

F 

ist  Infantry 

Killed  at  Malvern  Hill. 

Bacharach,  WOLF 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Billig,  Isaac 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Buck,  Robert 

ist  Artillery 

Cohen,  Henry  L  ist  Infantry 

Cramer,  Joseph  ist  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg;  served  until  close  of  war. 


Cobman,  Louis 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 
Cohen,  S. 

Killed  at  Gettysburg. 
Coleman,  Louis 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 
Cramer,  A.  Lieutenant 

Coleman,  Meyer 


5th  Infantry 
5th  Infantry 
5th  Infantry 


B 


8th  Infantry 
(Flourney's  Regiment) 
A  26th  Infantry 


Dreyfus,  Samuel  B 

Deutsch,  Solomon 

Wounded;  served  until  close  of  war. 


ist  Infantry 
ist  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.                   385 

Name.                                 Rank. 

Company.               Regiment. 

Davidburg,  David  D. 

B 

6th  Infantry 

Davidson,  David  H. 

B 

6th  Infantry 

Dkutsch,  S. 

C 

6th  Infantry 

Daniels,  J. 

C 

8th  Infantry 

Davidson,  Henry 

A 

26th  Infantry 

Dreyfus,  Charles 

A 

26th  Infantry 

Dannenbaum,  Joseph 

C 

Cook  Regiment 

Elsasser,  I. 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Frank,  J.  W. 

L 

1st  Infantry 

Enlisted  1861;  killed  at  Sharpsburg. 

Frank,  ly. 

B 

Elmore's  Infantry 

Friedburger,  G. 

9th  Cavalry 

Killed  at  Corinth. 

Friedlander,  N. 

A 

26th  Cavalry 

Friedberger,  Gabriel 

Terry's  Cavalry 

Friedberger,  Samuel 

Terry's  Cavalry 

Fischel,  Leon 

Wirt  Adams  Cavalry 

Fox,  Allen 

C 

Heavy  Artillery 

Fox,  A. 

B 

Waul's  Legion 

Glaser,  Wolf 

1st  Infantry 

GOLDSTICKER,  J. 

A 

4th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Sharpsburg. 

Goetz,  Julius 

A 

14th  Infantry 

Wounded  and  taken  prisoner. 

Gans,  Samuel 

26th  Cavalry 

Wounded  at  Cane  River. 

Gans,  Leon 

A 

Parson's  Cavalry 

Hines,  A.  B  4th  Infantry 

Lost  an  arm  at  Gaines'  Mills;  wounded  at  New  Hope 
Church. 

Hief,  Charles  B  6th  Infantry 

Enlisted  1861;  captured. 
25 


386 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                                Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Heller,  Louis 

6th  Infantry 

Holdstein,  Isidore 

A 

8th  Infantry 

HlRSCHBERG,  J. 

A 

26th  Cavalry 

Hyams,  S. 

A 

26th  Cavalry 

Harby,  Henry  J. 

C 

26th  Cavalry 

Enlisted  at  the  age  of  sixteen  years;  served  until  close 
of  war. 
Hirschfield,  H.  Parson's  Brigade 


Jacoby,  Max 

A 

1st  Infantry 

I^ost  right  leg  at  Gains'  farm. 

Kaufman,  Edward 

1st  Infantry 

Kemper,  H. 

1st  Infantry 

Keller,  Theodore         Colonel 

2nd  Infantry 

Promoted;  wounded  at  Corinth. 

Klopman,  L. 

A 

8th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Jenkins'  Ferry,  Arkansas. 

Kohlman,  M. 

A 

26th  Cavalry 

Leave,  R.  B. 

B 

1st  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Malvern  Hill. 

Lazarus,  S.  S. 

L 

1  st  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Chickamauga. 

Lazarus,  B. 

E 

4th  Infantry 

Levy,  Robert 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Lewis,  Isaac 

C 

5th  Infantry 

Lachman,  E. 

D 

5th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Manassas. 

Lasker,  M. 

2nd  C2valry 

Leopold,  W. 

1st  Heavy  Artillery 

Levy,  Isaac 

B 

Light  Artillery 

Levison,  A 

B 

Waul's  Legion 

Levison,  Paul 

B 

Waul's  Legion 

Morris,  Lehman  Sergeant  D 

Killed  at  Gettysburg. 


1st  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


387 


Name.                                   Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment 

MAAS,  IyOUIS 

D 

5th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Manassas. 

Michel,  Henry 

15th  Infantry 

Melaski,  J. 

A 

26th  Cavalry 

Meyer,  Joseph 

C 

Heavy  Artillery 

Oppenheimer,  J. 

B 

2nd  Infantry 

Oppenheimer,  A. 

22nd  Infantry 

Oppenheimer,  Benjamin 

22nd  Infantry 

Oppenheimer,  S. 

22nd  Infantry 

Oppenheimer,  D.             Captain 

3d  Cavalry 

Pickard  H. 

H 

5th  Infantry 

Pepper,  Iy.  S. 

A 

8th  Infantry 

Pepper,  Samuel 

A 

8th  Infantry 

Pohalski,  G.  D. 

G 

nth  Infantry 

Served  throughout  the  war. 

Pohalski,  P. 

G 

nth  Infantry 

Served  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

Rosenfield,  Alexander 

A 

26th  Cavalry 

Rosenfield,  Henry 

A 

26th  Cavalry 

Rosenfield,  Michael 

A 

26th  Cavalry 

Rich,  Louis  M. 

C 

Cook's  Cavalry 

Showlski,  Charles 

E 

5th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

Samush,  J. 

A 

8th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Sabine  River. 

Siegel,  Joseph 

8th  Infantry 

SlLBERBERG,  GEORGE 

B 

9th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Sampson,  Edward  J. 

10th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Hanover  Court  House 

;    buried 

in  Jewish 

cemetery,  Richmond,,  Virginia. 

Solomon,  Joseph  A. 

G 

nth  Infantry 

388  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Stein,  Isaac  Colonel  Marshall's  Regiment 

Lost  his  right  arm  at  second  battle  of  Manassas. 
Steiner,  Victor  Texas  Rangers 

Seeligson,  Hknry         Lieutenant  Cavalry 

[See  record  in  Mexican   War  Lists.'] 

Teah,  Abraham  8th  Infantry 

Promoted  to  Corporal,  Sergeant-Major,  and  Aid-de- 
camp to  Colonel  Overton  Young,  commanding  ist 
Brigade,  Walker's  Division. 

Teah,  Abraham  22nd  Infantry 


Walker,  A. 

K 

1  st  Infantry 

Wolf,  Simon 

F 

4th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Manassas. 

Wolf,  A. 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Seven  Pines. 

Wolf,  A.  F. 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Sharpsburg. 

Wolf,  Benjamin 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Wetmore,  James 

C 

8th  Infantry 

Weis,  Albert 

2nd  Cavalry 

Weis,  Leopold 

2nd  Cavalry 

Wiener,  Solomon 

Terry's  Scouts 

VERMONT. 


Name.  Rank. 

Seligson,  H.  A.  Colonel 


Company. 


Rkgiment. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


389 


VIRGINIA. 

Name.                              Rank.                Company. 

Regiment. 

Adler,  Henry                                         j  E 

1st  Infantry 
14th  Infantry 

Enlisted    1861;  killed    at   Roanoke  Island 

buried  in 

Jewish  Cemetery,  Richmond,  Virginia. 

Abrams,  Isaac                                        G 

1st  Infantry 

Archer,  Lewis                                          H 

1st  Infantry 

Enlisted    1861;  honorably   discharged  on 

account   of 

wound. 

Angle,  Meyer                                      D 

12th  Infantry 

Enlisted  1861;  captured  at  Sailors'  Creek. 

Angle,  M.                                                    E 

46th  Infantry 

Angle,  Buck 

46th  Infantry 

Angle,  Joseph 

59th  Infantry 

Adler,  A.                                                A 

1  st  Artillery 

Bear,  Alexander         Lieutenant          D 

4th  Infantry 

Subsequently  Surgeon. 

Bacharach.  M. 

Killed  before  Richmond;  buried  at  Jewish  Cemetery, 

Richmond,  Virginia. 
Bacarach,  S.  — 

Killed  before  Richmond;  buried  at  Jewish  Cemetery, 

Richmond,  Virginia. 
Baach,  Siegmund 

Captured  by  Union  troops. 
Baach,  Seligman 

Captured. 
Baach,  Solomon  H. 

Killed  in  battle  at  Salem  Church 

burg,  Virginia. 


Longstreet's  Corps. 

Longstreet's  Corps 

Longstreet's  Corps 
near  Fredericks- 


390 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Bernhkim,  Samuel     Sergeant- Major  City  Battalion 

Barnett,  B.  J.  Engineer  Corps 


Cohen,  Jacob 
Cohen,  David 
Cohen,  Morris 


B  1 2th  Infantry 

Richmond  Hussars 
Richmond  Hussars 


Davis,  Benjamin  B  6th  Infantry 

Killed  before  Richmond;  Buried  at  Jewish  Cemetery, 
Richmond,  Virginia. 

Daniel,  Joseph  B  12th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg;  served  until  surrender. 


Degen,  Samuel 

A 

19th  Infantry 

Dreyfus,  Leon 

A 

10th  Cavalry 

Davis,  Ansley  S. 

Reserves 

Deichs,  William 

Norfolk  Blues 

Detailed  on  special  service. 

EzEKlEL,  E.  M. 

1a 

ist  Infantry 
46th  Infantry 

Served  until  the  close  of  the  war 

Ezekiel,  Joseph  K. 

B 

46th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Petersburg. 

Eiseman,  Louis 

Wise's  Brigade 

Ezekiel,  Jacob 

ist  Militia 

Ezekiel,  Moses  J.         Lieutenant 

Cadets  Virginia  Institute 

Promoted  from  Private. 

Frankenthal,  Simon  B            46th  Infantry 

Enlisted  1861;  honorably  discharged  for  disability  on 

account  of  wounds. 

Friedenwald,  Isaac  A               53d  Infantry 

FriEdland,  A.  Richmond  Light  Blues 

Goldstein,  Bernard  E             46th  Infantry 

Enlisted    1861;    disabled  by  wounds;  honorably    dis- 
charged. 

Guggenheim,  Simon  E              46tn  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  391 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 


Gunst,  Michael 
Goldstein,  J. 
Gunst,  Henry 
Gersberg,  Henry 


46th  Infantry 
46th  Infantry 
Cavalry 


Killed  June  2nd,   1864;  buried   at  Jewish  Cemetery, 
Richmond,  Virginia. 


Hirschberg,  Joseph 

HUTZDER,  SlEGMUND  L. 

Hexter,  Simon 

Hessburg,  Julius 

Killed  at  Gaines'  Mills;  buried 
Richmond,  Virginia. 

Heilbroner,  Henry 

Wounded  at  Port  Republic. 

Hesser,  S. 
Hirsch,  Herman 

Enlisted  1861;  assigned  to  12  th 
Hessburg,  M. 
Harris,  Moses 


A                  ist  Infantry 

A                  ist  Infantry 

j  E                 ist  Infantry 

1  A               46th  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

at  Jewish  Cemetery, 

H 

27th  Infantry 

E 

46th  Infantry 

A 

Infantry. 

ist  Cavalry 

Cavalry 

Richmond  Hussars 


Isaacs,  Abraham  E  46th  Infantry 

Enlisted  1 861;  wounded  at  Petersburg;  served  through - 
the  war. 


Kuh,  E.  S. 
Kulx,  M.  E. 
Kayton,  N.  N. 
Keyton,  Louis 
Kadden,  A. 
Kalten,  Aaron 


H 

8th  Infantry 

A 

1 2th  Infantry 

E 

46th  Infantry 

E 

46th  Infantry 

A 

10th  Cavalry 

Wise's  Brigade 

Lichtenstein,  Isidore  H  ist  Infantry 

f     ist  Infantry 
LOWENSTEIN,  WILLIAM  j  46th  ^^ 

Enlisted    1861;    detailed   to    Medical    Department;    a 
member  of  the  State  legislature,  November,  1892. 


392                                THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Name.                                 Rank.             Company.              Regiment. 

LEVY,  LEWIS 

A 

12th  Infantry 

Lowenstein,  Isidore 

A 

12th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Malvern  Hill. 

Lorsch,  Henry 

A 

19th  Infantry 

Seriously  wounded  at  Seven  Pines 

Levy,  Ezekiel  J.             Captain 

E 

46th  Infantry 

Promoted  for  gallantry;  served  four  years. 

Levy,  Isaac  J. 

E 

46th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Petersburg. 

Levy,  Alexander  H. 

E 

46th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Levy,  Joseph 

E 

46th  Infantry 

Enlisted  1861;  wounded  at  Petersburg,  and  disabled. 

Levy,  Emanuel  G. 

E 

46th  Infantry 

Lyon,  Thomas 

46th  Infantry 

Levy,  Leopold 
Levy,  Sampson 

G            1  st  Cavalry 

G            1st  Cavalry 

Levy,  Solomon 

>  (Three  brothers)  « 

23d  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Lichtenstein,  K. 

19th  Reserves 

Levy,  E.               Captain 

Richmond  Blues 

Lowenstein,  I. 

Richmond  Grays 

Literman,  Simeon 

Young's  Battery 

Myers,  William 

A 

1st  Infantry 

Myers,  Marks 

12  th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Manassas. 

Myer,  Max 

B 

12th  Infantry 

Disabled  in  action. 

MlDDLEDORFER,  CHARLES 

E 

12th  Infantry 

Myers,  A. 

17th  Infantry 

Myers,  Solomon 

1 8th  Infantry 

Moses,  J.  C. 

E 

46th  Infantry 

Seriously  wounded. 

Myers,  C. 

E 

46th  Infantry 

Disabled  in  servic* 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  393 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 


Myers,  Lewis 

46th  Infantry 

Myers,  Herman 

1st  Cavalry 

Myers,  Benjamin 

C 

Wise's  Brigade 

MlDDIvEDORFER,  Max 

Fayette  Artillery 

Newman,  Joseph 

K 

20th  Infantry 

Captured;    died    of   wounds; 

buried 

in    Woodlawn 

Cemetery,  Hlmira,  New  York. 

Newman,  Isaac 

46th  Infantry 

Newman,  Jacob 

59th  Infantry 

Obermayer,  H. 

2nd  Infantry 

Oethenger,  David 

B 

1 8th  Infantry 

Oberndorfer,  B. 

Young's  Battery 

Pyle,  Hardy 

G 

1st  Infantry 

Plaut,  Hugo 

46th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  M. 

G 

6th  Infantry 

Specially  detailed  at  Richmond 

Rosenfeld,  Simon 

A 

12th  Infantry 

Reinach,  A.  S. 

B 

12th  Infantry 

Reinach,  Isadore 

B 

12th  Infantry 

Rosenheim,  Henry 

E 

46th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Michael 

Norfolk  Blues  Infantry 

Reinach,  Morris 

Petersburg  Grays 

Seldner,  Isaac  Lieutenant  6th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Private  for  bravery;  killed  at  Chan- 
cellorsville,  May  3,  1863;  buried  in  Jewish  Cemetery, 
Richmond,  Virginia. 

Schwartz,  — — 

Semon,  Jacob  S.  E 

Schoenthai,,  Joseph  E 

Son, Jacob  E 

Strauss,  David 

Simon,  Isaac 


17th  Infantry 
46th  Infantry 
46th  Infantry 
46th  Infantry 
7th  Cavalry 
Richmond  Hussars 


394  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment, 

Simon,  Nathan  Richmond  Hussars 

Smith,  Henry  Otoy's  Battery 

Killed  in  first  battle. 

Seligman,  H.  Petersburg  Grays 

Triesdorfer,  G.  B  14th  Infantry 

Tucker,  I0th  Cavalry 

Unstadter,  M.  A  6th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gaines'  Mills;  discharged  for  being  dis- 
abled for  service. 


Whitlock,  P.  A  1 2th  Infantry 

Discharged  for  being  disabled  for  service. 
Wilzinsky,  Lewis  H  12th  Infantry 

Wolff,  W.   M.  lieutenant  25th  Infantry 

(Hagood's  Brigade) 

Killed  before  Richmond;  buried  in  Jewish  Cemetery, 

Richmond,  Virginia. 
Wasseman,  Levy  K  46th  Infantry 

Wounded  and  captured  at  Roanoke;  when  discharged 

served  on  hospital  duty. 

Wambach,  Leopold  Norfolk  Blues  Infantry 

Killed  at  Vicksburg. 
Whitehead,  Henry  Wise's  Brigade 


WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Steinberger,  Justus        Major  

Captain   and  Assistant  Adjutant-General,  Major  and 
Paymaster. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


395 


Name. 

Eddelman,  G.  H. 


WEST    VIRGINIA. 

Rank.        Company. 
K 


Heidelsheimer,  W.  H.     Lieutenant    G 

Kraus,  Samuel  Captain         B 

Promoted  from  the  ranks. 


Regiment. 
6th  Infantry 

7th  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 


Mayer,  Daniel 


Captain 


5th  Infantry 


The  following  letter  is  of  interest: 

State  of  West  Virginia, 

Wheeling,  May  30th,  1866. 

Adjutant-General's  Office. 

Doctor  Daniel  Mayer,  Charleston,  W.  Va. 

Sir: 

I  am  directed  by  his  Excellency,  the  Governor,  to  present  to 
you  the  enclosed  medal  in  accordance  with  a  joint  resolution  of 
the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  West  Virginia,  adopted  Feb- 
ruary 1st,  1866,  as  a  slight  testimonial  of  the  high  apprecia- 
tion by  the  State  of  your  devotion,  patriotism  and  services  in 
suppression  of  the  late  rebellion. 

Very  respectfully, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

J.  H.  Duval, 
Adjutant-General. 


Rausch,  C.  M. 
Rose,  Abraham 

Stein acher,  Wilson 
Wounded. 


nth  Infantry 
1  st  Light  Artillery 


{ 


2nd  Infantry 
5th  Cavalry 


396 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


WISCONSIN. 

Name,  Rank.  Company. 

Abrahamson,  Martin  B 

Ash,  Rkubkn,  i st  Lieutenant  E 

Enlisted  as  Corporal;  wounded  at  Bull  Run 

at  Gettysburg. 


auerbach,  gustav 
Abrahamson,  Martin 

Served  four  years. 
Abraham,  August 
Arnstei'n,  Emil 
Aaron,  Jacob 
Abrahamson,  Jacob 
Abrahamson,  Jacob 
Alexander,  Jacob 
Aaron,  Michael 


! 


F 
H 


A 

F 

C 

I 

A 

F 

K 


Wounded  at  Prairie  Grove,  Arkansas. 


Abrahamson,  John 

Served  three  years. 
Alexander,  Levi 
Adler,  Frederick 
Abel,  Herman 
Adler,  Max 


Corporal 


E 

G 
G 

A 


Regiment. 

i  st  Infantry 
2nd  Infantry 
captured 

3d  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

21st  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 
6th  Infantry 
8th  Infantry 
13th  Infantry 
15th  Infantry 
1 6th  Infantry 
20th  Infantry 

21st  Infantry 

43d  Infantry 

45th  Infantry 

48th  Infantry 

2nd  Battery 


Blum,  Ferdinand  E  1st  Infantry 

Bear,  Isaac  C  3d  Infantry 

Birnbaum,  Charles  I  6th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Gainesville,  Virginia. 

Bernhard,  Julius  B  7th  Infantry 

Baum,  Charles  F.  E  8th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Bahr,  Julius  H  8th  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  CITIZEN.  SOLDIER  AND  397 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 


Blum,  Jacob 
Benjamin,  Cyrus 
Benjamin,  Samuel 

Wounded;  served  four  years. 

Baer,  Aaron 
Benjamin,  Ephraim 


I 

ir 

i 


Behrend,  Joseph 
Baer,  Herman 
Blum,  Ferdinand 

Wounded  in  action. 
Baum,  Daniel 
Behrens,  S.  Behrend 
Blum,  Jacob 

Enlisted  as  Private;  wounded  in  action. 
Baumgarten,  Henry  K 

Captured. 

Blum,  Samuel  D 

Blum,  Charles  G 

Served  three  years. 
Benjamin,  Ephraim  G 

Blumenstein,  Charles  F.  Lieutenant       I 

Enlisted  as  Private. 
Bernhard,  Max 
Bernhard,  Carl 
Bachman,  Jacob 
Baum,  Julius 
Baum, Jacob 
Bahrent,  Joseph 
Baum,  Oscar 
Benjamin,  Isaac 
Baum,  Julius 

Captured. 

Bamberg,  Carl 

Behrend,  Gustav 

Benjamin,  Dana  Corporal 

Enlisted  as  Private;  served  three  years. 


G  9th  Infantry 

H  nth  Infantry 

I  nth  Infantry 

A  14th  Infantry 

D  1 6th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 

C  17th  Infantry 

D  17th  Infantry 

B  2 1  st  Infantry 


G 
G 

I 

G 

D 

D 
C 
M 


22nd  Infantry 
26th  Infantry 
26th  Infantry 

26th  Infantry 

27th  Infantry 
28th  Infantry 

32  nd  Infantry 
E         34th  Infantry 

35th  Infantry 
35th  Infantry 
42nd  Infantry 
44th  Infantry 
45th  Infantry 
45th  Infantry 
48th  Infantry 
51st  Infantry 
1st  Cavalry 

Milwaukee  Cavalry 

1st  Heavy  Artillery 

9th  Battery 


398  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 

Cohen,  William  D  49th  Infantry 


Davison,  Nathan  S.  1st  Lieutenant       B 
Promoted  from  Sergeant,   20th;  wounded 
burg  and  at  Weldon  Railroad. 

Davis,  Isaac  H 

Davis,  Levi  F 

Davis,  Isaac  H 

Died  in  the  service. 

Davison,  Joseph  E 

Danielson,  Jacob  A 

Davis,  David  A.  K 

Davis,  David  G 

Davis,  David  F 

Davis,  Levy  P.  K 

David,  Alexander  Captain           B 


37  th  Infantry 
at  Peters- 

38th  Infantry 

40th  Infantry 

43d  Infantry 

44th  Infantry 
48th  Infantry 
49th  Infantry 
50th  Infantry 
51st  Infantry 
52nd  Infantry 
3d  Cavalry 


Erdman,  Herman      Commissary-Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private. 
Erdman,  Gottlieb  C 

Wounded  at  Spanish  Fort. 
Erdman,  Theodore  C 

Eiseman,  Jacob  E 

Wounded  at  Decatur,  Georgia. 
Erdman,  Henry  Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private;   wounded  at 

served  three  years. 
Essljnger,  Emanuel         Corporal 

Served  three  years. 
Esslinger,  Samuel 

Served  three  years. 
Erdman,  Gottlieb  Sergeant 


9th  Infantry 
(reorganized 
[4th  Infantry 


14th  Infantry 
25  th  Infantry 


C  26th  Infantry 

Bentonville,  N.  C; 

K  33d  Infantry 

K  33d  Infantry 

E  34th  Infantry 


Falkenstein,  Charles 
Freund,  Joseph 
Frank,  Salomon  S. 


H 
F 
C 


1st  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 

nth  Infantry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN 


399 


Name.  Rank.     Company. 

Frank,  Simon  C 

Falk,  Jacob 

Died  in  the  service. 
Frank,  Joseph  S.  F 

Captured. 
Flesh,  Moses  I 

Wounded  at  Vicksburg  and  at  Carrion  Crow 
Frohlich,  Julius  Corporal  B 

Enlisted  as  Private. 
Feldman,  Philip  I 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Gettysburg. 


Regiment. 

i  6th  Infantry 
1 7th  Infantry 


Feanke,  Herman  B 

Friedland,  Frederick  D 

Frieberg,  Heinrich  H 

Furst,  Ludwig  H 

Falkenburg,  Eli  as         Sergeant  M 

Frank,  Oscar  E 
Frank,  Gust  a  v 

Veteran;  served  four  years. 


1 8th  Infantry 

23d  Infantry 

Bayou. 

26th  Infantry 

26th  Infantry 

34th  Infantry 
2nd  Cavalry 
2nd  Cavalry 
2nd  Cavalry 
2nd  Cavalry 
4th  Cavalry 
8th  Battery 


Gans,  Adam 
Gans,  Isaac 
Captured. 

Grunewald,  Heinrich 
Goodman,  Joseph 
Gans,  Arnold 

Died  in  the  service. 


II 
K 

F 
I 
K 


6th  Infantry 
2 2d  Infantry 

34th  Infantry 
45th  Infantry 
58th  Infantry 


Horwitz,  Philip 
Hart,  Benjamin 
Hess,  David 
Herrman,  Gottlieb 


Lieutenant 


H 
D 
B 
A 


1  st  Infantry 
2nd  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 
5th  Infantry 


Wounded  at  Gettysburg  and  at  Fredericksburg. 


Haas,  Jacob 

Served  three  years. 
Heineman,  Frederick 

Served  three  years. 


B 


9th  Infantry 


9th  Infantry 


400 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Herrman,  Albert 

c 

9th  Infantry 

Hess,  Adolph 

I 

9th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Hirsch,  John 

9th  Infantry 

Harris,  Isaac 

B 

10th  Infantry 

Herrmanson,  Herman 

K 

10th  Infantry 

Harris,  Simon 

D 

nth  Infantry 

Harris,  Joel 

H 

nth  Infantry 

Herrmann,  Jacob 

14th  Infantry 

Hirschman,  Ferdinand 

C 

1 6th  Infantry 

Hirsch,  William 

F 

19th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Henry 

H 

19th  Infantry 

Herzberg,  August 

H 

20th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Herrmanson,  Herman 

D 

2 1  st  Infantry 

HEINBERG,  L/OUIS 

I 

23d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Hahn,  Herman 

I 

24th  Infantry 

Horwitz,  Phieip 

Major 

26th  Infantry 

Hubschman,  Francis 

Surgeon 

26th  Infantry 

Herrman,  Herman 

26th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  at  Chancellorsville. 

Hirsch,  Frederick 

I 

26th  Infantry 

Captured. 

Heineman,  Joseph 

E 

27th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Hart,  Levi 

F 

27th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Hart,  Benjamin 

K 

29th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Hart,  Daniel 

Sergeant 

A 

32nd  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private. 

Hart,  Benjamin 

A 

32nd  Infantry 

Herrman,  Jacob 

D 

32  nd  Infantry 

Heineman,  Joseph 

C 

33d  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Heineman,  August 

I 

37th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


401 


Name.  Rank. 

Harris,  Erwin  W. 

Hirschman,  David  Captain 

Hukbsch,  Joseph 

Haas,  Jacob 

Hkrrman,  Leopold 

Hart,  Frank  J. 

Died  in  the  service. 
Harris,  Simon 
Herzfeld,  John 

Served  three  years. 
Hkinkman,  Joseph 
Heyman,  William 

Served  three  years. 
Herzberg,  Ernest  F.       Captain 
Hess,  Henry  B. 

Captured;  died  in  the  service. 
Hofman,  Joseph 

Served  four  years. 


Company. 

Regiment. 

F 

39th  Infantry 

G 

44th  Infantry 

C 

45th  Infantry 

I 

46th  Infantry 

D 

48th  Infantry 

A 

1st  Cavalry 

F 

2nd  Cavalry 

G 

2nd  Cavalry 

H 

2nd  Cavalry 

D 

2nd  Cavalry 

2nd  Battery 

3d  Battery 

5th  Battery 

Israel,  Abrahams  Sergeant         A  14th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  private;  Veteran;  served  four  years. 
Isaacson,  Isaac  D  15th  Infantry 

ISRAELSON,  J.  G.  K  50th  Infantry 

Isaacson,  Lewis  C.  4th  Battery 

Killed  at  Darby  Road,  Virginia. 


Jacoby,  Adolph 

H 

9th  Infantry 

Jacobson,  Jacob 

B 

15th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Chickamauga. 

Jacobson,  Salomon 

C 

15th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Jacobson,  Jacob  L. 

D 

15th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Hope  Church. 

Jacobs,  Justin 

C 

1 6th  Infantry 

In  Veteran  Reserve  Corps; 

served  four 

years. 

Jacobson,  Martin 

F 

1 8th  Infantry 

2(5 


402 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 


Rank 


Jonas,  Eli  as 
Jacobson,  John 

Killed  at  Peach  Tree  Creek. 

JOACHIMSTHAL,  JOSEPH 

Wounded  at  Chancellorsville;  served  three 
Jacobson,  Jacob 

Served  three  years. 

Jacobson,  Julius 

Served  three  years. 
Jacobs,  Lyman  C.     2nd  Lieutenant 

Promoted  from  Corporal. 
jacoby,  frederick 
Jacobson,  Adolph 
Jacobson,  David 
Jacobson,  Jacob 

Klauber,  Charles 
Kohn,  Jacob 

Kohn,  Julius 

Kauffman,  Benjamin 

Kaufman,  Joseph 

Kaufman,  Eli  M. 

Kaufman,  Benjamin 

Kohn,  Martin  Corporal 

Wounded  at  Resaca,  Georgia. 
Kaufman,  Joseph  L. 
Kaufman,  Michael 
Kaiser,  Felix 
Kohn,  Rudolph 
Kaufman,  Frederick 
Kaufman,  Eli 
Kahns,  Frederick 
Kohn,  Frederick 
Kaufman,  Julius 

Died  in  the  service. 


Company. 

Regiment. 

C  ' 

19th  Infantry 

B 

22nd  Infantry 

F 

26th  Infantry 

srved  three 

years. 

I 

27th  Infantry 

C 

28th  Infantry 

B 

36th  Infantry 

B 

45th  Infantry 

2nd  Cavalry 

B 

4th  Cavalry 

G 

4th  Cavalry 

K 

1st  Infantry 

5th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

D 

9th  Infantry 

E 

12th  Infantry 

B 

1 8th  Infantry 

I 

20th  Infantry 

F 

25th  Infantry 

H 

26th  Infantry 

H 

33d  Infantry 

I 

43d  Infantry 

D 

44th  Infantry 

A 

45th  Infantry 

G 

45th  Infantry 

H 

50th  Infantry 

C 

1  st  Cavalry 

C 

1st  Cavalry 

H 

2nd  Cavalry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 

Name.  Rank. 

Klein,  Adolph 
Kohn,  Franz 
Kaufman,  Jacob  A. 


408 


Company 

L 


Regiment. 

3d  Cavalry 

2nd  Battery 

Permanent  Guard 


Lowenstein,  Charles  D 

Liebenstein,  William  B 

Lisner,  Henry  F 

Killed  at  Petersburg. 

Loebe,  Michael  C 

IylEBMAN,     IyOUlS  I 

Wounded  at  Hatchers'  Run. 
Levy,  Theodore 

Levi,  Isidore  I 

Levison,  Isaac  H 

Died  in  the  service. 
Lewison,  Lewis  E 

Lyon,  Benjamin  A 

Died  in  the  service. 
Lyons,  Moses  J.  G 

Liebenstein,  Philip  B 

LiebensteinJ  W.  B 

Lippman,  Henry 

Commissary  Sergeant     F 

Died  of  wounds. 
Loeb,  Henry  C 

Loeb,  Lewis  E 

Langstaat,  Gotfried     1st  Lieutenant     H 

Re-enlisted    as   Veteran  ;    promoted    from 

served  four  years. 

Livermore,  Joseph  L.  L 

Wounded  and  captured. 
Lichtenberg,  Frederick     Corporal    M 

Served  three  years. 
Loeb,  Isaac  C 

Died  in  the  service. 


1st  Infantry 

3d  Infantry 

5th  Infantry 

6th  Infantry 
7th  Infantry 

10th  Infantry 
14th  Infantry 
1 8th  Infantry 

22nd  Infantry 
23d  Infantry 

24th  Infantry 
26th  Infantry 
26th  Infantry 

26th  Infantry 

35th  Infantry 
36th  Infantry 
2nd  Cavalry 
Sergeant; 

2nd  Cavalry 

3d  Cavalry 

4th  Cavalry 


404 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank.          Company, 

Regiment. 

Marx,  Frederick 

C 

i  st  Infantry 

Marks,  Jacob 

H 

1  st  Infantry 

Metzler,  Jacob 

K 

2nd  Infantry 

Wounded  and  captured  at  Gainesville. 

Moses,  Edgar 

F 

7th  Infantry 

Served  four  years. 

Marx,  Jacob 

H 

9th  Infantry 

Marks,  Joseph  B. 

G 

10th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Moses,  Albert 

H 

10th  Infantry 

Ma  as,  Marton 

B 

nth  Infantry 

Meyer,  Simon 

I 

nth  Infantry 

Meyer,  Bernard         2 

nd  Lieutenant 

B 

17  th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Meyer,  Emanuel 

B 

17th  Infantry 

Maas,  Frederick 

C 

17th  Infantry 

Ma  as,  William 

D 

17th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Marx,  Philip 

E 

1 8th  Infantry 

Captured. 

Moses,  Richard 

C 

21st  Infantry 

Moses,  John 

C 

21st  Infantry 

Marx,  Jacob 

D 

21st  Infantry 

Mayer,  Joseph 

C 

24th  Infantry 

Mayer,  Louis 

Corporal 

C 

24th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private; 

killed  at  Resaca,  Georgia. 

Mayer,  Jacob 

K 

24th  Infantry 

Moses,  Martin 

E 

25th  Infantry 

Mann,  Nathan 

G 

25th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

MetzEL,  Alexander  Sergeant- Major 

B 

26th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Meyer,  Leopold 

C 

26th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Mangold,  Nathan 

K 

26th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chancellorsville. 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


40; 


Name.                              Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Mandee,  Theoeork 

D 

27th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Mandel,  Heinrich 

D 

27th  Infantry 

Wounded;  captured;  died  as  prisoner. 

Mandee,  Frederick 

D 

27th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Marx,  Henry  P. 

C 

33d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Maier,  Jacob 

K 

48th  Infantry 

Maier,  Herman 

A 

50th  Infantry 

Ma  as,  Fritz 

K 

51st  Infantry 

Moses,  Alfred 

D 

52nd  Infantry 

Marcus,  Bernard 

A 

1st  Cavalry 

Mayer,  John  T. 

B 

1st  Cavalry 

Marx,  Frederick 

B 

2nd  Cavalry 

Served  three  years. 

Moritz,  Oscar 

H 

2nd  Cavalry 

Marks,  Theodore 

A 

3d  Cavalry 

Moses,  Reuee  K. 

C 

4th  Cavalry 

Marks,  Henry            2nd  Lieutenant 

1 2  th  Battery 

Enlisted  as  private;  served  three 

years. 

Mayers,  Jacob 

13th  Battery 

Maier,  David 

C    1st 

Heavy  Artillery 

Mann,  Jacob 

C    1st 

Heavy  Artillery 

Nauman,  Moritz                Corporal 

K 

9th  Infantry 

Captured;  served  three  years. 

Nauman,  Frederick 

E 

9th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Newman,  Care 

B 

17  th  Infantry 

Nathan,  Daniee 

I 

24th  Infantry 

Newstadfor,  Nathan 

H 

24th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chickamauga,  Georgia. 

Nussbaum,  George 

C 

33d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Nathan,  Adoeph 

A 

41st  Infantry 

406 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name. 

Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

NEWBAUM,  MlCHAEL 

G 

44th  Infantry 

Nussbaum,  Daniel 

D 

51st  Infantry 

Neuberg,  Jacob 

H 

2nd  Cavalry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Perlewitz,  Herman 

H 

1st  Infantry 

Perlewitz,  H. 

Sergeant 

A 

26th  Infantry 

POLASHAK,  ADOEPH 

H 

26th  Infantry 

Pollack,  Frederick  J. 

B 
< 

3d  Cavalry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Rice,  Morris  S. 

C 

1  st  Infantry 

Richtenstein,  Julius 

Corporal 

C 

1  st  Infantry 

Entered  as  Private. 

Rose,  Alexander 

5th  Infantry 

Rothschild,  Max 

5th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Henry 

D 

6th  Infantry 

Rice,  Jacob 

C 

7th  Infantry 

Captured;  died  at  Andersonville. 

Rosenbach,  Charles 

F 

8th  Infantry 

Veteran;  served  four 

years. 

Rosenthal,  Rudolph 

B 

9th  Infantry 
(reorganized) 

Rothschild,  William 

F 

10th  Infantry 

Rosen au,  Charles  B. 

F 

21st  Infantry 

Rosenbaum,  Arnold 

C 

24th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds  received  at  Kenesaw  Mountain. 

Rosenthal,  Henry 

D 

26th  Infantry 

Wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

Rosenthal,  William 

E 

26th  Infantry 

Wounded  in  action. 

Rosenthal,  Eugene 

K 

31st  Infantry 

Rosenau,  Charles 

A 

35th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Rosenberg,  James 

C 

36th  Infantry 

Rosenberg,  Frederick 

Corporal 

C 

45th  Infantry 

Rosenfeld,  Leopold 

Corporal 

D 

48th  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  407 

Name.  Rank.  Company.  Regiment. 


Rosenthal,  August 

E 

48th  Infantry 

Rosenthal,  William 

F 

50th  Infantry 

Rosenheim,  Max 

H 

2nd  Cavalry 

Wounded  at  Grand  Gulf,  Missouri. 

Rice,  Simon 

1st  Battery 

Rice,  Nathan  P. 

5th  Battery 

Veteran;  served  four  years. 

Rose,  Moses 

6th  Battery 

Rice,  Nathan  B. 

12  th  Battery 

Steiner,  Henry 

D 

1  st  Infantry 

Steiner,  Frederick 

D 

1  st  Infantry 

Steinberger, Jacob 

E 

1  st  Infantry 

Sampson,  Samuel 

I 

2nd  Infantry 

Captured. 

Schwab,  Simon 

I 

3d  Infantry 

Samuels,  Alexander 

D 

3d  Infantry 

Commissary-Sergeant 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

Samuels,  Alexander 

Quartermaster 

5th  Infantry 

(reorganized) 

Schoeneeld,  Joseph 

A 

5th  Infantry 

Samuels,  David 

D 

5th  Infantry 

Schoneman,  August 

Corporal 

D 

9th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private; 

served  three 

years. 

Solomon,  James  F. 

E 

1 2th  Infantry 

Seligman,  Louis 

r 

13th  Infantry 
24th  Infantry 

Sampson,  Samuel 

A 

15th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

Solomon,  Edwin  A. 

« 

D 

1 6th  Infantry 

Steinman,  Jacob 

E 

1 6th  Infantry 

Captured. 

Simon, Jacob 

C 

17th  Infantry 

Solomon,  James 

C 

17th  Infantry 

Stein,  Samuel 

K 

17th  Infantry 

Died  in  the  service. 

408 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Name.                                  Rank. 

Company. 

Regiment. 

Solomon,  G.  W. 

B 

19th  Infantry 

Samson,  Joel  J. 

E 

21st  Infantry 

Semisch,  Julius 

A 

26th  Infantry 

Stein,  Julius 

C 

26th  Infantry 

Killed  at  Chancellorsville. 

Solomon,  Levi  H. 

A 

29th  Infantry 

Sampson,  Reuben 

33d  Infantry 

Stern,  William 

F 

33d  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Stern,  Charles 

F 

33d  Infantry 

Wounded;  captured;  died  of  wounds. 

Selig,  Ludwig 

45th  Infantry 

Schoeneman,  David 

F 

49th  Infantry 

Sachs,  Lewis 

49th  Infantry 

Salmon,  Joseph 

H 

1st  Cavalry 

Captured. 

Seidenburg,  Henry 

D 

1  st  Cavalry 

Sachs,  Louis 

H 

2nd  Cavalry 

Served  three  years. 

SCHLESINGER,  WlLLIAM 

M 

3d  Cavalry 

Sachs,  William  G. 

A 

4th  Cavalry 

Steinman,  William 

A 

1  st  Heavy  Artillery 

Simon,  Charles 

K 

1st  Heavy  Artillery 

Sachs,  Samuel 

9th  Battery 

Served  four  years. 

Vogel,  Carl 

I 

34th  Infantry 

Vogel,  Julius                 Sergeant 

K 

45th  Infantry 

Wise,  Solomon 

K 

1st  Infantry 

Wolf,  Victor                Captain 

C 

8th  Infantry 

Promoted  from  Lieutenant. 

Weiss,  Jacob 

G 

10th  Infantry 

Served  three  years. 

Wolf,  Jacob 

B 

nth  Infantry 

Wolf,  Abraham 

G 

nth  Infantry 

PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  409 

Name.  Rank.    Company.      Regiment. 

Wolf,  Frank                      Sergeant         D  12th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  Private. 

WETZEL,  AlKxandkr         Major              B  26th  Infantry 

Enlisted  as  a  Private  in  the  20th  Wisconsin  Volunteers; 

promoted    to     Corporal,     Sergeant    and  Major    for 

bravery  at  Chancellorsville ;  he  was  mortally  wounded 

at  Gettysburg. 

Wolf,  Albert                                           G  26th  Infantry 

Died  of  wounds. 

Wolf,  Abraham                                         I  38th  Infantry 

Leg  amputated. 

Wknk,  Theodore                                      H  45th  Infantry 

Wolf,  Samuel                                          A  51st  Infantry 

Wolf,  Adam                                               A  51st  Infantry 

Wolf,  Jacob                                              C  51st  Infantry 


WYOMING  TERRITORY. 


Name. 
JUDELL,  H. 


Rank. 


Company. 
D 


Regiment. 
i  st  Infantry 


410 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


SOLDIERS  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR  UNCLASSIFIED 
AS  TO  COMMANDS. 


Absent  from  their  respective  places  in  the  foregoing  rolls  are 
the  names  of  a  large  number  of  men  whose  participation  in  the 
Civil  Conflict  is  found  of  record,  but  of  whom  the  connection 
with  their  respective  commands  remains  unnoted.  These 
names  are  printed  in  the  following  list — a  supplement  to  the 
ample  quota  of  Jewish  soldiers  who  did  duty  during  the  Civil 
War. 

ALABAMA. 
Brisk,  Isaac 


Adeer,  Benjamin 


ARKANSAS. 

Feist,  .Marcus 
Feist,  Samuee 


GEORGIA. 


Alexander,  Joseph 
Bren,  Robert 
Brand,  Herman 
Bush,  George 

Killed  in  action. 
Beankensee,  J. 

Killed  in  action. 
Cohen,  Isaac  G. 
Cohen,  Isaac  S. 
Cohen,  M. 
Cohen,  M.  S. 
Frank,  Isaac 
Goodman,  A. 
Heyman,  A. 


Hiezheim,  Alexander 
Killed  at  Missionary  Ridge. 

Kraus,  Wieeiam 

Levy,  Aebert 

Levy,  Abraham 

Levy,  W.  B. 
Killed  in  action. 

MoiSE,  B.  W. 

Marcus,  M. 

Minis,  P.  H. 

Magnus, 

Rose,  George 

Russee,  W. 

Soeomon,  W.  C. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


411 


Solomons,  L- 

Weiss,  H. 

Weil,  E.  A. 

Weiss,  L. 

Weil,  Henry 

Died    of   wounds;    buried  at 

Weiss,  S. 

Richmond. 

Buried  at  Richmond. 

Weiss,  Henry  W. 

ILLINOIS. 

Cahn,  Al. 

Jones,  Levi 

Cass, 

Jones,  Henry 

Fruhling, 

King,  Asa 

Hirsch,  Wolf 

Karlenbach,  Morris 

Hecht, 

Kahn,  S. 

Heldman,  Moritz 

Lederman,  Moses 

Hefler, 

Lederman,  David 

Klein, 

Lippold,  Julius 

Kahn,  S. 

Lester,  Joseph 

Jones,  Benjamin 

Lederman,  Daniel 

Jones,  David 

Lederman,  Solomon 

Jones,  Abraham 

Lester,  Marcus 

Jones,  Adolph 

Lippold,  Gottlieb 

Jones,  Isaac 

Lester,  Simon 

Jones,  Joseph 

Lilienfield, 

Jacobs,  Bernard 

Lederman,  Joseph 

Jones,  Moses 

Lester,  Isaac 

Jones,  Solomon 

Menke,  Herman 

Menke,  Henry 

INDIANA. 

Abrahams,  J. 

Davis,  Moses 

Anchutz,  G. 

Davis,  Abraham 

Anspach,  Noah 

Frank,  Gottlieb 

Ackerman,  Frank 

Friedman,  Frank 

Ball,  Levi 

Freeman,  Nathan 

Davidson,  Eli  as 

Frank,  David 

Davis,  Nathan 

Frank,  Isaac 

Davis,  Isaac 

Green,  Aaron 

Davis,  Levi 

Green,  Jacob 

Davis,  Aaron 

Goodman,  Isaac 

412 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Green,  Heyman 
Haller,  Nathan 
Hauler,  Joseph 
Hart,  Isaac 
Hammersley,  Moses 
Hammersley,  Jacob 
Haller,  David 
Harris,  Levi 
Heineman,  Chari.es 
Israel,  Joseph 
Isaacs,  Philip 
Isaacs,  Simpson 
Isaacs,  Reuben 


Wise, 


Israel,  Elijah 
Isaacs,  M. 
Judah, Andrew 
Jacobs,  Isaac 
Jones,  Israel 
Lehman,  B. 
Lehman,  Jacob 
Pollock,  J. 
Rosenberg,  D. 
Sanders,  Isaac 
Sanders,  Samuel 
Sanders,  Aaron 
Wallach,  B. 
Louis 


Davis,  Abraham 


KANSAS. 

Cohn;  David 
Frank,  Harry  I. 


Davis,  Isaac 
David,  Abraham 
Khrlich,  Mayer 
Ehrlich,  William 


KENTUCKY. 

Moses,  Abraham 
Mayer,  Jacob 
Mayer,  Isaac 
Wolf,  Abraham 


LOUISIANA 


Aaron,  Isaac 
Aronstein,  Moses 
Blum,  Moses 
Baer,  Herman 
Cohen,  Joseph 
Kaufman,  Morris 


Lkon,  Alexander 

Lfvenson, 

Rosenau,  Herman 

Ried, 

Rosenau,  Sip:gmund 
Wolf,  Abraham 


Kaufman,  Isaac 
Moses,  Joseph 


MARYLAND. 

Newgarten,  Harry 
Wolf,  Jacob 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIEB  AND  CITIZEN. 


413 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


Arnold,  O. 
ackkrman,  joskph 
Arnold,  Isaac 
Ackkrman,  Daniel 
Benjamin,  Mark 
Bender,  Jacob 
Benjamin,  Samuel 
Benjamin,  Joseph 
Coleman,  Joseph 
Coleman,  Moses 
Daniels,  Marcus 
Davis,  Moses 
Davis,  Levi 
Friedman,  Gottlieb 
Frank,  Gustav 
Freeman,  Abraham 
Freeman,  Nathan 
Green,  David 
Goldsmith,  Joseph 
Green,  Levi 
Green,  Aaron 
Harris,  Isaac 
Hartman,  Moritz 
Haller,  David 
Jacobs,  Jacob 
Jacobs,  David 


Jacobs,  Daniel 
Lehman,  Frederick 
Lehman,  Daniel 
Meier,  Joseph 
Maier,  Herman 
Moses,  Samuel 
Mann,  Benjamin 
Mann,  Isaac 
Manuel,  Frank 
Meyers,  Isaac 
Meyer,  Ludwig 
Mayer,  Frederick 
Newman,  Frank 
Phinney,  Isaac 
Phillips,  Samuel     • 
Rice,  Moses 
Rich,  Samuel 
Rice,  Oscar 
Rice,  Jacob 
Samuel,  Solomon 
Sanders,  Lewis 
Simons,  Benjamin 
Sanger,  Daniel 
Sanger,  Theodore 
Sanders,  Nathan 
Wiesenbach,  Gustav 
Wise,  Joseph 


MICHIGAN. 


Ackerman,  Samuel 
Arnold,  Lewis 
Arnold,  Marcus 
Ackerman,  Abraham 
Ackerman,  Jacob 
Ball,  David 
Benjamin,  M. 


Benjamin,  K. 
Coleman,  Levi 
Coleman,  Isaac 
Coleman,  David 
Davis,  Oscar 
Davis,  David 
Davis,  Isaac 


414 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Davis,  Aaron 
Davidson,  Isaac 
Freeman,  Phineas 
Fuchs,  David 
Freeman,  Levi 
Green,  Isaac 
Green,  Benjamin 
Green,  Nathan 
Hart,  Isaac 
Hart,  Samuel 
Harris,  Israel 
Harris,  Abraham 
Jones,  Jacob 
Jones,  Abraham 
Jones,  David 
Jones,  Isaac 


Jones,  Henry 
Jacobs,  Lewis 
Kaiser,  Jacob 
King,  Aaron 
King, Jacob 
Karlenbach,  Joseph 
King,  Marcus 
Lehman,  Gottlieb 
Meyers,  Joseph 
Myers,  David 
Newman,  Moses 
Newman,  Joseph 
Phillips,  J.     • 
Rose,  David 
Rich,  Levi 
vs anders,  j. 


Levy,  Meyer 

Killed  in  action. 
LlCHTENSTElN,  S. 


MISSISSIPP 


Morse,  Charles 
Rosenau,  Marx 
Weil,  J. 

Died  of  wounds. 


MISSOURI 


Adler,  George 
Adolph,  Philip 
Arnold,  Nathan 
Baer,  Isaac 
Baer,  William 
Block,  David 
Ball,  Leon 
Baum,  Louis 
Cline,  Charles 
Cline,  Henry 
Clifman,  Asa 
David,  Daniel 
Davidson,  Isaac 
David,  Ephraim 


Davis,  Emanuel 
Gottschalk,  Louis 

GOTTSCHALK,    FREDERIC 

Green,  David 
Green,  Adolph 
Hammer,  Isaac 
Hartman,  Jacob 
Holzinger,  Charles 
Jacobson,  A. 
Joel,  E. 
Joel,  Benjamin 
Jones,  Isaac 
Jones,  Henry 
Lehman,  M. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


415 


Leibold,  Gustav 
Leupp,  Jacob 
Meyers,  Joseph 

Newman,  G. 
Nogel,  B. 


Rexinger,  Moses 
Ria,  Morris 
Segal,  Benjamin 
Triburg,  Eugene 
Wolf,  Charles 
Wolf,  Joseph 

NEW   JERSEY. 


Ackerman,  Joseph 
Alexander,  Adolph 
Abraham,  Jacob 
Ackerman,  David 
Ackerman,  Aaron 
Alexander,  Charles 
Adler,  William 
Adler,  Henry 
Arnold,  Jacob 
Ackerman,  Joseph 
Ackerman,  Morris 
Abrams,  Blias 
Ackerman,  Aaron 
Ackerman,  Abraham 
Abrams,  Jacob 
Arnold,  Michael 
Abrams,  Charles 
Buxbaum,  William 
Baer,  Joseph 
Behrens,  Charles 
Bauer,  Joseph  A. 
Ball,  Abraham 
Bachman,  Jacob 
Bauer,  Jacob  S. 
Brill,  Jacob 
Bauer,  Morris 
Bachman,  William  H. 
Coleman,  Moses 
Coleman,  Reuben 
Davis,  Isaac 
Davis,  Nathan 


Diaz,  Henry 
Davis,  Isaac  C. 
Davison,  Lewis 
Freeman,  Morris 
Freeman,  Alexander 
Freeman,  Aaron 
Freeman,  Samuel 
Fuchs,  Jacob 
Fuchs,  Michael 
Franks,  Henry  P. 
Green,  Aaron 
Green,  Moses 
Geiger,  George 
Geisinger,  Jacob 
Geisinger,  Isaac 
Geisinger,  Frederick 
gottschalk,  samuel 
Green,  Aaron  S. 
Geiger,  Jacob 
Green,  Joseph 
Goodman,  Marcus 
Harris,  David 
Hardendorf,  Jacob 
Harris,  Isaac 
Holzman,  George 
Harris,  David 
Harris,   Benjamin 
Herrman,  Henry 
Hahn,  Martin 
Hess,  Charles 
Hess,  Samuel 


416 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Hahn,  Charles 
Harris,  Abraham 
Hofman,  Lewis 
Hahn,  Morris 
Hofman,  David 
Harris,  Samuel 
Hofman,  Benjamin 
Hofman,  Isaac 
Hart,  David 
Hofman,  Jacob 
Harris,  Joseph 
Hartman,  Gustav 
Harris,  Jacob  B. 
Hart,  Isaac 
Hart,  Jacob  C. 
Isaac,  Henry 
Jacobs,  Henry 
Jacobs,  William 
Josephs,  Frederick 
Jacobs,  Joseph 
Jacobs,  Charles 
King,  Moses 
Koenig,  Maximilian 
Kuhn,  Theo. 
Kohler,  Henry 
Kuhn,  Ferdinand 
Klein,  Ludwig 
King,  Isaac 
King,  Isaac  M. 
King,  Joseph 
Konig,  Gustav 
Klein,  Joseph 
Koch,  Frederic 
King,  Alexander 
Kuhn,  Jacob 
King,  Abraham 
King,  Lewis 
Kohler,  Jacob 


Klfin,  Samuel 
King,  Jacob 
Kohler,  Klias 
Loeb,  Benjamin 
Lozier,  Alexander 
Lyon,  Ebenezer 
Lyon,  Lfwis 
Lehman,  Joseph 
Myers,  Julius 
Meyer,  Alexander 
Meyer,  Henry 
Meyer,  Frank 
Meyer,  Joseph 
Meier,  Charles 
Meyfr,  Joseph 
Meier,  Charles 
Meyers,  Samuel 
Meyer,  Jacob 
Moritz,  George 
Meyers,  Adolph 
Meyer,-  Isaac 
Meyers,  Joseph 
Meyers,  Louis 
Marx,  Charles 
Meyer,  Joseph  P. 
Moses,  William 
Moses,  A. 
Marks,  Joseph 
Meier,  Herman 
Meier,  Lewis 
Newman,  Joseph 
Newman,  Jacob 
Newman,  Julius 
Nauman,  Julius 
Newman,  David 
Newman,  Levi 
Newman,  Joel 
Newman,  David 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


417 


Sominson,  Frederick 
Sanger,  Care 
Simons,  Joseph 
Sigae,  Benjamin 
Simon,  Samuee 
Simons,  Levi 
Simons,  Joseph 
Stein,  Louis 
Simonson,  Jesse 
Steinbach,  Joseph 
Simons,  Isaac 

Woef, 


Simon,  Henry 
Stahe,  Leopold 
Vogee,  Ferdinand 
Vogee,  Louis 
Vogee,  Joseph 
Vogee,  Lewis 
Woef,  August 
Weiss,  Adoeph 
Woef,  Charees 
Woef,  Frederick 
Woef,  Joseph 
Wieeiam 


Asher,  Moses 
Asher,  Isaac 
Assenheimer,  Isaac 
Adeer,  Moses 
Asher,  David 
Adeer,  Marcus 
Ash,  Isaac 
Arnheim,  Oscar 
Adeer,  David 
Aaron,  David 
Ash,  Moses 
Arnheim,  Gustav 
Ash,  Lewis 
Aaron,  Louis 
Aaron,  Moses 
Arnoed,  Frank 
Aetman,  Isaac 
Auerbach,  Gotteieb 
Ackerman,  Adoeph 
Aetman,  Charles 
Ackerman,  Gustav 
Auerbach,  Moses 
Bunstein,  Moses 
Bacharach,  Marcus 
Beumenstein,  Mayer 

27 


NEW  YORK. 

Bacharach,  Moritz 
Bernstein,  David 
Blum,  Adoeph 
Briee,  Henry 
Beum,  Isaac 
Baruch,  M. 
Baer,  Abraham 
Bale,  Simon 
Bachman,  Abraham 
Baer,  Moses 
Bien,  Moritz 
Berliner,  A. 
Breslauer,  Alexander 
Bauer,  Julius 
Baum,  C. 

Blumenthal,  Charles 
Baum,  William 
Bacharach,  Simon 
Bamberger,  Louis 
Cohen,  Moses 
Davidson,  Jacob 
Davidson,  Isaac 
Davidson,  Oscar 
David,  Moses 
David,  Isaac 


418 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Eppenstein,  Morris 
Ehrlich,  J. 
Elseman,  Max 
Friedbkrg,  H. 
Friedman,  Isaac 
Fleischman,  M. 
Friedman,  Adolph 
Fleischman,  George 
Goodman,  Mayer 
Gottlieb,  Moses 
Goodman,  M. 
Gottlieb,  A. 
Goodman,  Lewis 
Goldsmith,  I. 
Harris,  M. 
Harris,  George 
Harris,  Adolph 
Heineman,  Adolph 
Hochheim,  M. 
Jacobson,  M. 
Jacobson,  A. 
Jones,  David 
Jones,  Meier 
Jones,  Oscar 
Jones,  Adolph 
Jones,  Martin 
Kohn,  Mayer 
Kohn,  Alexander 
Kaufman,  Isaac 
Kahn,  Oscar 
Koch,  J. 
Katz,  Jacob 
Kong,  Isaac 
Loeb,  Jacob 
Loeb,  Moses 
Lichtenstein,  Jacob 
Limburger,  Isaac 
Levy,  Bernhard 
Lippman,  Moses 


Lazarus,  Edward 
Lowenthal,  Simon 
Lederman,  Moritz 
Lowenstein,  Isaac 
Landauer,  Joseph 
Mannheimer,  Moses 
Mann,  Joseph 
May,  Adolph 
Maas,  Frederick 
Mantel,  Lewis 
Mendelson,  Joseph 
Marcus,  Oscar 
Mandelbaum,  Isaac 
Nathan,  Simon 
Nathanson,  Jacob 
Nussbaum,  Moses 
Oppenheimer,  Maier 
Ochs,  Moses 

PlNKSON,  GUSTAV 

Proskauer,  Jacob 
Pollock, Isaac 
Pollock,  Moses 
Posner,  Joseph 
Rosenbaum,  Josp;ph 
Rothschild,  Meyer 
Rothschild,  Jacob 
Rosenfeld,  Abraham 
Raphael,  Joseph 
Rosenblatt,  Julius 
Strauss,  Moses 
Strauss,  Oscar 

SlNZHElMER,    GUSTAV 

schoenthal,  george 
Selignan,  Joseph 
Schoenberg,  Mayer 
Schoeneman,  Harry 
Silberman,  Moses 
Spiegel,  Louis 
Schiff,  Daniel 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


419 


schonewai/t,  moritz 
Schwab,  Adolph 
Schwab,  Henry 
Stern,  Frederick 
Sachs,  Lewis 
Schlessinger,  Eli 
schwarzschild,  henry 


Weinberg,  Julius 
Wiener,  Moritz 
Weil,  Julius 
Wasseman,  Morris 
Wasseman,  Simon 
Weinstein,  Joseph 
Wise,  Simon 


Abraham,  S. 
Cohen,  Moses 
Mayer,  Nathan 


NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Meyer,  Samuel 
Oppenheim,  David 
Wolf,  Joseph 
Killed  in  action. 


OHIO. 


Aaronstein,  I. 
Altman,  Frank 
Abraham,  Alexander 
Ackerman,  Henry 
Alexander, Jacob 
Alexander,  Isaac 
Ackerman,  Joseph 
Alexander,  David 
Altman,  Samuel 
Altman,  Solomon 
Bauer,  Gustav 
Ball,  Lewis 
Bauer,  Jacob 
Ball,  Abraham 
Bash,  Moses 
Brill,  David 
Ball,  Solomon 
Bash,  Bernard 
Baer,  Isaac 
Baum,  Charles 
Blau,  Emil 
Blau,  A. 
Cline,  Jacob 


Coleman,  Abraham 
Coleman,  Jacob 
Coleman,  David 
Davis,  Joseph 
Davis,  Asa 
Davis,  Samuel 
Davis,  Frank 
Davis,  David 
Davis,  Henry 
Davis,  Levi 
Davis,  Abraham 
Davis,  Oscar 
Davis,  Eli 
Davis,  Isaac 
Davis,  Lewis 
Davis,  Benjamin 
Davis,  Jacob 
Davis,  Israel 
Davis,  Nathan 
Ehrlich,  Adolph 
Ehrlich,  Charles 
Ehrlich,  Lewis 
Fix,  Bernard 


420 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


Franks,  Gustav 
Frank,  Heyman 
Friedburg,  Philip 
Fix,  Lewis 
Fuchs,  David 
Freund,  Daniel 
Freeman,  Abraham 
Freund, Jacob 
Freeman,  Samuel 
Fuchs,  Salomon 
Friedman,  Jacob 
Fuchs,  Jacob 
Frank,  David 
Green,  Isaac 
Green,  Jacob 
Goodman,  Joseph   . 
Goodman,  David 
Green,  Levi 
Green,  David 
Green,  Abraham 
Harris,  Solomon 
Harris,  Levi 
Hart,  Isaac 
Hofman,  Henry 
Harris,  Kphraim 
Hays,  Alexander 
Heller,  Charles 
Harris,  Abraham 
Haller,  Benjamin 
Harris,  Simon 
Hochstedter,  Hugo 
Heine,  Henry 
Hart,  Frank 
Harris,  Benjamin 
Harris,  Samuel 
Hart,  Benjamin 
Harris,  Lewis 
Heller,  Jacob 
Hays,  David 


Hahneman,  J. 
Isaacson,  Henry 
Isaacs,  Moses 
Israel,  Elias 
Jones,  Isaac 
Jones,  Henry 
Jones,  Jacob 
Jones,  David 
Jones,  Aaron 
Jones,  Benjamin 
Jones,  Julius 
Jones,  Levi 
Klein,  Jesse 
Klein,  Lewis 
Koch,  Charles 
King,  Benjamin 
Klein,  Charles 
King,  Joseph 
Klein,  Henry 
konigsburger,  henry 
Lippold,  Jacob 
Ludwig,  Lewis 
Lederman,  Joseph 
Ludwig,  Jacob 
Lester,  Benjamin 
Ludwig,  Isaac 
Lederman,  Samuel 
Ludwig,  Daniel 
Lester,  David 
Ludwig,  Samuel 
Lippold,  Frederick 
Ludwig,  Noah 
Lowenstein,  J. 
lowenthal,  i. 
Levi,  Nathan 
Levi,  Henry  I. 
Moses,  Henry 
Marks,  Lester 
Mangold,  Henry 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


421 


Moses,  Perry 
Mann,  Lewis 
Marienthal,  Simon 
Michels,  Abraham 
Moses,  Asa 
Mangoed,  Jacob 
Marks,  Jacob 

MlTNZ,  GOTTEIEB 

Moses,  Charees 
Manuee,  James 
Metzger,  Jacob 
Mangoed,  George 
Moses,  James 
Marx,  J.  H. 
Moses,  Enoch 
Mangoed,  Joseph 
Mann,  Alexander 
Moses,  Wieeiam 
Moak,  J. 
Moses,  Enoch 
Nieman,  Theodore 
Nieman,  Charees 
Ochs,  Jueius 
Orbanski,  Abraham 
Phieeips,  Emanuel 
Phieip,  Noah 
Phieeips,  Lewis 
Phieeips,  Daniee 
Pike,  H. 


Pereey,  V. 
Rapp,  David 
Rich,  Charees 
Rapp,  Adoeph 
Rose,  Aaron 
Rapp,  Jacob 
Rose,  Nathan 
Rose,  David 
Rubd,  Wieeiam 
Schweitzer,  Jacob 
Switzer,  Henry 
Sampson,  Frank 
Schenk,  Salomon 
Schwarz,  Gottlieb 
Schlosser,  S. 
Schief,  Simon 
Tachan,  Henry  G. 
Tannhauser,  A. 
Utz,  Jacob 
Utz,  Joseph 
Utz,  Samuel 
Yost,  Ephraim 
Yost,  David 
Yost,  Charles 
Yost,  Daniel 
Yost,  Henry 
Wisner,  Henry 
Wittkowsky,  H. 

WlTTKOWSKY,   K. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


De  Young,  Charles 

Fleisher,  Moyer 

32nd  Regiment  of  Penn- 
sylvania State  Militia. 

Highhill,  Israel 

Highhill,  Solomon 

Lehman,  Solomon 


Levy,  Eli  as 
Lewi,  David 
Samuel  Abraham 
Stern,  Israel  W. 

Served  four  years  and  three 

months. 
Stern,  Simon 


422 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


SOUTH 
Baruch,  D. 
Cohen,  O. 

Killed  in  action. 
Cohen,  Henry 

Buried  at  Richmond. 
Goldsmith,  Abraham 
Hirsch,  Isaac 
Jacobs,  Henry 

Killed  in  action. 
Lehman,  Abraham 

Killed  in  action. 
Leopold,  Jack 

Wounded  in  action. 


CAROLINA. 

Lyons,  Isaac  L. 

Seriously  wounded. 
Moses,  A.  I. 
Moses,  Isaac  C. 
Menken,  Nathan 
Miller,  Ezra  B. 

Killed  in  action. 
Moses,  Dr.  Frank  J 
Nathan,  Julius 
Simon,  A. 
Solomon,  H. 
Weiss,  Samuel 

Killed  in  action. 


FELSENTHAL 


TENNESSEE. 

|  (Brothers) 


Felsenthal,  -     )  ,„     .„  Frauenthal,  M. 


Solomon,  Ernst 


Fleischel,  Captain 
Kaufman,  C. 
Kaufman,  K. 


Bacharach,  M. 

Buried  at  Richmond. 
Bacharach,  S. 

Buried  at  Richmond. 
Eichel,  Jacob 
Eichel,  A. 
Falk,  Emanuel 
Fleischman,  Solomon 
Goldberg, 


Gans,  Leon 


TEXAS. 

Mayer,  Leo  E. 
Captured. 


VIRGINIA. 

HOLZINGER,  E. 

Hessberg,  I. 

Killed  in  action. 
Kayton,  Herrman 
Kromer,  C.  H. 
Levin,  Solomon  M. 
Moise,  Wilborn 
Marcus,  Madison 
Miller,  Charles 
Weil,  Charles 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 
Blondheim,  H. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  423 

ADDENDA    TO    LISTS   OF   SOLDIERS. 


[Additional  names  received  after  printing  of  lists,  and  before  close  of 
present  form.] 

Charles  Baum  served  in  the  8oth  Ohio  Infantry,  during 
the  Civil  War.  Mr.  Baum  is  now  a  resident  and  a  leading 
merchant  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

Solomon  Polock  and  Louis  Polock,  two  brothers,  served  in 
the  Army  during  the  Mexican  War. 

Lieutenant  Lauchheimer,  serves  as  Judge  Advocate-General 
in  the  Regular  Army  of  the  United  States. 

Jacob  Lyon  enlisted  in  June,  1854,  in  Battery  E,  2nd  Regi- 
ment, United  States  Artillery.  He  re-enlisted  in  June, 
1859,  and  was  honorably  discharged  in  June,  1864.  Par- 
ticipated in  eighteen  engagements. 

Charles  Stein  enlisted  in  the  United  States  Marine  Corps, 
June  22nd,  1864,  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  became  sergeant 
and  was  honorably  discharged,  June  22nd,  1868.  He  died 
on  March  6th,  1881,  from  disease  contracted  while  in 
the  service. 

Moritz  Augenstein  served  in  Company  E,  52nd  Regiment, 
New  York  Infantry,  during  the  Civil  War. 

Simon  Fleisher  served  in  Company  A,  18th  North  Carolina 
Infantry,  during  the  Civil  War. 

Morris  M.  Katz  served  in  Company  A,  18th  North  Carolina 

Infantry,  during  the  Civil  War. 
Abraham  Mayer  served  in  Company  A,  18th  North  Carolina 

Infantry,  during  the  Civil  War. 
Aaron  Stern  served  in  the  Regular  Army  before  and  during 
the  Civil  War.     Now  attached  to  the  Record  and  Pension 
Division  of  the  War  Department,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
Charles  Katzenstein,  Regular  Army,  now  connected  with 
the  Record  and  Pension  Division  of  the  War  Department. 
Benjamin  Jacobs,  Regular  Army,  now  in  Adjutant  General's 
office,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


424  THE  A  MEEICAN  JE  W  AS 

STATISTICAL. 


Number  of  Jewish  Soldiers  who  Served  in  Different  Wars 
of  the  United  States. 

In  the  Continental  Armies  (including  patriots) 46 

In  the  War  of  1812 44 

In  the  Mexican  War 58 

In  the  United  States  Regular  Army 96 

In  the  United  States  Navy 78 

In  the  Civil  War. 

Staff  Officers  in  the  Union  Army 16 

Staff  Officers  in  the  Confederate  Army 24 

Officers  in  the  Confederate  Navy 11 

Soldiers  classified  in  Regiments  from  different  States  who  served 
in  the  Union   and  Confederate  Armies  during  the  Civil 

War 7038 

Soldiers  unclassified  as  to  States  who  served  during  the  Civil 

War 834 

Other  Soldiers  (indicated  in  Addenda) 12 


Total  in  all  wars 82, 


■  u 


IN  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

Number  of  Soldiers  Classified  According  to  States. 

Alabama   .    .    .    , 135    Nevada      3 

Arkansas 53    New  Hampshire 2 

California 28    New  Jersey 277 

Connecticut 17    New  Mexico 2 

District  of  Columbia   ....  3    New  York 1996 

Florida 2    North  Corolina 58 

Georgia 144    Ohio ...  1004 

Illinois 702    Pennsylvania 527 

Indiana 475     Rhode  Island 4 

Iowa  .    .       12    South  Carolina 182 

Kansas 9    Tennessee 38 

Kentucky 22    Texas 103 

Louisiana 224    Vermont 1 

Maine 1     Virginia 119 

Maryland 7  Washington  Territory  ....        1 

Massachusetts 174     West  Virginia 7 

Michigan 130    Wisconsin 331 

Mississippi 158    Wyoming  Territory 1 

Missouri 86                                                          

Total 7038 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  425 


JEWISH  PATRIOTISM  IN  CIVIL  LIFE. 


The  foregoing  lists  of  Jewish  soldiers  in  the  armies  of  the 
Civil  War  may  well  be  supplemented  by  a  review  of  Jewish 
activity  in  civil  walks  in  connection  with  that  momentous 
struggle.  In  the  political  movements  for  the  abolition  of 
slavery  there  were  not  lacking  many  Jews  who  took  an  active 
and  at  times  a  leading  part  in  the  moulding  of  public  opinion, 
and  the  fact  that  the  influence  of  these  men  did  not  become 
more  widespread  may  be  regarded  as  almost  wholly  due  to  their 
having  been  but  recent  immigrants  from  foreign  lands  and 
therefore  comparative  strangers  in  the  communities  in  which 
they  settled.  Such  men  were  Michael  Heilprin,  the  scholar  and 
philanthropist  whose  devotion  to  liberty  had  previously  been 
attested  by  his  activity  as  a  member  of  Kossuth's  civil  staff 
during  the  Hungarian  Revolution;  Dr.  Kdward  Morwitz,  then 
a  writer  and  afterwards  publisher  of  the  "Demokrat,"  a 
German  newspaper  of  Philadelphia,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Sabato 
Morais,  then  and  still  at  present  the  Rabbi  of  a  Philadelphia 
congregation.  Dr.  David  Einhorn's  ardent  advocacy  of  the 
abolition  of  slavery  led  to  his  removal  from  Baltimore;  and  in 
New  York,  Rev.  Samuel  M.  Isaacs,  then  Rabbi  of  a  congrega- 
tion of  that  city  and  editor  of  the  "Jewish  Messenger,"  took 
an  earnest  part  in  the  movement. 

In  the  West,  among  the  pioneers  of  the  Jewish  community,  are 
to  be  named  in  this  connection  Dr.  James  Horwitz,  of  Cleveland; 
Rabbi  Iyiebman  Adler,  then  of  Detroit;  Henry  Greenebaum, 
then  a  member  of  the  City  Council  of  Chicago  Edward  Salomon, 
afterwards  County  Clerk  of  Cook  county  and  subsequently 
Brigadier-General  in  the  army,  and  Leopold  Mayer  and  Michael 
Greenebaum,  likewise  of  Chicago.  In  an  article  on  the  German 
pioneers  of  Chicago,  published  in  a  late  issue  in  the  "  Times- 
Herald  "    of  that  city    (June   9th,    1895),    are   printed   some 


426  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

interesting  reminiscences  of  ante-bellum  times,  wherein   Mr. 
Mayer  is  quoted  as  follows  : 

'  The  fugitive  slave  law  set  us  at  loggerheads  with  the 
powers  that  were.  It  was  sometime  in  1853  when  a  United 
States  Marshal,  on  the  corner  of  Van  Buren  and  Sherman 
streets,  arrested  a  poor  devil  of  a  negro  as  a  fugitive.  A  crowd 
of  citizens,  led  by  Michael  Greenebaum,  liberated  the  prisoner 
and  on  the  same  evening  a  big  meeting  was  held  to  ratify  this 
act.  The  enthusiasm  in  this  meeting  reached  its  highest  pitch 
when  Long  John  Wentworth  entered  the  hall  and  publicly 
declared  from  the  platform  that  he  would  be  with  us  in  resist- 
ing the  enforcement  of  the  barbaric  law.  From  that  time  we 
slowly  but  steadily  marched  up  hill.  The  first  official  call  for 
a  German  mass  meeting  to  join  the  Republican  party  appeared 
in  the  '  Staats  Zeitung  '  signed  by  George  Schneider,  Adofph 
Iyoeb,  Julius  Rosenthal,  a  cigar  dealer  by  the  name  of  Hanson 
and  my  humble  self. ' ' 

Here  we  find  four  Jews  among  five  leaders  of  the  German 
population  of  Chicago  in  a  great  political  movement. 

In  another  portion  of  the  same  article  another  of  the  old 
pioneers,  William  Vocke,  Esq.,  referring  to  the  record  of  the 
24th  Illinois  regiment,  is  quoted  as  follows: 

"Our  regiment  served  three  years  and  three  months.  With 
recruits  taken  in  from  time  to  time,  fully  1200  men  had  joined 
it.  Only  240  of  us  returned.  One  company  of  this  regiment 
consisted  exclusively  of  Hebrews.  It  was  led  by  Captain 
Uasalle,  who  stuck  it  out  with  us  to  the  last." 

Another  striking  incident  of  the  forcefulness  of  Jewish  senti- 
ment in  the  great  agitation  that  preceded  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  is  recorded  by  Rear  Admiral  George  Henry  Preble, 
U.  S.  N.,  in  his  "History  of  the  Flag  of  the  United  States  of 
America,"  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  Boston,  fourth  edition, 
1894.)     We  quote  as  follows:  (Page  406). 

"On  the  nth  of  February,  1861,  Mr.  Lincoln,  the  President- 
elect of  the  United  States,  left  his  home  in  Springfield,  Illinois, 
for  the  seat  of  government,  accompanied  by  a  few  friends. 
His  fellow-citizens  and  neighbors  gathered  at  the  railway 
station   to  wish  him  God-speed.     He  was  visibly  affected  by 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  427 

this  kind  attention,  and  addressed  the  assembly  of  his  friends 
in  a  few  words,  requesting  they  would  all  pray  that  he  might 
receive  the  Divine  assistance  in  the  responsibilities  he  was 
about  to  encounter,  without  which  he  could  not  succeed,  but 
with  which  success  was  certain.  Before  leaving  Springfield,  he 
received  from  Abraham  Kohn,  city  clerk  of  Chicago,  a  fine 
picture  of  the  flag  of  the  Union,  bearing  an  inscription  in 
Hebrew  on  its  folds.  The  verses  being  the  4th  to  9th  verses 
of  the  first  chapter  of  Joshua,  in  which  Joshua  was  commanded 
to  reign  over  a  whole  land,  the  last  verse  being:  'Have  I  not 
commanded  thee?  Be  strong  and  of  a  good  courage;  be  not 
afraid,  neither  be  thou  dismayed;  for  the  Lord,  thy  God,  is 
with  thee  whithersoever  thou  goest.'  " 

In  a  recent  speech  at  Ottawa,  Kansas,  on  June  20,  1895, 
(quoted  in  the  Reform  Advocate,  of  Chicago,  July  13,  1895,) 
Governor  William  McKinley,  of  Ohio,  referred  to  this  incident 
as  follows: 

1 '  What  more  beautiful  conception  than  that  which  prompted 
Abraham  Kohn,  of  Chicago,  in  February,  1861,  to  send  to  Mr. 
Lincoln,  on  the  eve  of  his  starting  to  Washington,  to  assume 
the  office  of  president,  a  flag  of  our  country,  bearing  upon  its 
silken  folds  these  words  from  the  first  chapter  of  Joshua:  '  Have 
I  not  commanded  thee  ?  Be  strong  and  of  good  courage.  Be 
not  afraid,  neither  be  thou  dismayed,  for  the  Lord,  thy  God  is 
with  thee,  whithersoever  thou  goest.  There  shall  not  any  man 
be  able  to  stand  before  thee  all  the  days  of  thy  life.  As  I  was 
with  Moses  so  shall  I  be  with  thee.  I  will  not  fail  thee  nor 
forsake  thee. ' 

''Could  anything  have  given  Mr.  Lincoln  more  cheer,  or 
been  better  calculated  to  sustain  his  courage  or  to  strengthen 
his  faith  in  the  mighty  work  before  him?  Thus  commanded, 
thus  assured,  Mr.  Lincoln  journeyed  to  the  capital,  where  he 
took  the  oath  of  office  and  registered  in  heaven  an  oath  to  save 
the  Union.  And  the  Lord,  our  God,  was  with  him,  until  every 
obligation  of  oath  and  duty  was  sacredly  kept  and  honored. 
Not  any  man  was  able  to  stand  before  him.  Liberty  was  the 
more  firmly  enthroned,  the  Union  was  saved,  and  the  flag  which 
he  carried  floated  in  triumph  and  glory  from  every  flagstaff  of 
the  republic." 


428  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

In  reply  to  a  letter  addressed  to  him  by  the  daughter  of 
Abraham  Kohn,  Mrs.  Dankmar  Adler  (whose  husband,  the 
architect  of  the  Auditorium  building  and  one  of  the  architects 
of  the  Columbian  Exposition,  had  fought  through  the  war  and 
been  wounded  at  Chickamauga),  Major  McKinley  wrote:  "The 
incident  deeply  impressed  me  when  I  first  learned  of  it,  and  I 
have  taken  occasion  to  use  it,  as  in  my  speech  at  Ottowa,  to 
which  you  refer. 

1 '  I  am  very  glad  to  have  been  able  to  give  publicity  to  this 
striking  incident,  and  I  am  sure  that  the  family  of  Mr.  Kohn 
should  feel  very  proud  of  his  patriotic  act." 

The  patriotism  of  the  Jewish  people  in  the  support  of  the 
soldiers  in  the  field  was  no  less  positive  than  their  participation 
in  the  fray  itself.  The  various  bodies  organized  at  the  North 
for  the  support  of  the  government,  such  as  the  Sanitary  Com- 
missions, counted  a  full  quota  of  Jewish  citizens  among  their 
membership  everywhere. 

Prominent  in  the  West  among  these  earnest  co-workers  in  the 
cause  of  the  Union  was  the  lamented  Benjamin  F.  Peixotto, 
of  Cleveland,  who  severed  the  affiliations  of  an  active  political 
career  and  took  an  earnest  part  in  arousing  the  patriotic  senti- 
ment of  the  people.  He  contributed  largely  of  his  means  to 
the  furtherance  of  the  civil  movements  in  support  of  the  men 
at  the  front  and  attained  a  recognized  position  as  a  leader. 
When  in  1872,  the  Jews  of  Roumania  were  subjected  to  perse- 
cutions by  the  Government  of  that  principality,  Mr.  Pexiotto 
was  selected  as  Consul  of  the  United  States  at  Bucharest,*  in 

*  The  appointment  of  Mr.  Peixotto  to  the  Roumanian  Consulate 
was  initiated  and  brought  about  by  Hon.  Simon  Wolf,  who  after- 
wards made  a  tour  among  the  lodges  of  the  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith 
for  the  purpose  of  raising  funds  to  strengthen  the  Consul's  position 
at  Bucharest  and  to  enable  him  to  more  effectively  exert  his  influence 
in  behalf  of  the  persecuted  Roumanian  Jews. 

In  this  connection  mention  may  well  and  properly  be  made  of  Mr. 
Wolf's  untiring  efforts,  both  in  his  early  home  in  Ohio  and  later  in 
Washington,  in  behalf  of  the  Union  cause.  The  movements 
organized  by  Mr.  Wolf  in  Washington  for  the  systematic  aid  of  the 
sick  and  wounded  in  the  numerous  hospitals  then  established  in  and 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  429 

which  capacity  his  services  were  of  marked  importance  to  the 
cause  of  humanity  and  won  for  him  the  gratitude  of  the  Jewish 
people  at  large,  as  well  as  the  confidence  and  support  of  our 
government.  Other  Jewish  patriotic  leaders  in  the  West  during 
the  war  were  Isidor  Busch,  of  St.  Louis;  Henry  Mack,  of  Cin- 
cinnatti;  Nathan  Bloom,  of  Louisville,  and  others  that  ought, 
perhaps,  to  find  mention  here. 

Notable  in  this  connection  at  the  East  was  Hon.  A.  S.  Solo- 
mons, now  the  General  Agent  of  the  Baron  de  Hirsch 
Trust  in  the  United  States.  Before  the  war  and  during 
its  early  years  he  was  a  leading  Jewish  citizen  of  Wash- 
ington and  enjoyed  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  President 
Lincoln,  of  Secretaries  Stanton  and  Chase,  and  of  many  other 
leading  spirits  of  the  time.  His  home  was  a  centre  of  patriotic 
activity  and  he  made  heavy  sacrifices  of  his  personal  interest  in 
behalf  of  the  Union  cause. 

In  the  South,  during  the  dark  and  trying  days  of  the  Con- 
federacy, the  Jewish  citizens  of  that  section  displayed  to  the 
full  their  devotion  to  the  cause  which  they  held  at  heart.  The 
Jewish  Southerners  were  as  zealous  in  their  efforts  as  were  their 
neighbors  all  about  them,  and  however  mistaken  was  their 
contention,  they  adhered  to  it  tenaciously.  A  Jew,  it  is  said, 
fired  the  first  gun  against  Fort  Sumtner,  and  another  Jew 
gave  the  last  shelter  to  the  fleeing  President  and  Cabinet  of 
the  fallen  Confederacy. 

Throughout  the  country,  North  and  South,  the  earnestness 
of  the  Jewish  character  found  expression  through  an  active 
participation  by  Jewish  citizens  in  the  great  movements  of  the 
time.  A  closer  examination  of  this  feature  of  our  subject 
would  involve  a  detailed  reference  to  the  leading  members  of 
the  various  Jewish  communities  throughout  the  land,  and  carry 

about  Washington  gained  for  him  the  recognition  of  the  Government 
and  the  friendship  of  General  Grant.  In  this  work  Mr.  Wolf  enlisted 
the  support  of  the  mass  of  the  Jewish  citizens  of  the  District  and 
especially  the  active  co-operation  of  the  women  of  the  Jewish  com- 
munity. General  Grant,  when  he  became  President,  appointed  Mr. 
Wolf  Recorder  of  the  City  of  Washington  and  he  was  subsequently 
appointed  by  President  Garfield  to  the  mission  at  Cairo  as  Diplo- 
matic Agent  and  Consul  General  in  Egypt. — Editok. 


430  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

us  into  fields  beyond  our  present  scope,  which  have  already 
received  the  careful  attention  of  other  writers.* 

One  specially  significant  example  of  American  Jewish  citizen- 
ship and  manly  worth  yet  claims  our  attention.  In  New 
York,  foremost  in  every  patriotic  movement,  were  the  brothers 
Joseph  and  Jesse  Seligman.  The  place  that  they  filled  in 
the  affairs  of  that  time  and  since  has  become  a  part  of  our 
country's  history.  Their  influence  in  maintaining  the  financial 
credit  of  the  Government  during  the  war  was  of  far  reach- 
ing import  for  the  cause  of  the  Union,  and  the  recognition 
of  their  services  led  President  Grant  to  offer  to  Joseph  Selig- 
man, who  died  in  1880,  a  place  in  his  Cabinet  as  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury.  The  universal  esteem  in  which  Joseph  and 
Jesse  Seligman  were  held,  not  alone  as  men  of  affairs,  but  as 
patriots,  citizens  and  philanthropists,  was  well  betokened  by 
the  expressions  given  to  the  public  feeling  when  Jesse  Selig- 
man died.  Some  of  these  expressions  may  well  be  cited  here, 
for  Jesse  Seligman  was,  par  excellence,  as  perfect  a  type  of  the 
American  Jew  as  he  was  typically  an  American  citizen.  He 
died  in  April,  1894,  and  from  among  the  innumerable  tributes  to 
his  worth,  we  cite  a  few  of  the  expressions  of  some  of  the  lead- 
ing men  of  the  metropolis,  whose  stations  are  a  guarantee  of 
their  judgment  and  sincerity,  and  most  of  whom  had  known 
him  through  a  generation  of  years. 

Lengthy,  comparatively  speaking,  in  view  of  the  necessary 
limitations  of  this  volume,  as  are  these  several  presentations, 
they  yet  command  our  full  consideration  by  reason  of  their 
great  significance. 

Hon.  Carl  Schurz,  on  the  occasion  of  the  Memorial  Services 
at  the  New  York  Hebrew  Orphan  Asylum,  Decoration  Day, 
May  30,  1894,  painted  for  his  audience  in  the  following  deeply 

*See  Marken's  "The  Hebrews  in  America,"  New  York,  1888; 
Judge  Charles  P.  Daly's  "Settlement  of  the  Jews  in  North  America," 
edited  by  Max  J.  Kohler,  New  York,  1898;  "  History  of  the  Jews  of 
Boston  and  New  England,"  by  A.  G.  Daniels,  Boston,  1892; 
"  Eminent  isralites  of  the  19th  Century,"  by  Henry  8.  Morals,  Phila- 
delphia, 1880;  "The  Jews  of  Philadelphia,"  by  the  same  author, 
Philadelphia,  1894,  and  the  publications  of  the  American  Jewish 
Historical  Society. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  431 

thoughtful  utterances  a  vivid  picture  of  a  model  Jew  and  a 
model  man  : 

' '  It  is  most  fit  that  the  memory  of  Jesse  Seligman  should  be 
celebrated  here,  on  this  very  spot.  I  see  him  now,  as  he  stood 
here  years  ago,  when  the  corner-stone  of  this  magnificent  build- 
ing was  laid,  and  when,  owing  to  his  friendly  invitation,  I  en- 
joyed the  privilege  of  taking  part  in  the  dedication  ceremonies, 
I  see  him,  his  face  beaming  with  joy  over  the  good  that  had 
been  accomplished,  and  with  glad  anticipation  of  the  greater 
good  still  to  be  done,  for  his  whole  heart  was  in  this  noble 
work.  And  here,  where  his  monument  stands — not  a  mere 
monument  of  stone  or  brass,  but  a  living  monument  in  grateful 
human  hearts — here,  where  he  still  lives  and  will  not  die,  the 
lessons  of  his  life  may  be  most  worthily  learned,  not  to  be  for- 
gotten. 

"  Indeed,  the  legacy  not  only  of  benefactions,  but  of  lessons 
which  that  life  has  left  behind  it,  may  be,  especially  to  the 
young  among  us,  if  they  understand  well  and  treasure  them 
up  to  inspire  and  guide  their  hearts  and  minds,  of  far  greater 
value  than  any  amount  of  his  money  that  Jesse  Seligman  might 
have  bequeathed  to  them.  Some  of  us  may,  perhaps,  have 
envied  him  while  he  lived,  as  an  eminently  successful  man. 
But  do  we  consider  him  worthy  of  envy  now,  since  he  is 
dead?  Why  do  we  honor  his  memory,  and  wish  that,  when  we 
shall  be  gone,  we  should,  in  many  respects,  be  remembered  as 
he  is  ?  Because  he  was  a  rich  man  ?  Certainly  not ;  for  that  is 
in  itself  nothing  to  be  proud  of.  The  ambition  to  be  merely 
rich  is  only  a  small  and  vulgar  ambition.  It  may  be  gratified 
by  the  accident  of  birth  or  of  good  fortune;  it  may  be  gratified 
by  the  diligent  and  constant  exertion  of  faculties,  which  do  not 
by  any  means  belong  to  the  higher  attainment  of  human  nature. 
Of  those  who,  in  the  history  of  mankind,  left  most  fragrant 
memories  behind  them,  only  very  few  were  distinguished  by 
great  wealth,  and  the  mere  possession  of  that  wealth  never  con- 
stituted their  title  to  affection  and  reverence. 

' '  Are  we  honoring  Jesse  Seligman  because  he  was  a  success- 
ful, self-made  man?  This  is  especially  in  our  country  of  great 
opportunities,  not  in  itself  a  distinction  deserving  uncommon 
esteem.  I  know,  and  no  doubt  you  know,  self-made  men  so 
inordinately  puffed  up  with  their  own  success,  so  forgetful  of 
the  merits  of  others  in  comparison  with  their  own,  so  oppres- 
sive with  the  ostentations  and  unceasing  display  of  their  riches 
as  their  self -appreciation,  that  they  rank  among  the  most  dis- 
agreeable members  of  human  society,  making  us  wish  that  they 
had  made  anything  else  but  themselves. 

"  Or  do  we  admire  Jesse  Seligman  above  others  because  he 


432  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

was  a  patriotic  man?  No,  for  under  ordinary  circumstances  it 
is  only  a  natural  thing  to  be  patriotic.  Especially  a  citizen  of 
this  Republic  is  more  apt  to  attract  attention  and  to  be  blamed 
when  he  is  not  patriotic,  than  to  be  praised  when  he  is. 

' '  All  these  things,  therefore,  are  in  themselves  not  sufficient  to 
make  a  life  valuable  as  a  memory,  and  as  an  inspiration.  Jesse 
Seligman's  life,  as  we  look  back  upon  it,  is  such  a  valuable 
memory  and  inspiring  lesson  because  he  was  above  the  ordinary 
level  of  the  merely  rich,  self-made,  liberal  and  patriotic  men. 

"The  ideal  rich  man  is  he,  who  not  only  has  come  by  his 
wealth  honestly,  but  who  uses  his  riches  in  such  a  fashion  as  to 
silence  the  voice  of  envy,  and  to  make  those  who  knew  him 
glad  and  grateful  that  he  was  rich.  To  reach  this  ideal  com- 
pletely is  given  to  but  few.  But  it  may  truly  be  said  that 
Jesse  Seligman  approached  it.  No  doubt,  he  wished  to  be 
rich  and  worked  for  it.  He  valued  the  acquisition  of  wealth, 
but  he  valued  it  most  as  the  acquisition  of  opportunities  for 
something  larger  and  nobler.  He  saw  his  business  success  but 
not  his  higher  ambition  and  his  happiness  in  his  balance  sheets. 
He  felt  himself  greater  and  happier  in  this  orphan-home  than 
in  his  bank.  He  made  his  wealth  a  blessing  to  others;  he  en- 
joyed it  the  more,  the  greater  the  blessing  to  others  it  became, 
and  there  were  many  who  wished  him  to  be  much  richer,  know- 
ing that  his  greater  wealth  would  only  have  become  to  in  any 
others  greater  relief  and  comfort.  He  was  such  a  self-made 
man  as  it  is  a  joy  to  meet.  In  a  high  degree  he  had  the  self- 
made  man's  virtues  and  was  remarkably  free  from  his  faults. 
He  never  fargot  his  lowly  beginnings,  but  never  boasted  of 
them,  to  contrast  his  success  with  other  people's  failures.  His 
recollections  only  stimulated  his  sympathy  with  those  less  for- 
tunate than  himself.  He  did  not  in  his  affluence  affect  the 
rough  simplicity  and  contempt  of  refinement  in  which  upstarts 
sometimes  demonstratively  please  themselves  and  which  is  only 
a  coarse  form  of  vanity;  and  still  less  was  he  an  ostentatious 
swaggerer  bent  upon  letting  the  world  perceive  that  he  posses- 
sed his  millions.  He  lived  with  his  family  in  a  style  becoming 
his  means,  but  with  the  modesty  becoming  a  gentleman.  There 
was  no  gaudy  display  of  riches,  no  obstrusive  flashing  of 
diamonds  on  hotel  piazzas,  and  no  flaring  exhibition  in  opera 
boxes.  But  there  was  nothing  mean  about  him  or  his.  The 
hospitality  of  his  house  was  hearty  and  most  generous,  but  it 
abstained  from  anything  that  might  have  made  one  of  his 
guests  feel  poor  or  small.  Nor  was  there  anything  in  him  of 
that  superciliousness  not  unfrequently  met  with  in  rich  men 
which  claims  for  them  much  wisdom,  because  they  have  much 
money. 

"In  all  my  experience  I  have  never  met  a  rich  man,  more 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  433 

modest,  more  generous  more  tolerant  of  adverse  opinion,  or  a 
self-made  man  less  overbearing,  less  vain-glorious,  and  less 
conceited,  more  sympathetic  and  more  helpful.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  he  was  thought  much  richer  than  he  really  was — richer 
not  because  of  his  display,  but  because  of  his  benefactions. 
To  judge  from  the  good  he  did,  his  wealth  should  have  been 
much  greater.  He  was  a  liberal  giver,  but  he  gave  much  more 
than  money.  That  rich  man  only  manifests  the  true  spirit  of 
benevolence  who  not  only  gives  to  the  needy,  but  who  also 
thinks  for  them  and  works  for  them .  It  was  by  this  that  Jesse 
Seligman  proved  the  genuine  gold  of  his  humanity,  and  no- 
where did  this  gold  shine  more  brightly  than  on  this  very  spot. 
There  was  indeed  no  charitable  enterprise  within  his  reach  that 
did  not  feel  the  generosity  of  his  open  hand,  and,  when  needed, 
the  kindly  thoughtf illness  of  his  counsel,  from  the  hospital  and 
the  home  for  the  aged  up  to  that  remarkable  triumph  of 
wisely  directed  energy,  the  Hebrew  Technical  Institute,  which 
not  only  successfully  demonstrates  that  the  Jew,  when  well 
guided,  will  take  to  skilled  handicraft  with  enthusiasm  and  with 
the  whole  force  and  ingenuity  of  his  nature,  but  which  also  in 
its  plan,  organization  and  conduct  may  serve  as  a  noble  model 
of  its  kind  to  the  educators  of  any  country  and  of  any  creed. 
"  All  such  endeavors  could  count  upon  Jesse  Seligman' s 
bountiful  aid;  and  when  his  last  will  was  opened  and  the  com- 
munity saw  the  list  of  the  benevolent  institutions  to  which  he 
had  left  bequests,  without  regard  to  religion  or  nationality, 
with  unsurpassed  catholicity  of  spirit,  people  asked  with 
wonder,  not  what  opportunities  for  doing  good  he  had  thought 
of,  but  whether  there  was  any  he  had  failed  to  remember. 
It  was,  however,  here  in  the  Orphans'  Home  that  his  heart 
found  its  favorite  field  for  beneficent  work.  Here  he  lived  on 
the  best  of  his  nature.  It  was  truly  touching  to  see  this  man, 
loaded  down  with  the  enormous  responsibilities  and  cares  of  a 
vast  financial  business,  at  least  once  a  week,  every  Sunday 
morning,  wend  his  way  to  this  house,  forget  all  about  bonds 
and  stocks  and  syndicates  and  chances  of  gain  and  financial 
crises  in  which  fortunes  might  be  lost,  and  to  give  all  his 
thoughts  to  the  little  ones  who  are  cast  upon  the  mercy  of  the 
world,  and  study  and  scheme  and  work — as  indeed  he  did 
often  also  when  he  was  not  here  to  turn  sunshine  upon  their 
bereaved  existence— to  arm  them  for  the  struggles  of  life,  and 
to  enable  them  to  become  useful,  self-reliant,  self-respecting 
and  happy  citizens  of  a  free  country.  This  was  the  work  he 
loved  most,  which  satisfied  his  fondest  ambition  and  in  which 
he  found  the  most  genuine  happiness.  In  the  best  sense  of  the 
word  he  was  the  father  of  the  fatherless  and  it  was  his  active, 


434  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

untiring  and  unceasing  care  for  the  welfare  of  these  children, 
more  than  any  other  of  his  benefactions,  that  stamped  him  as  a 
truly  benevolent  man,  a  genuine  friend  of  humanity  and  there- 
fore this  is  the  noblest  and  most  enduring  of  his  monuments. 

u  He  was  a  patriotic  man — not  in  the  sense  merely  that  he 
cheerfully  performed  all  his  duties  as  a  citizen,  or  that  he  gave  the 
government  valuable  advice  and  aid  as  a  financier  whenever 
called  upon — but  that  he  ardently  loved  his  adopted  country, 
was  proud  of  it  and  was  not  only  willing  but  eager  to  serve  it. 
Some  gentlemen  of  high  standing  among  us  here  have  in  their 
published  tributes  to  Jesse  Seligman's  memory,  regretfully 
mentioned  the  fact  that  he  and  his  son,  too,  have  been  struck 
at  by  anti-Semitic  hostility,  by  that  narrow-minded,  contemptible 
spirit  which  revived  the  prejudices  of  dark  ages  and  which  seeks 
in  barbarous  persecution  the  remedy  for  evils,  for  which  popu- 
lar ignorance,  sloth  and  improvidence  are  in  the  largest  manner 
responsible;  a  spirit  so  utterly  abhorrent  to  justice  and  enlight- 
ened reason,  that  it  is  difficult  to  understand  how  a  person  of 
self-respect  can  share  it  or  behold  it  in  others  without  shame 
and  indignation. 

' '  I  have  heard  it  said  that  a  Jew  cannot  be  a  patriot  because 
he  has  no  fatherland.  Those  who  say  so  do  not  want  the  Jew 
to  have  a  fatherland  and  would,  if  they  had  their  way,  make  it 
impossible  for  him  to  be  a  patriot.  A  country  can  hardly 
expect  those  of  its  inhabitants  to  be  ardent  patriots  whom  it 
treats  as  aliens  or  outcasts.  In  the  same  measure  as  an  anti- 
Semitic  spirit  prevails,  a  Jew  is  a  patriot  under  difficulties.  If 
he  is  a  patriot  under  anti-Semitic  persecution,  that  patriotism  is 
in  him  a  virtue  of  especial  merit.  And  this  virtue  Jesse  Selig- 
man  possessed  in  the  highest  degree.  I  saw  him  and  spoke 
with  him  when  the  smart  he  had  suffered  was  fresh.  I  know 
how  keenly  he  felt  it,  but  I  know  also  that  had  at  that  moment 
the  country,  or  what  he  understood  to  be  the  public  interest, 
demanded  of  him  any  service  or  any  sacrifice  he  would  have 
offered  it  with  the  same  enthusiastic  devotion  that  ever  had 
animated  him.  He  would  have  remained  a  patriot  in  spite  of 
any  difficulty — a  shining  example  for  his  own  race  to  follow, 
putting  to  shame  its  revilers;  indeed,  an  example  to  every 
citizen  of  whatever  creed  or  origin. 

"  And  now  he  lies  in  an  honored  grave,  and  by  it  stand  with 
sadness,  but  also  with  pride,  his  dear  ones  whom  he  loved  so 
much,  and  who  so  warmly  returned  his  love.  And  you  all 
have  come,  rich  and  poor,  native  and  foreign  born,  Christian 
and  Jew  and  Gentile,  with  hearts  full  of  respect  and  affection 
for  the  man  who  understood  the  great  truth,  and  whose  life  has 
taught  the  greatest  lesson,  that  our  truest  and  most  enduring 
happiness  springs  from  the  contributions  we  make  to  the  hap- 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  435 

piness  of  others —  a  lesson  that  every  one  may  follow  according 
to  his  means  and  opportunities,  each  in  his  sphere  and  in  his 
way,  to  win  the  same  happiness  and  to  deserve  the  same  honor. 
It  may  well  be  said  that  he  had  not  lived  in  vain  whose  life  has 
left  its  mark  in  the  advanced  well  being  of  his  kind;  and  there 
are  multitudes  of  human  beings  whose  tears  he  has  dried, 
whose  distress  he  has  relieved,  whom  he  has  helped  to  make 
strong  for  the  struggle  of  life  who  now  and  ever  will  gratefully 
affirm  and  proclaim  that  Jesse  Seligman  has  surely  not  lived  in 
vain,  and  who  will  never  cease  to  bless  his  memory." 

Ex -Postmaster  General  Thomas  L.  James,  President  of  the 
Lincoln  National  Bank  of  New  York  City,  wrote  the  following 
graphic  and  affecting  tribute  : — 

"  I  have  received  the  news  of  the  death  of  Jesse  Seligman  with  the 
shock  which  comes  only  with  the  announcement  of  the  sudden 
loss  of  an  old  and  valued  friend.  My  acquaintance  with  him  com- 
menced away  back  in  the  sixties;  and  I  dearly  learned  to  value  his 
sturdy  honesty,  his  integrity,  untiring  industry,  and  his  genial, 
warm-hearted  friendship.  Moreover,  I  was  impressed,  in  those  dark 
days  when  I  first  knew  him,  with  his  sterling  patriotism,  he  being 
one  of  those  men  of  foreign  birth  who  seemed  to  go  beyond  those 
of  us  of  native  birth,  in  the  all-consuming  zeal  and  devotion  for 
our  common  flag.  I  think  that  is  what  particularly  attracted  me 
towards  Mr.  Seligman;  and  I  soon  found  that  he  really  did  under- 
stand more  fully  and  completely,  perhaps,  than  many  of  us  did, 
what  the  war  meant  and  what  the  result  would  be.  He  was  one  of 
those  men,  too,  who,  when  some  were  anxious,  speaking  hesitat- 
ingly about  the  outcome,  gave  by  his  courageous  faith  and  heroic 
example,  a  grand  impulse  of  which  we  afterwards  saw  the  results 
in  that  impressive  tender  by  the  financiers  of  New  York  of  their 
credit  and  thair  gjld  to  the  government  in  its  extremity. 

"  He  had  undying  faith  in  General  Grant,  too,  in  those  dark  hours. 
He  was  one  of  the  few  men  in  New  York  who  knew  him  personally, 
and  he  never  wavered  in  his  confidence  in  the  great  commander's 
ability  to  carry  the  war  through  to  a  successful  issue.  Later  on 
we  learned  the  grounds  of  his  faith;  tor  he  was  probably  the  oldest 
acquaintance  of  General  Grant  in  New  York,  having  become  ac- 
quainted with  him  in  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  where  Grant  was  then 
stationed  as  a  Second  Lieutenant;  and  he  had  afterwards  renewed 
the  friendship,  when  General  Grant  was  sent  as  First  Lieutenant 
to  the  Pacific  Coast,  where  he  found  his  old  friend  Seligman  one  of 
the  argonauts  of  California. 

"It  was  given  to  me,  in  an  especially  affecting  and  touching  man- 
ner, to  see  some  of  those  traits  in  Mr.  Seligman 's  inner  life  and 
his  family  surroundings,  which  made  his  home  one  of  the  most 


436  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

delightful  in  New  York,  and  gave  to  him  unusual  charms  in  social 
and  friendly  intercourse.  I  saw  those  qualities  displayed  in  that 
sad,  sad  summer  of  1881,  when  General  Garfield,  stricken  with  an 
assassin's  bullet,  lay  on  his  deathbed  in  a  cottage  at  Elberon.  Mr. 
Seligman  ?s  summer  home  was  at  Long  Branch;  and,  with  that 
thoughtful  consideration  and  tenderness  which  distinguished  the 
man  he  showed  the  official  family  of  the  dyiug  President  courtesies 
and  kindnesses  that  were  very  grateful  and  which  can  never  be  for- 
gotten. A  more  pleasant  family  circle  than  Mr.  Seligman 's  I  never 
met;  and  I  will  never  cease  to  remember  the  charm  of  that  fireside. 
There,  perhaps,  Mr.  Seligman  was  seen  in  the  highest  display  of  the 
beautiful  qualities  of  head  and  heart  that  made  him  not  only  fore- 
most as  a  great  financier,  but  as  a  faithful  friend 

*  *  *  *  *  *  * 

.  .  .  "Of  course,  I  do  not  need  to  speak  of  his  genius  as  a 
financier.  His  name  and  fame  in  that  particular  are  secure;  and  his 
achievements  will  become  traditions  in  the  history  of  those  influ- 
ences  which  have  made  this  country  the  great  financial  power  among 
the  nations  of  the  earth." 

Ex-Judge  Noah  Davis  wrote  as  follows  : 

"  By  the  death  of  Jesse  Seligman  our  country  loses  a  loving  and 
faithful  citizen  and  friend.  He  loved  America, though  not  his  native 
land,  with  all  the  ardor  of  a  native,  enhanced  by  a  keen  and  tender 
sense  of  gratitude  for  what  it  had  done  for  his  race  and  for  him  and 
bis  brothers  ever  since  they  became  its  adopted  sons. 

"  1  have  never  met  any  foreign-born  American  citizen  more  prompt 
to  express  warmly  and  gratefully  this  sentiment;  and  yet  it  will  be 
rare  to  find  one  who  has  so  amply  and  generously  repaid  it.  His 
gratitude  was  not  confined  to  words.  His  deeds  preceded  his  words; 
and  if  it  had  ever  been  necessary,  he  would  have  staked  his  whole 
fortune  and  his  life  as  well,  for  our  country  and  its  institutions. 

"  1  recall  an  occasion,  when  he  and  1  left  the  Union  League  Club 
together,  at  a  late  hour  one  evening,  and  walked  arm  in  arm  up  the 
avenue  to  our  homes.  1  listened  as  he  gave  me  some  happy  reminis- 
ences  of  his  busy  life.  When  we  reached  the  street,  I  stopped  to  part 
with  him.  "  No,"  said  he,  "I  will  walk  further  with  you,"  and  he 
kept  on  till  he  reached  my  home  on  50th  street.  "Now,"  I  said,  "it 
is  my  turn  to  walk  with  you,  sir,"  and  we  walked  slowly  back  to  his 
own  street,  where  we  compromised  by  his  walking  half  way  back 
with  me.  In  that  delightful  walk  he  developed  to  me  his  loving 
nature  toward  our  country,  its  government  and  its  people.  I  was 
chiefly  a  listener,  but  a  deeply  interested  and  pleased  one,  for  1  could 
see  and  feel  that  a  pure-hearted  and  patriotic  man  was  talking  from 
the  inmost  bosom  of  a  noble  and  tender  nature. 

"A  few  days  before  General  Grant  sailed  on  his  tour  around  the 
world,  the  brothers  Seligman  gave  him  a  farewell  dinner  at  Delmo- 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  487 

nico's.  There  were  forty  or  fifty  people  present.  General  Grant  was 
then  fully  relieved  from  all  public  cares,  and  felt  that  the  honors 
shown  him  on  that  occasion  were  the  tribute  of  pure  and  disinter- 
ested esteem  and  affection.  He  talked  with  me  as  I  sat  near  him  of 
the  services  his  hosts  had  rendered  the  government  during  the  war 
and  to  himself  during  his  administration,  with  a  warm  sense  of  what 
was  due  to  their  genuine  patriotism.  It  happened  afterwards,  and 
after  his  return  from  his  Eastern  tour,  that  I  met  with  General  Grant 
in  Paris.  He  spoke  on  that  occasion  of  that  dinner  and  his  great  en- 
joyment of  the  evening,  and  gave  a  warm  expression  of  his  esteem 
for  the  Seligmans  and  for  their  services  to  the  country  and  himself. 

"  Tt  was  a  merited  tribute  of  a  noble  man  to  worthy  citizens  and 
friends,  and  I  am  glad  to  lay  it  now  where  General  Grant  would  have 
placed  it — on  the  bier  of  Jesse  Seligman,  his  devoted  friend.     .     .     . 

.  .  .  "With  all  his  skill,  ability  and  success  in  business,  with 
all  his  love  for  his  country,  his  devotion  to  order  and  good  govern- 
ment, his  deep  and  tender  attachment  to  his  family  and  friends, 
I  think  his  chief  virtue  was  '  Charity,7  and  that  most  comprehensive 
and  beautiful  word  should  be  inscribed  on  his  tomb. 

From  General  Horace  Porter: 

"The  news  of  the  death  of  Jesse  Seligman  has  fallen  upon  many 
of  the  most  prominent  business  men  in  New  York  with  something 
akin  to  the  quiet  of  a  personal  bereavement.  Few  of  our  citizens 
have  been  more  generally  known  or  more  highly  esteemed.  His  sud- 
den removal  from  the  company  of  his  friends  and  from  the  active 
walks  of  business  life  brings  a  deep  regret  to  many  hearts  and  recalls 
the  admirable  traits  which  adorned  his  character.  My  personal  ac- 
quaintance with  him  began  a  few  years  after  the  war.  I  had  before 
that  time  heard  officers  of  the  army  and  others  speak  in  admiring 
terms  of  him  during  his  sojourn  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  where  he  had 
displayed  so  much  public  spirit  and  such  indomitable  courage  at  the 
time  the  law-abiding  citizens  were  trying  to  redeem  that  community 
from  the  domination  of  the  criminal  class.  I  found  him  displaying 
the  same  qualities  in  the  metropolis  which  had  commended  him  to 
his  fellow-citizens  in  the  West.  He  had  been  loyally  devoted  to  the 
cause  of  the  Union  in  the  great  struggle  for  the  preservation  of  its 
integrity,  and  was  always  an  ardent  laborer  in  all  great  works.  He 
was  never  known  to  be  anything  but  fearless  in  the  advocacy  of  the 
principles  he  believed  to  be  right,  and  always  manifested  his  faith  by 
his  works. 

********* 

"  His  death  removes  a  foremost  figure  in  our  national  and  business 
life;  and  we  shall  long  look  for  one  to  take  the  place  of  this  man, 
who  by  his  genius  as  a  financier,  his  broad  liberal  charity,  and  his 
loving  kindness  towards  suffering  humanity,  will  long  be  remem- 
bered; for  Mr.  Seligman's  life  and  work  have  made  him  one  of  the 
benefactors  of  mankind." 


438  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

From  E.  B.  Harper,  President  Mutual  Reserve  Fund  Life 
Association: 

11  Few  names  in  the  financial  and  business  world  of  New  York: 
are  better  known  than  that  of  Jesse  Seligman,  financier,  banker, 
philanthropist,  and  citizen.  Jt  may  truly  be  said  of  Mr.  Seligman 
that  he  attained  one  of  the  highest  positions  of  good  citizenship  in 
the  metropolis  of  the  nation.  While,  strictly  speaking,  a  financier, 
he  was  ever  ready  to  bring  capital,  business  experience  and  financial 
ability  into  the  broader  industrial  enterprises  of  the  nation  which,  in 
their  building  up,  employ  labor,  pay  out  vast  sums  in  wages,  add 
comfort  to  the  masses,  and  bring  prosperity  to  the  country.  He  was 
not  a  mere  banker,  but  closely  identified  with  sound  enterprises, 
which  have  built  up  the  Empire  State  and  developed  the  resources  of 
the  republic.  He  was  a  man  to  be  respected,  to  be  looked  up  to,  and 
his  career,  as  it  seems  to  me,  is  one  that  may  well  be  studied  to  ad- 
vantage by  the  youth  of  his  race  and  his  country.  The  Hebrew  race 
has  undoubtedly  given  to  the  world  more  of  the  most  extraordinary 
instances  of  great  wealth,  but  at  the  same  time  it  has  produced  many 
of  the  greatest  philanthropists  the  world  has  ever  known. 

u  It  is  difficult  to  sum  up  in  a  few  words  such  men  as  Mr.  Selig- 
man. He  was  a  man  who,  by  his  example,  as  well  as  his  action 
benefitted  the  community  of  which  he  was  an  honored  member,  and 
his  death  will  be  greatly  regretted,  not  only  by  those  who  knew  him 
intimately,  but  the  whole  community,  because  his  demise  will  be  a 
real  loss  to  them.  Our  wealth  of  humanity  is  not  so  great,  even  in 
this  great  city,  that  we  can  afford  to  lose  many  such  citizens." 

From  Henry  G.  Marquand,  Esq.,  President,  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art: 

"I  was  not  brought  in  contact  with  the  late  Jesse  Seligman  as 
often  as  some  others,  but  during  twenty  years  or  more  I  saw  enough 
of  him  to  form  a  very  high  opinion  of  his  work  as  a  citizen  of  this  re- 
public. His  views  were  always  of  the  broad  and  generous  stamp. 
They  were  not  confined  to  the  various  schemes  of  philanthropy,  but 
extended  to  the  enterprises  relating  to  high  culture  at  home  and 
abroad,  and  by  contact  with  him  it  was  easy  to  see  how  quickly  his 
sympathies  were  aroused  in  favor  of  everything  good " 

Ex-Mayor  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  expresses  himself  as  follows: 
"The  story  of  Jesse  Seligman's  life  should  be  produced  as  the  best 
commentary  on  his  career,  and  as  an  encouragement  to  all  young 
men  who  are  starting  out  on  the  journey  of  life. 

Perhaps  the  most  admirable  point  of  his  character  was  his  catholic 
charity  for  the  opinion  of  others  and  his  willingness  to  co-operate  in 
every  great  movement  without  regard  to  creed  or  race." 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  439 

From  Cornelius  N.  Bliss  : 

.  .  .  .  "  No  truer  friend,  once  in  Jesse  Seligman's  confidence  did 
mail  ever  have.  With  his  partners,  his  brothers,  he  has  been  of  inesti- 
mable service  to  the  United  States  Government  from  the  time  of  the 
Civil  War. 

UA  believer  in  Republican  principles,  he  was  a  quiet  but  all-impor- 
tant influence  in  the  councils  of  his  party.  Sagacious  in  counsel, 
always  for  peace  and  unity,  liberal  in  view,  rendering  to  all  their 
just  dues,  he  will  be  sorely  missed  in  all  circles— social,  charitable, 
business  and  political. 

The  foregoing  may  be  fitly  supplemented  by  the  following 
extract  from  a  sermon  delivered  by  the  late  Henry  Ward 
Beecher,  June  14,  1877.  Mr.  Beecher's  pointed  references  to 
the  absurd  prejudices  which  so  frequently  manifest  themselves 
at  summer  resorts  have  not  yet  lost  their  force  or  application: 

"  I  have  the  pleasure  of  the  acquaintance  of  the  gentleman  whose 
name  has  been  the  occasion  of  so  much  excitement — Mr.  Seligman. 
I  have  summered  with  his  family  for  several  years.  I  am  acquainted 
with  him,  with  his  honored  wife,  and  with  his  sons  and  daughters; 
and  I  have  learned  to  respect  and  love  them.  During  weeks  and 
months  I  was  with  them  at  the  Twin  Mountain  House;  and  not  only 
did  they  behave  in  a  manner  becoming  Christian  ladies  and  gentle- 
men, but  they  behaved  in  a  manner  that  ought  to  put  to  shame  many 
Christian  ladies  and  gentlemen.  They  were  my  helpers  and  they 
were  not  only  present  at  the  Sunday  services  at  the  Twin  Mountain 
House,  but  they  were  present  at  the  daily  prayer  meetings  on  week 
days,  volunteering  services  of  kindness.  I  learned  to  feel  that  they 
were  my  deacons  and  that  in  the  ministration  of  Christian  service 
they  were  beyond  the  power  of  prejudice  and  did  not  confine  them- 
selves to  the  limitations  which  might  be  prescribed  by  their  race." 

Hon.  Carl  Schurz  makes  reference,  as  the  reader  will  have 
noted,  to  the  "  unsurpassed  catholicity  of  spirit"  manifested 
by  Jesse  Seligman's  "bequests  without  regard  to  religion  or 
nationality."  Among  the  beneficiaries  of  his  concluding 
bounty  were  numbered  no  less  than  thirty-six  different  non- 
Jewish  institutions,  the  aggregate  of  these  legacies  amounting 
to  a  very  large  sum.  Unsurpassed  as  was  this  breadth  of  liber- 
ality ,  it  was  by  no  means  the  first  time  when  a  Jew  gave  signal 
evidence  of  the  supreme  catholicity  of  Judaism  and  the  Jewish 
spirit.  Adverting  but  passingly  to  the  story  of  Hyam  Salo- 
mon's liberality,  we  may  stop  to  remember  that  Judah  Touro, 


440  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

whose  patriotism  had  been  attested  with  his  blood  in  the 
defense  of  New  Orleans,  in  1815,  left  in  his  last  will  and  testa- 
ment in  1854,  an  example  of  catholic  munificence  unequalled 
before  his  time  and  unsurpassed  since.  Over  and  above  the 
various  bequests  made  by  him  to  Jewish  institutions  in 
different  cities  of  the  Union,  he  left  amounts  averaging  $5000 
to  fourteen  charitable  institutions  under  the  control  of  various 
Christian  denominations,  besides  $80,000  to  the  municipality 
of  New  Orleans  for  the  poor  of  that  city,  and  $10,000  to  the 
city  of  Newport,  R.  I.,  for  a  public  improvement.  This  latter 
formed  the  nucleus  of  the  public  park  of  that  city,  which  has 
commemorated  in  its  "Touro  Avenue"  the  public  spirit  of  this 
Jewish  citizen,  who  has  yet  another  memorial  on  Bunker  Hill 
monument,  to  the  erection  of  which  he  so  largely  contributed.* 
Michael  Reese,  of  San  Francisco,  who  died  in  1878,  be- 
queathed amounts  aggregating  $70,000  to  a  number  of  non- 
Jewish  charities,  besides  $50,000  to  the  University  of  Califor- 
nia, and  left  provisions  which  eventuated  in  the  establishment 
of  the  non-sectarian  Michael  Reese  Hospital  of  Chicago.  Ro- 
senna  Osterman,  of  Galveston,  and  Isidor  Dyer,  of  the  same 
city,  divided  their  estates  among  charitable  institutions  without 
distinction  of  creed. 

Miss  Ellen  Phillips,  of  Philadelphia,  whose  long  and  useful 
life,  constantly  devoted  to  the  cause  of  charity,  closed  on  Feb- 
ruary 2,  1 89 1,  after  aiding  the  cause  to  which  she  was  devoted 
by  her  unceasing  munificence  during  her  lifetime,  bequeathed 
the  bulk  of  her  property  to  various  charitable  institutions. 
She  left  the  large  collection  of  paintings  and  statuary  which 
she  inherited  from  her  brother,  the  late  Henry  M.  Phillips,  to 
the  Commissioners  of  Fairmount  Park,  as  an  addition  to  the 
collections  in  Memorial  Hall,  and  divided  a  very  large  sum  of 
money  among  numerous  charities,  naming  ten  different  non- 
Jewish  institutions  among  her  beneficiaries. 

The  will  of  Dr.  J.  D.  Berndt,  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  divides  a 
considerable  estate  almost  equally  between  Jewish  and  non- 
Jewish  institutions,  over  twenty  of  the  latter  class  being  named, 
and  the  residuary  estate  of  nearly  $35,000  is  equally  divided 

*  See  pages  63-4. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN  441 

between  the  American  Hebrew  College  of   Cincinnati  and  Car- 
negie Library  of  Pittsburg. 

Simon  Mnhr,  of  Philadelphia,  whose  untimely  death  in 
February,  1895,  was  mourned  by  Jew  and  Gentile  alike,  after 
making  certain  personal  bequests  and  devoting  a  fund  of 
$10,000  for  the  support  of  scholarships  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  left  the  residue  of  his  large  estate  to  be  divided 
into  three  parts,  one  part  to  be  allotted  among  Jewish  chari- 
ties, one  part  among  non-Jewish  charities,  and  the  third  part 
for  the  improvement  of  the  public  school  system  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

The  Philadelphia  Times  concluded  an  editorial  reference  to 
the  death  of  Simon  Muhr  as  follows: 

"  It  was  his  broad  and  simple  tolerance,  his  unfailing  charity  of 
heart  as  well  as  hand,  his  willingness  and  even  eagerness  to  take 
personal  trouble,  not  only  to  relieve  distress,  but  to  right  wrong,  and 
to  defend  the  victim  of  oppression,  however  humble  or  disreputable, 
that  gave  Simon  Muhr  a  peculiar  position  in  the  community  and  a 
peculiar  usefulness.  He  was  an  example  in  this  way  to  many  a 
professing  Christian,  whose  reading  of  the  parable  leads  him  only 
to  condemn  the  priest  and  the  Levite,  and  not  to  imitate  the  Good 
Samaritan." 

The  instances  of  Jewish  citizenship  and  catholicity  here 
cited  are  but  the  more  prominent  examples  of  that  spirit. 
Only  less  conspicuous,  but  with  equal  breadth  and  depth  of 
feeling  are  many  more  that  would  likewise  point  a  moral  for 
us  all. 


442  THE  A M ERICA N  JEW  AS 


JEWS  IN  LATIN  AMERICAN  SETTLEMENTS. 

The  preceding  pages  have  dealt  with  various  aspects  of  Jew- 
ish influence  in  Anglo-Saxon  America,  and  we  have  yet 
to  consider  the  extent  of  that  influence  in  the  Latin 
American  settlements.  Here  in  this  Western  Hemisphere, 
where  the  Jew  has  sought  an  asylum  from  the  historic  oppres- 
sions and  repressions  of  Old  World  prejudices,  and  where,  in 
the  very  year  that  saw  him  expelled  from  Spain  a  new  future 
was  opened  for  him  and  all  humanity,  here  the  Jew  has  been  at 
the  fore  from  the  very  landing  of  Columbus  to  the  present  day.* 

In  the  following  pages  is  presented  a  review  of  Jewish 
activity  and  influence  in  the  South  American  Colonies  and  the 
West  Indies,  which  has  been  collated  for  this  volume  by  Mr. 
George  Alexander  Kohut.  His  careful  studies  and  scientific 
investigations  in  this  hitherto  almost  untrodden  field  of  histori- 
cal research  have  resulted  in  the  development  of  many  highly 
interesting  facts,  and  his  work  affords  a  most  welcome  contribu- 
tion to  our  general  subject.  It  will  be  found  to  command  very 
justly  the  space  accorded  to  it. 

*See  Dr.  M.Kayserling's  "  Christopher  Columbus  and  the  Partic- 
ipation of  the  Jews  in  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  Discoveries." 
Translated,  from  the  German  by  Charles  Gross,  Ph.  D.,  Assistant 
Professor  of  History  in  Harvard  College.     New  York,  1894. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  443 


SKETCHES     OF     JEWISH     LOYALTY,   BRAVERY     AND 

PATRIOTISM    IN    THE    SOUTH    AMERICAN 

COLONIES  AND  THE  WEST  INDIES. 


By  George  Alexander  Kohut,  New  York  City. 


I 

Services  Rendered  to  the  Dutch   by  the  Jews  oe   Brazil 

(1628-44). 

In  1624,  when  the  Dutch  conquered  Brazil,  several  Jews,  de- 
sirous of  joining  their  co-believers  in  the  newly  acquired  Dutch 
dominions,  where  our  brethren  nourished  for  many  decades 
previously  in  the  guise  of  New  Christians  or  Marranos,  enlisted 
in  the  Hollandish  fleet  as  volunteers.  Encouraged  by  this  show 
of  patriotism  on  the  part  of  their  newly  arrived  co-religionists, 
who,  under  the  reign  of  the  United  Provinces,  enjoyed  all  the 
blessings  of  peace  and  equality,  many  Nuevos  Christian os 
openly  renounced  their  sham  faith  and  re-avowed  Judaism, 
happy  once  more  to  breathe  the  air  of  freedom  without  suffer- 
ing persecution.  It  is  said  that  the  Jewish  soldiers  in  the  navy 
displayed  so  much  zeal  and  courage  in  the  taking  possession  of 
Brazil  that  the  government  protected  them  ever  after.1     Even 

1  See  H.  J.  Koenen's  prize  essay,  Geschiedenis  derJoden  in  Neder- 
land  (Utrecht,  1848),  pp.  277-78:  "Machtig  breide  zich  deze  bevolking 
uitals  de  Nederlanders  omstreeks  net  jaar  1624  Brazilie  veroverden. 
Op  de  Hollandsche  vloot  hadden  verscheiden  Joden  vrijwillig  dienst 
genomen,  om  zich  in  net  te  vermeesteren  gewest  met  hunne  geloofs- 
genooten  te  vereenigen.  Deze  ontmoeting,  en  de  voor  hen  aanlichteDde 
vrijheid  onder  Hollandsche  Bestuur,  maakten,  dat  vele  Braziliaansche 
Nieuwe  Christenen  wederom  opentlyk  net  Jodeudom  beleden;  en  dat 
zij  eerlang  eene  tweede  volkplanting  hunner  geloofsgenooten  te  Cayen- 
ne stichtedeu,  waar  David  Nassi,  een  geboren  Braziliaan,  zich  met 
goedkeuring  der  West-Indische  Compagnie  nederzette.  Inmiddels 
hadden  de  Joden,  die  met 's  lands  vloot  in  1624  naar  Brazilie  overgesto- 
ken  waren  en  de  Neder landers  dat  land  hadden  helpen  vermeesteren, 
aan  hunne  te  Amsterdam  woonachtige  broederen  geschreven,  en  hen 
uitgenoodigd  om  zich  in  het  nieuw  veroverde  gewest  op  den  pas 
outgonuen  koophandel  te  komen    toeleggen  ;    waartoe  eene  ruime 


444  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

before  putting  to  sea,  remarks  a  French  historian  of  Brazil,'2  the 
Dutch  admirals  obtained  much  useful  information  concerning 
the  political  situation  of  Brazil,  from  the  Israelites  there  settled, 
and  who  were  all  eager  to  remain,  or  rather,  to  pass  over  to  the 
Dutch,  whose  liberal  spirit  and  religious  tolerance  seemed  much 
more  inviting  to  them  than  the  cruel  sceptre  of  Spain  or  Portu- 
gal. This  is  furthermore  corroborated  by  another  (English) 
writer,  Mr.  Robert  G.  Watson,  in  his  excellent  work:  Spanish 
and  Portuguese  South  America  during  the  Colonial  Period 
(London,  1884),  Vol.  II,  p.  1,  where  we  read:  "The  religious 
intolerance  from  which  the  Dutch  had  themselves  so  terribly 
suffered  at  the  hands  of  their  Spanish  rulers  had  taught  them 
to  be  tolerant  in  such  matters  towards  others,  and  to  this 
circumstance  they  were  now  (1623-2^)  indebted  for  much  valuable 
information  respecting  Brazil,  which  they  received  from  the  fews 
u  'ho  had  taken  refuge  amongst  them . ' ' 

It  is  apparent  from  these  and  other  items  to  be  mentioned 
later  that  the  JewTs  rendered  not  only  military  and  naval  service 
to  the  Dutch  in  their  struggle  against  Portugal  in  Brazil,  but 

gelegendheid  was,  sedert  de  Hollanders,  ua  net  sluiten  van  eenen 
wapenstilstand  met  de  Portugezen,  eene  publicatie  hadden  afgekon- 
digd,  dat  het  den  Joden  voortan  volkomen  zoude  vrijstaan,  zich  in 
Brazilie  te  vestigen,  etc." 

We  have  copied  this  in  full,  as  Koenen,  whom  recent  historians  all 
follow,  is  the  only  authentic  source,  although  in  this  case  no  authori- 
ties are  given.  This  point,  and  others  in  connection  with  the  early 
Jewish  settlements  in  Brazil  were  discussed  by  the  present  writer 
in  two  papers:  Early  Jewish  Literature  in  America,  in  Publications 
of  the  American  Jewish  Historical  Society  {=P.  A.  J.  H  S.),  No.  3 
(IHOo),  pp.  108-47  (cf.  esp.  pp.  104,  105,  134-40)  and  Jewish  Martyrs  of 
the  Inquisition  in  South  America,  to  appear  simultaneously  with  this 
volume,  in  the  same  place,  No.  4. 

2  See  Pieter  Marinus  Netscher's  Les  Hollandais  au  Bresil,  Notice 
Historique  sur  les  Pays-Bas  et  le  Bresil  au  XV IP  siecle  (La  Haye, 
1853),  p.  14:  "  Avantdemettre  en  mer  (1623?),  les  amiraux  Hollandais 
obtinrent  sur  la  situation  politique  du  Bresil  les  informations  les  plus 
utiles  par  V  intermediaire  des  Juifs  qui  s'y  etaient  gtablis,  et  qui 
presque  tous,  desiraient  avec  ardeur  passer  sous  le  gouvernement  des 
Provinces-Unies,  a  cause  de  sa  tolerance  en  matiere  de  religion." 
Cf.  also  J)e  Beauchamp's  Histoire  du  Bresil,  vol.  II,  p.  159 ;  Southey's 
History  of  Brazil  (2nd  ed.)  I,  pp.  477,  479,  495,  supplem.  note  135  ;  vol. 
II,  p.  241  ;  Judge  Daly's  Settlement  of  the  Jews  in  North  America 
(2nd  ed.  New  York,  1893)  p.  XVII. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN  445 

diplomatic  counsel  of  no  little  weight,  by  means  of  which  Hol- 
land could  conquer  the  American  possessions  and  establish  her- 
self most  firmly  there.  The  inhabitants  of  Brazil  at  about  that 
time  (1623-38)  were  not  very  yielding.  In  fact  R.  Southey,  the 
reliable  and  painstaking  historian,  says"  that  "The  Portuguese 
were  held  in  subjection  only  by  fear,  but  many  Portuguese 
Jews  from  Holland  had  taken  their  abode  in  a  country  where 
they  could  speak  their  own  language  as  well  as  enjoy  their  own 
religion.  These  were  excellent  subjects;  they  exercised  the 
charitable  industry  of  their  original  nation  secure  of  enjoying 
its  fruits  under  a  free  government."  The  Dutch,  upon  taking 
possession  of  Brazil,  issued  a  proclamation,  no  doubt  with  a 
view  of  attracting  the  Jews,  whose  accession  would  prove 
beneficial  to  the  interests  of  the  government,  whereby  they 
offered  full  possession  of  their  property,  and  freedom  of  worship 
to  all  such  as  would  submit.  Amongst  those  who  were  thus 
brought  under  Dutch  rule  were  two  hundred  Jews.  (cf. 
Watson,  /.  c.}  II,  p.  2.)  This  liberal  charter  of  religious 
freedom  lasted  as  long  as  the  Dutch  supremacy  until  the  Portu- 
guese re-conquest  of  Brazil  in  1654,  with  more  or  less  privileges, 
according  to  the  whim  of  the  public  whose  dictates  even  the 
government  had  to  obey,  as  we  may  see  from  what  took  place 
in  1638,  as  recorded  by  Southey  (/.  c,  Vol.  I,  p.  566):  "  Some 
of  the  Portuguese-Brazilians  also,  gladly  throwing  off  the  mask 
which  they  had  so  long  been  compelled  to  wear,  joined  their 
brethren  in  the  synagogue.  The  open  joy  with  which  they 
now  celebrated  their  ceremonies  attracted  too  much  notice;  it 
excited  horror  in  Catholics,  and  even  the  Dutch  thou  selves,  less 
liberal  than  their  laws,  pretended  that  the  toleration  of  Holland 
did  not  extend  to  Brazil;  the  senate  conceded  to,  and  perhaps 
partook  of  the  popular  feeling,  and  hence  arose  the  edict,  by  which 
the  Jews  were  ordered  to  perform  their  rites  more  in  private." 

Under  Count  Maurice's  gentle  reign  our  coreligionists  lived 
in  peace  and  they  appear  to  have  benefited  by  this  temporary 
respite   and  acquired   much   wealth,  for  we   find   on  record   a 

3  History  of  Brazil  (London,  1810),  Vol.  I,  p.  560;  cf.  also  the 
quotation  in  11.  G.  Watson's  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America, 
etc.,  op.  eit.,  Vol.  II,  p.  29. 

4  See  also  Netscher's  Les  Hollandais  au  Bresil,  etc.,  (La  Haye, 
1853),  p.  94:  "  Les  synagogues  furent  fermees,  et  les  Juifs  durent  se 


446  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

petition  from  the  Jews  of  Mauritsstad ,  dated  May  i,  1642, 
offering  an  annual  present  of  3000  florins  to  Count  Maurice  if 
he  would  be  induced  to  remain  as  their  Governor  in  Brazil.5  In 
1642,  at  the  urgent  invitation  of  their  coreligionists  (cf.  Koenen, 
/.  c. ,  p.  278),  600  Jews,  headed  by  Moses  Raphael  de  Aguilar 
and  Ishac  Aboab  de  Fonseca,  came  from  Amsterdam6  and 
formed  a  prosperous  colony  in  Recife,  which  gave  promise  of 
glorious  development,  had  not  the  wars  between  Holland  and 
Portugal,  in  which  our  brethren  took  noble  part,  destroyed 
their  hopes.  In  1642,  it  must  be  noted,  they  again  were  per- 
mitted to  worship  publicly,  a  privilege  which  did  not  remain 
unrewarded,  for  we  soon  hear  of  certain  state  services  rendered 
by  the  Jews  in  1644  and  later,  when  many  mean  conspiracies 
against  the  government  were  afoot,  concocted,  no  doubt  by  the 
Portuguese  under  Dutch  rule.  Watson  (Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese South  America,  etc.,  London,  1884,  Vol,  II,  p.  47)  says: 
"At  length,  however,  the  time  came  when  his  (the  chief  con- 
spirator's, Fernandes)  practices  could  no  longer  be  ignored  by 
the  government,  who  were  set  on  their  guard  chiefly  by  the  Jews. 
These  are  certainly  not  to  be  blamed  for  wishing  a  continu- 
ance of  the  status  quo;  since,  in  the  event  of  an  outbreak,  they 
were  certain  to  be  plundered  by  both  parties  with  complete  im- 
partiality; whilst,  in  the  event  of  a  victory  on  the  part  of  the 
Portuguese,  they  had  before  them  the  image  of  the  fiendish 
agents  of  the  Inquisition, ' '  which,  as  we  have  elsewhere  shown,7 

borner  k  c£16brer  leur  culte  dans  1'  interieur  des  maisons.  Le  mal 
fut  d' autant  plus  sensible  qu'  un  grand  nombre  de  comniereants 
respectables  et  d'autres  habitants  du  Br6sil-Hollandais  otaient  des 
Juifs,  qui  depuis  nombre  d'annees  s'etaient  r6fugi£s  au  Recife  on  qui 
recemment  y  avaient  6te"  attire's  par  Ja  tolerance  du  comte  Maurice." 
Cf.  also  ibid.,  pp.  128,  202,  note  82  ;  and  Judge  Daly's  work,  op.  cit  , 
p.  6.  On  the  subject  of  religious  freedom  enjoyed  by. Jews  in  Brazil, 
more  at  another  time. 

5  Cf.  Netscher's  work,  op.  cit.,  p.  127.  The  document  is  preserved 
in  Le  rapport  detaille  de  Tolner,  contresigne"  par  le  Comte,  avec  tons 
l 'es  appendices,  se  trouve  aux  Arch,  du  Roy.,  Liasse  Ind.  Oca,  1  (>4 1  — 
1644.     The  contents  of  this  letter  will  be  communicated  elsewhere. 

6  See  Dr.  M.  Kayserling's  article  in  P.  A.  J.  II.  S.,  No.  8,  (1895), 
p.  14  sq.  Geo.  A.  Kohut,  ibid.,  pp.  103,  105,  137  sq. 

7  Proofs  for  these  statements  may  be  found  in  my  study  on  The 
Jewish  Martyrs  of  the  Inquisition  in  South  America,  P.  A.  J.  H.  S., 
No.  4,  (1895.) 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  447 

they  had  good  reason  to  fear.  We  read  later  (/.  c,  p.  48)  that 
Fernandes  could  not  be  captured  and  summoned  troops.  Many 
obeyed  the  call  and  fell  upon  such  Dutchmen  and  Jews  as 
happened  to  be  within  their  reach. 

The  loyalty  of  the  Jews  in  the  matter  of  revealing  the  vari- 
ous state  conspiracies  is  thus  alluded  to  by  Pieter  Marinus 
Netscher  in  his  admirable  work  Les  Hollandais  au  Brest  I,  (La 
Haye  1853),  p.  145:  "Fortunately,  national  and  religious 
fanaticism  did  not  smother  the  sentiments  of  humanity  and 
justice  in  the  hearts  of  all  the  conspirators.  Two  Portuguese 
[Jews?]  Sebastian  Carvalho  and  Fernando  Vale,  with  five  Jews , 
fearing  that  their  lives  and  fortunes  were  at  stake,  resolved  to 
disclose  the  secret  of  the  plot  to  the  Grand  Council.8  Another 
conspiracy  was  brought  to  light  and  denounced  to  the  govern- 
ment by  a  Jew  named  Moise  Accoig?ies,  who,  against  his  will, 
was  forced  to  become  an  accessory  to  the  plot.9  He  is  no  doubt 
alluded  to  by  Prof.  H.  Graetz,  who,  in  his  History  of  the  Jews 
(English  version,  Philadelphia,  1895,  Vol.  IV,  p.  693.  Jewish 
Publication  Society  of  America)  writes:  "Of  course,  the 
Brazilian  Jews  enjoyed  perfect  equality  of  rights  with  other 
citizens,  for  they  rendered  the  Dutch  essential  services  as  advisers 
a?id  warriors.  When  the  native  Portuguese,  who  bore  the 
yoke  of  the  Dutch  impatiently,  formed  a  conspiracy  to  get  rid 
of  the  Dutch  authorities  at  a  banquet  in  the  capital,  and  attack 
the  colony  bereft  of  government  [?],  a  Jeiv  gave  ivaniing,  and 

8  We  give  the  text  in  full:  "  Heureusement  le  fanatisme  national 
et  religieux  n'avait  pas  £toufT£  les  sentiments  d'humauite  et  de  loy- 
aute  dans  les  coeurs  de  tous  les  conjures.  Deux  Portugais,  Sebastian 
Carvalho  et  Fernando  Vale,  avec  cinq  Juifs,  craignant  d'ailleurs  aussi 
pour  leurs  jours  et  leur  fortune,  se  deciderent  en  commun  a  reveler  le 
secret  de  la  conspiration  au  grand  conseil." 

9  Cf.  Montanus  Arnoldus,  De  nieuwe  en  onbekende  ivereld  of 
beschrijving  van  Amerika  enH  Zuidland,  Amsterdam,  1671,  fol.  81; 
Netscher,  I.  c,  p.  144,  says:  "  Un  Juif,  Moise  Accoignes,  qu'on  avait 
force  a.  prendre  part  k  cette  conspiration  le  dononca  au  grand 
conseil."  N.  G.  van  Kampen,  in  his  Oeschichte  dec  Niederlande,  vol. 
II,  p.  118  and  Frankel  in  Monatsschrift,  vol.  XII  (1863)  p.  328-824, 
record,  that  the  ringleader  in  this  conspiracy  was  Joan  Fernandes 
Vinira  (?),  who  intended  to  poison  the  government  officials  at  a  din- 
ner given  at  his  own  home,  and  the  plot  would  have  succeeded  had 
not  a  Jew  raised  the  alarm. 


448  THE  AMEBIC  A  N  JEW  AS 

saved  the  colony  from  certain  destruction."  Southey,  whom  at 
the  present  writing  we  are  unable  to  consult,  (cf.  his  History 
of  Brazil,  Vol.  II,  pp.  60-70),  and  Koenen,  also  chronicle  the 
the  timely  intervention  of  a  faithful  Israelite,10  who,  at  the  risk 
of  his  life,  for  the  conspirators  would  not  have  scrupled  to  put 
him  out  of  the  way,  informed  the  authorities  of  the  impending 
calamity  to  the  state. 

We  also  know  that  a  Jew  in  Lisbon  proved  instrumental  in  in- 
tercepting some  official  papers  in  reference  to  the  revolt  in  Brazil.11 

The  execution  of  one,  Jacob  Rabbi,  an  agent  of  Holland, 
who  must  have  been  a  Jew,  is  mentioned  by  Netscher  in 
the  following  terms:  " The  cause  of  this  deser- 
tion [from  the  Portuguese  troops  ?]  was  that  the  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  Garstman,  had  been  sufficiently  impolitic  to  put  to 
death  (in  1645  or  1646  ?)  for  a  real  or  supposed  crime,  a  certain 
Jacob  Rabbi,  German  by  birth,  of  a  ferocious  character.  He 
had  lived  for  many  years  among  the  savages  as  agent  of  the 
Hollandish  government."12 

It  is  evident  that  the  Dutch  Government  and  especially  the 
Governor,  Count  Maurice  de  Nassau,  was  not  backward  in 
appreciating  the  services  of  the  Jews.  An  ordinance  from  the 
States-General  reads: 

"  .  .  .  The  persons,  goods  and  rights  of  the  Jews  in 
Brazil  are  taken  under  the  special  protection  of  the  Govern- 

10  Cf.  Oe8chiedenis  der  Joden,  p  279:  De  terugroeping  van  Julian 
Maurits,  wiens  edele  afkomst  en  schitterende  eigenschappe  zelfs  den 
Portugezen  eerbied  inboezemden,  en  wiens  ongt  lookige  opvolgers, 
meestal  kooplieden  (merchants),  leden  de  Westiiidische  Maatsehap- 
pij,  door  hnnne  bekrompenheid,  hebzucht  en  onmenschelijkheid 
algenieenen  afkeer  vervvekten,  deed  onder  de  Portugesche  ingezetenen 
een  sluw  beraamde  zanienzweriug  tegen  de  Hollanders  onstaan,  die 
op  het  punt  was  van  te  gelnkken,  toen  een  Joodsche geneesheer  haar 
door  het  schrijven  van  een  naamloozen  brief  aan  den  dag  bracht,"  etc. 

"Netscher,  /.  c.  p.  153.  :  " Mais  on  parvint  enfin  en 

Hollande,  <\  se  procurer,  par  un  Juif  qui  demeurait  a  Lisbonne,  le 
moyen  d'intercepter  quelques  lettres  du  roi,  qui  prouverent  au  sou- 
lavement  dans  le  Bresil."  (Ces  lettres  se  trouvent  aux  Arch  du  Roy., 
Liasse  Ind.  Occ.  1647  et  1648.) 

12 Cf.  ibid,  I.  c,  p.  154  ;  See  also  Lettre  de  Jtistif.  de  Garstman  aux 
Etats-generaux  en  date  du  27  Septembre,  164<>.  Arch,  du  Roy.,  Liasse 
Ind.  Occ.  1645  et  1646. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  449 

ment,  because  of  the  fidelity  and  courage  which  that  nation  had 
on  every  occasion  displayed  toward  the  said  Government.''  'l3 


II. 

Brave  Defense  of  the  Jews  in  Brazil  in  1645-1646. 

The  best  evidence  of  Jewish  loyalty  to  their  lenient  Dutch 

rulers  was  given  at  a  time  when  the  Hollandish  Government 

was   contending   with   the    Portuguese    for   the   possession    of 

Brazil.     The  numerous  conspiracies  years  previous  were  only 

a  foretaste  of  what  followed  and  when  at  last,  in  the  year  1645, 

war  actually  broke   out,    our   co-religionists    lost  no  time   in 

siding  with  their  generous  patrons,  regardless  of  consequences. 

Among   those   that    distinguished   themselves   for  their  noble 

patriotism  and  whose  co-operation   in  behalf  of  the  needy  and 

distressed  won  all  hearts,  was  a  wealthy  Israelite,   Abraham 

Coen    by   name,  whose  fame   is   recognized   in   the  following 

verses  written  in  his  honor  by  one  of  the  greatest  Portuguese 

Jewish  poets  of   Holland,  Don   Miguel   Levi  de  Barrios,  who 

visited  Cayenne14  in  1 660   and  remained  there  until  1 662  : 

Abraham  Coen  en  el  Brasil  remoto 
del  prineipe  Mauri cio  hallo  el  agrado 
prospero  y  noble,  y  oy  del  Rey  Empireo 
goco  la  luz  en  ideal  palacio. 
Cerco  al  Brasil  el  luso  balicoso 
en  nueve  ailos  continuos,  que  empeqaron 
en  el  de  mil  seiscientos  y  quarenta 
y  cinco,  contra  el  valeroso  Holandio. 

Y  en  todos  con  magnanima  grandeza 

el  grande  Abraham  Coen  sustento  h  quantos 

Judios  y  Cristianos  de  su  auxilio 

en  la  miser ia  atroz  necesitaron. 

Entonces  los  Senoras  del  Supremo 

Consejo  sobre  el  Pueblo  Brasiliano 

vieron  del  ftel  Coen  la  piedad  grande. Xb 

13  Cf.  Dr.  A.  Hahn,  in  American  Jews1  Annual  for  1888-1887, 
p.  35;  see  also  Isaac  de  Costa,  Israel  und  die  Voelker  (Frankfort  o. 
M.,  1855),  p.  319  ;  and  Dr.  Z.  Frankel,  in  his  Monatsschrift,  vol.  XII, 
(1863),  p.  :J,23. 

w  Cf.  Kayserling's  Sephardim,  Romanische  Poesien  der  Juden 
in  Spanien  (Leipzig  1859)  p.  266;  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.;  No.  3,  p.  18. 

15  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.,  I.  c,  p.  15,  note.     Jacob  Coen,  Abraham's  eldest 
son,  was  afterwards  appointed  "Contador  Mayor,"  Receiver— General 
of  Duke  Moritz  of  Nassau.  Cf.  ib.  I.  c. 
29 


450  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Dr.  Harm  informs  us  that  "  in  the  perilous  times  of  1645  and 
1648  great  services  were  rendered  to  the  government  by  the 
Portuguese  family  of  Cohen  in  furnishing  ammunition  and  pro- 
visions."16 

The  Portuguese  besieged  Recife,  near  Pernambuco,  which 
boasted  of  a  large  Jewish  population  (among  them  several  fine 
scholars:  David  Senior  Coronel,  Dr.  Abraham  de  Mercado, 
Jahacob  Mucate,  Ishac  Castanho  and  others)17  and  the  inhabit- 
ants thus  deprived  of  every  possible  communication,  endured 
much  suffering.  The  Jews,  encouraged  by  their  learned  and 
eloquent  Rabbi  Isaac  Aboab,  the  friend  of  Menasse  ben  Israel, 
bore  their  tribulations  bravely,  and  though  almost  famished  for 
want  of  nourishment,  defended  the  fort  with  such  remarkable 
skill  and  heroism,  as  to  evoke  the  praise  and  gratitude  of  the 
Government.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  dauntless  resistance 
offered  by  them,  the  garrison  would  have  been  compelled 
to  surrender. 

Aboab  commemorated  his  thrilling  experiences  of  war  in 
the  introductory  chapter  of  his  Hebrew  version  of  Abraham 
Cohen  Herrera's  Porta  Coeli  (Sha'ar  Ha'shamayim)  which 
he  began  to  translate  in  June,  1655  (22nd  of  Siwan  5415). 
Besides  this,  he  wrote  nine  years  before  (anno  1646)  a  poetical 
-account  of  the  siege  in  a  work  entitled  Seeker  Pab;18  Prayers 
and  Confessions  a?id  Supplications,  which  were  composed  for 
appealing  to  God  in  his  trouble  and  in  the  distress  of  the  Con- 
gregation, when  the  troops  of 'Portugal  overwhelmed  them  during 
their  sojourn  in  Brazil  in  the  year  5406  \_1646'].  A?id  I  have 
caused  the  "wonderful  works  of  God  to  be  remembered  in  songs 
and  praises,  when  he  released  them  from  the  hands  of  their 
enemies.  It  is  written  in  Hebrew.  The  Ms.  is  still  extant  in 
Amsterdam,  in  possession  of  the   "Arbol  de  las  Vidas"  Theo- 

16  Cf.  American  Jews1  Annual  for  1886-1887,  p.  35;  Isaac  de  Costa, 
/.  c,  p.  318;  see  also  Hon.  Oscar  S.  Straus's  address  in  P.  A.  J.  H.  &'., 
No.3,  p  3. 

17  See  Kayserling  in  P.  A.  J.  II.  S.,  /.  c,  p.  14  ;  Graetz,  History 
of  the  Jews  (Engl,  transl.)  vol.  IV,  p.  693. 

18  See  full  particulars  concerning  this  work  in  our  study  on  Early 
Jewish  Literature  in  America,  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.,  No.  3,  pp.  105,  106 
139,  No.  9,  and  Dr.  Kayserling's  paper,  ibid.  I.  c,  p.  16. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  451 

logical  Society.19  The  part  played  by  the  Jews  in  the  defense 
of  the  colony  is  described  by  eminent  Jewish  and  Christian 
historians.20  Dr.  Kayserling's  and  Prof.  Graetz's  accounts  are 
worth  citing  in  ex  ten  so.  The  former,  who  is  engaged  in  copying 
this  earliest  specimens  of  American  Jewish  literature,  the  work 
of  Isaac  Aboab,  for  the  American  Jewish  Historical  Society, 
writes  as  follows:  "Aboab  became  Chacham  (Chief)  of  the 
congregation  in  Recife,  which  would  have  become  one  of  the 
largest  and  richest,  had  it  not  been  hindered  in  its  develop- 
ment by  the  disturbances  of  war;  it  was  dissolved  after  a  short 
existence.  The  new  settlers  enjoyed  tranquility  only  for  a 
few  years,  for  already  in  1645  the  sanguinary  struggles,  for 
the  possession  of  the  colony,  between  the  Portuguese  and  the 
Hollanders  began.  The  Jews  stood  faithfully  on  the  side  of 
the  Hollanders,  who  had  granted  them  perfect  equality,  and 
distinguished  themselves  by  courage  and  heroism,  as  well  as 
by  succor  to  the  distressed.  During  the  war  Abraham  Coen, 
a  rich  and  high-minded  man  of  Amsterdam,  who  was  in  great 
favor  with  Duke  Moritz  of  Nassau,  supported  Jews  and  Chris- 
tians in  such  a  magnanimous  way  that  the  Supreme  Council 
of  the  Brazilian  people  looked  with  admiration  at  the  great 
work  of  mercy.  Isaac  Aboab  faithfully  discharged  the  duties 
of  his  office;  he  ordered  days  of  fasting  and  prayer,  and  his 
fiery  speeches  encouraged  his  co-religionists  to  perseverance 
and  devotion.  It  was  a  fierce  struggle  of  nine  years  which 
brought  much  suffering  on  the  Jews.  Recife  was  besieged 
and  the  garrison  decimated  by  hunger.  '  Many  of  the  Jewish 
immigrants  were  killed  by  the  enemy,  many  died  of  hunger. 
The  remainder  were  exposed  to  death  from  similar  causes. 
Those  who  had  been  accustomed  to  delicacies  were  glad  to  be 
able  to  satisfy  their  hunger  with  dry  bread;  soon  they  could 
not  obtain  even  this;  they  were  in  want  of  everything,  and 
were  preserved  alive  as  by  a  miracle.'  " 

1!'Cf.  Z.  c,  p.  16,  No.  8. 

20  Cf.  Van  Kampen,  Geschichte  der  Niederlandc,  vol.  II,  p.  120  ; 
apud  Frankel,  Monatsschrift,  vol.  XII  (1863),  p.  324;  Koenen's 
Gesehiedenis  der  Joden  in  Nederland  (Utrecht,  1843)  p.  280  sq.; 
Isaac  da  Costa,  Israel  und  die  Voelker  (Germ.  ed.  by  K.  Mann, 
Frankfort,  A.  M.,  1855)  p.  318  ft.;  Graetz's  History,  I.  c,  p.  693-4; 
Kayserling,  ib.,  I.  c,  pp.  17-18. 


452  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Prof.  Graetz,  still  more  explicit,  writes  to  the  following  effect : 
''In  1646,  when  open  war  broke  out  between  the  Portuguese  and 
the  Dutch,  and  the  garrison  of  Recife,  exhausted  by  famine, 
was  on  the  point  of  surrendering  unconditionally,  the  Jews 
encouraged  the  governor  to  brave  resistance.  A  fanatical  war 
of  race  and  religion  between  the  Portuguese  and  the  Dutch 
devastated  fair  Brazil,  and  a  famine  ensued.  The  Jews  vied  with 
the  Dutch  in  suffering  and  bravery.  Isaac  Aboab,  the  Chacham 
of  the  Brazil  community,  paints  the  suffering  of  the  war, 
which  he  himself  endured,  in  lurid  colors:  '  Volumes  would 
not  suffice  to  relate  our  miseries.  The  enemy  spread  over 
field  and  wood,  seeking  here  for  booty  and  there  for  life. 
Many  of  us  died,  sword  in  hand,  others  from  want;  they  now 
rest  in  cold  earth.  We  survivors  were  exposed  to  death  in 
every  form;  those  accustomed  to  luxuries  were  glad  to  seize 
mouldy  bread  to  stay  their  hunger. ' 

"At  last,  the  States- General  were  compelled  by  European 
wars  to  surrender  the  colony  to  the  Portuguese.  The  devoted 
zeal  of  the  Jews  for  the  political  welfare  of  the  Dutch  was  a 
firm  band,  never  afterwards  dissolved,  between  them  and  the 
Republic.  The  toleration  and  equal  position  of  Jews  in  the 
Netherlands  were  ensured  forever." 

Southey  relates  (History  of  Brazil,  Vol.  II,  p.  241;  apud 
Koenen's  Gcschicdenis,  p.  281),  that  when  the  Dutch  in  Recife 
were  besieged  the  second  time,21  the  Jews  manifested  much 
courage  and  bravery  in  its  defense.  One  of  the  Pintos  (Jewish 
stock  also  in  Surinam,  where  Isaac  Pinto,  a  member  of  this 
family,  likewise  displayed  zeal  and  heroism  in  resisting  the 
enemy),  is  said  to  have  manned  the  fort  Dos  Affrogados  single 
handed,  until,  overwhelmed  by  superior  force,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  surrender. 

"  In  the  wars  of  the  Dutch  against  the  Spaniards,"  says  Dr. 
A.  Hahn,  "one  of  the  Pintos  was  killed  at  his  post  while 
bravely  defending  one  of  the  fortresses."  His  death  is  nowhere 
else  recorded,  however.22 

21  Cf.  Southey 's  History  of  Brazil,  Vol.  II,  pp.  202-230;  Van 
Kampen,  Oeschichte  der  Niederlande ,  Vol.  II,  pp.  120-122;  also  the 
same  writer's  Geschiedenis  der  Nederlanders  buiten  Europa;  Isaac 
de  Costa,  op.  cit.,  p.  319. 

22  See  the  American  Jews1  Annual  for  1886-1887,  p.  35. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  453 

The  supremacy  of  the  United  Provinces  now  came  to  an  end 
in  America.  On  the  23d  of  January,  1654,  Recife,  together 
with  the  neighboring  cities  of  Mauri tsstad,  Parayba,  Itamarica, 
Seara,  and  other  Hollandish  possessions,  was  ceded  to  the 
Portuguese  conquerors,  with  the  condition  that  a  general 
amnesty  be  granted.  (Koenen,  /.  c,  p.  282).  Although,  as 
Netscher3  remarks,  this  stipulation  was  agreed  upon,  and  the 
Jews,  who  were  loyal  supporters  of  Holland,  were  promised 
every  consideration,  the  Portuguese  governor,  heeding  the 
treacherous  advice  of  jealous  persons,  ordered  the  Jews  to  quit 
Brazil  at  once.  It  must  be  admitted,  in  justice  to  Portugal, 
that  he  treated  them  kindly ,  inasmuch  as  he  placed  at  their  dis- 
posal sixteen  vessels  to  carry  them  and  their  property  any- 
where they  chose,  and  furnished  them  with  passports  and  safe- 
guards. Thus  after  a  residence  of  several  decades,  Aboab, 
Aguilar,  the  Nassys,  Pereiras,  the  Mezas,  Abraham  de  Castro, 
Josua  Sarfati,  both  surnamed  e/  Bras//,'u  returned  to  Amster- 
dam, and  many  others  went  to  New  York,  where  they  formed 
the  nucleus  of  a  prosperous  colony.  They  arrived  in  safety, 
although  one  of  their  vessels,  attacked  by  pirates,  was  rescued 
by  the  French  and  escorted  to  New  Holland.25 

23  Les  Hollandais  au  Bresil,  p.  168,  ad  ann.  1653-1654:  "  Une 
amnistie  pleine  et  entire  etait  accordee  aux  Portugais  et  aux  Juifs, 
qui  avaieirt  pris  cause  pour  le  gouvernement  Hollandais,  et  les  Juifs  et 
autres  personnes  non-eatholiques  qui  resteraient  au  Bresil  y  seraient 
traites  de  la  meme  maniere,  qu'au  Portugal  (ce  qui  caehait  une  arriere- 
pensee  digne  de  Tintolerauce  relfgieuse  de  ces  jours-la."  Here  he  adds 
a  note  which  is  hardly  correct:  "  Aujourdhuiil  ne  se  trouventpresque 
pas  des  Juifs  au  Bresil." 

24  Cf.  Koenen,  I.e.,  p.  282;  Kayserling,  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.,  No.  3, 
p.  17. 

26  See  the  Measseph  for  1784;  ap.  Jost,  Ge8chichte  der  Israeliten, 
Vol.  VIII,  pp.  241-242;  Da  Costa,  Israel  und  Die  Voelker,  I.  c,  pp. 
321-322;  Dr.  Hahn  in  The  American  Jews1  Annual  (1886-1887)  p.  36; 
Kev.  E.  M.  Myers'  The  Centurtal  (New  York,  1890),  p.  105;  P.  A.  J. 
H.  S.j  No.  2,  p.  99.  More  fully  in  our  paper  on  Early  Jewish  Litera- 
ture in  America,  I.  c,  p.  138-139. 


454  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

III. 

Samuel  Nassy  of  Surinam. 


Not  all  the  Jews,  who  were  by  royal  order  expelled  from 
Brazil  in  1654,  when  the  Dutch  possessions  in  South  America 
were  ceded  to  Portugal,  left  their  adopted  country,  where  they, 
for  a  brief  span  of  years  enjoyed  all  the  privileges  of  their 
fellowmen.  Many  were  so  much  attached  to  American  soil 
that  they  dared  remain,  despite  the  edict  of  banishment,  in 
Brazil  and  elsewhere. 

In  Dutch  Guiana,  a  thrifty  colony  was  formed  as  early  as 
1644,26  two  years  after  the  influx  and  settlement  of  Amsterdam 
Jews  in  Brazil  under  Aboab  and  Aguilar.  These  were  un- 
doubtedly the  original  colonists  of  Brazil.  This  colony  soon 
increased  by  a  second  settlement  of  Jews  hailing,  likewise,  from 
Brazil,  who  were  undoubtedly  persuaded  to  migrate  thither  by 
their  Dutch  coreligionists  in  Cayenne.  The  President  of  the  West 
Indian  Company,  recognizing  their  influence  as  a  commercial 
and  political  body,  granted  a  most  liberal  charter  of  rights27  in 
J659  (September  12th),  wherein  freedom  of  thought,  and 
liberty  of  conscience  and  worship  were  duly  accorded  to  them 
through  their  able  representative,  David  Nassy,  a  native  Bra- 
zilian, who, by  force  of  his  personality,  culture  and  intelligence, 
was  destined  to  play  a  most  important  part  in  the  political  and 
social  development  of  this  and  other  colonies  subsequently 
formed  in  the  Guianas.  So  enticing  was  this  generous  pro- 
gramme, that  already   in  the  following  year,  1660,  152   Jews 

26  Cf.  Koenen's  Oeschiedenis  der  Joden  in  Nederland,  p.  283; 
Dr.  M.  Kayserling,  Sephardim,  Romanische  Poesien  der  Juden  in 
Spanien,  (Leipzig,  1859),  p.  265. 

27  The  Dutch  text  of  this  valuable  document  is  published  in  the 
Essai  Historique  sur  la  Colonie  Surinam,  Paramaribo  1788  [Amster- 
dam 1791],  Vol.  II,  pp.  113-122  and  in  Koenen's  work  on  the  History 
of  the  Jews  in  Holland,  I.  c,  pp.  460-466.  The  present  writer  intends 
to  reprint  the  original  text  with  an  English  translation  in  the  P.  A. 
J.  H.  S. ;  cf.  his  paper  on  Early  Jewish  Literature  in  America  in  the 
Publications  No.  3  (1895),  p.  104,  136,  137. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  455 

of  both  sexes,28  embarked  at  Livorno,  Italy,29  bound  for  the 
land  of  freedom,  where  they  arrived  in  the  ship  Monte  del 
Cisne,  having  set  sail  on  the  memorable  9th  day  of  Ab  (August) 
1660,  in  order  to  build  up  their  temple  under  more  favorable 
auspices  in  another  hemisphere.30 

Among  their  number  was  the  famous  Spanish  poet  and 
historian  De  Barrios  (see  above),  to  whom  we  owe  many 
important  items  of  early  American  Jewish  history.  His  visit 
to  America  was  not  a  happy  one,  for  shortly  after  his  arrival 
his  wife,  Deborah,  died  in  Tabago  (West  Indies).31 

The  continuous  wars  between  Holland  and  Portugal  caused 
the  colonists  no  little  grief  and  annoyance.  The  frequent 
devastations  of  the  French,  too,  who  were  equally  zealous  and 
greedy  for  conquest,  gave  them  so  much  anxiety  that  they 
decided  to  transplant  the  colony  to  Surinam — a  plan  which  was 
carried  out  on  May  15th,  1664.32 

As  the  writer  is  engaged  in  compiling  an  extensive  work  on 

28  Cf.  Kayserling  Sephardim,  etc.,  I.  c,  p.  266;  his  paper  on  the 
Earliest  Rabbis  arid  Jewish  Writers  in  America,  in  P.A.J.  II.  S., 
No.  3,  p.  18;  Koenen,  I.  c,  pp.  283-284. 

29  From  this  it  would  appear  that  the  Jews  in  South  America 
were  corresponding  and  perhaps  commercially  connected  with  their 
brethren  in  Italy.  We  have  elsewhere  proven  that  the  Marranos  in 
Hispaniola  were  carrying  on  an  extensive  trade  between  various  large 
sea-ports  of  Italy  (see  our  forthcoming  paper  on  The  Jewish  Martyrs 
of  the  Inquisition  in  South  America,  to  appear  in  P.  A.  J.  II.  S.,  No. 
4,  1895),  and  that  the  Jews  of  Brazil  as  early  as  1636  wrote  to  Rabbi 
Chayim  Sabbathai,  of  Salonica,  in  reference  to  disputes  arising  in  their 
midst  concerning  Jewish  customs  and  ritual  Cf.  the  notes  in  our 
study  quoted  above,  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.,  No.  3,  pp.  104-105,  137. 

30  Cf.  Barrios'  reference  at  the  end  of  his  Opuscula:  "EnTisa 
beab  (sic)  sali  de  Liorne  alio  de  1660  con  152  Almas  de  Israel  en  la 
nave  llamada  Monte  del  Cisne  para  ir  apoblar  a  Cayana  conquista  de 
Holandeses  en  America."  Koenen,  I.  c,  p.  283,  numbers  only  112 
passengers,  which  is  evidently  erroneous.  Cf.  also  Kayserling, 
Sephardim,  etc.,  p.  266,  note  1  ;  355,  n.  402;  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.,  No.  3, 
p.  18. 

31  Cf.  Kayserling  Sephardim,  I.  c,  and  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.,  3,  p.  18;  see 
more  fully  in  my  paper  on  a  Contribution  to  the  History  of  the  Jews 
in  the  Islands  of  St.  Thomas,  Jamaica  and  Barbadoes,  to  appear  in 
P.  A.  J.  H.  S.,  No.  4. 

32  See  Koenen's  Oeschiedenis,  p.  284.  The  date  1654,  there  given  is 
probably  a  misprint  for  1664. 


456  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

the  Jews  of  Surinam  he  refrains  now  from  entering  into  details 
concerning  their  early  career.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  the  spirit 
of  their  Dutch  masters  followed  them  thenceforth  for  more  than 
a  century  and  a  half.  The  English  government  then  ruling 
the  colony,  true  to  their  traditional  standard  of  tolerance  ever 
since  the  days  of  Cromwell  and  Menasseh  ben  Israel,  endowed 
them  with  equal  civil  rights  and  granted  them  not  only  full 
exercise  of  their  religion,  but  excused  them  from  public  and 
military  service  on  the  Sabbath  day.  The  document  is  a 
precious  chapter  in  the  history  of  religious  liberty  in  America. 
It  was  published  recently  by  the  present  writer.38  Without 
further  prolegomena,  we  desire  to  introduce  one  of  the  members 
of  the  famous  family  of  Nassy,  all  of  whom  fully  deserved  the 
distinction  of  nobility  implied  in  their  name,34  for  their  bravery 
and  statesmanship. 

History  records  the  estimable  services  of  Samuel  Nassy,  who 
but  for  some  unlucky  circumstance  would  have  occupied  the 
highest  official  position  in  Surinam.  De  Barrios,  who  probably 
knew  him  personally,  remembers  him  in  the  following  words: 
"  Del  pueblo  de  Sarinam  Samuel  Nasi  (si'e)  SeTwrea  El  eoracon 
eon  los  dones  y  et  estudio  con  la  eiencia.,,3°  Dr.  Kayserling,  in  a 
recent  article  says:  "  Of  great  influence  upon  the  free  develop- 
ment of  the  colony,  as  on  the  condition  of  the  Jewrish  inhabi- 
tants, was  the  activity  of  Samuel  Nasi,  a  talented  and  scientific- 
ally trained  man,  who  is  designated  as  '  Citizens'  Captain,'  and 
was  a  candidate  for  the  position  of  governor."36     It  is  said  that 

33  Cf.  Appendix  II  to  my  paper  on  Early  Jewish  Literature  in 
America,  D.  A.  J.  H.  S.,  No.  3,  pp.  145-147,  cf.  also  pp.  125-132  where 
some  points  in  their  history  are  given. 

34  Dr.  E.  Carmoly,  in  his  essay  on  Don  Joseph  Nasi,  Due  de 
Naxos  (Brussels,  1855),  traces  the  relationship  of  this  eminent  person- 
age even  to  American  shores,  where  the  Nasis  flourished.  The  word 
Nasi  in  Hebrew  indicates  chief,  or  prince.  See  also  Fuerst's  Orient, 
XTI  (1851-2),  p.  335;  Stemschueider's  Hamiixtskir,  II  (1859),  p.  33. 

35  See  Don  Miguel  Levi  de  Barrios,  Arbol  de  las  Vidas,  p.  90; 
apud  Kayserling,  in  /\  A.  J.  H.  >S'.,  No.  3,  p.  18,  note  2. 

M  Cf.  Kayserling,  lb.,  1:  c;  and  his  article:  Die  Juden  in  Suri- 
nam, published  in  FrankePs  Monatsschrift  fur  die  Geschichte  und 
Wissenschaft  des  Judenthums,  Vol.  VIII,  (1859),  p.  207;  also  Van 
Sijpenstein,  Besehrijving  van  Suriname,  historisch-geographischen 
statistisch  overzigt.  Uit  officlele  Bronnen  bijeengebragt  ( Graven hage, 
1854,)  p.  22. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  457 

Governor  Aerssens,  with  whom  the  Jews  of  Surinam  had  some 
little  difficulty,87  sealed  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  Indians,  who 
molested  the  early  settlers  quite  often,  and  in  order  to  make  it 
of  a  more  durable  character,  he  formed  an  alliance  with  the 
chieftain's  daughter.38  While  he  lived  there  was  no  disturb- 
ance at  all,  but  almost  immediately  after  his  death,  the  savage 
tribes  returned  to  their  former  aggressive  attitude  and  made  a 
furious  onslaught  on  the  colony.  With  the  help  of  the  Jewish 
inhabitants,  who  were  headed  by  Captain  Samuel  Nassy,  the 
Indians  were  promptly  repulsed.39 

Nassy  soon  acquired  influence  and  prominence  among  his 
co-religionists  in  particular.  He  strove  to  introduce  a  few 
necessary  reforms  in  ritual  and  ceremony  —  the  first  traces  of 
the  reform  movement  in  America — especially  in  the  abrogation 
of  certain  festivals  which  were  perhaps  too  burdensome  to  the 
community.  It  seems,  however,  that  in  this  he  met  with  con- 
siderable opposition,  although  he  had  the  sanction  and  support 
of  the  Rabbis  in  Amsterdam,  with  whom  he  corresponded.40 
The  authority  with  which  he  was  vested  by  reason  of  his 
executive  ability  and  earnest  zeal  soon  diminished  with  the 
arrival  of  the  newly  appointed  governor,  Heer  Van  Scherpen- 
huizen,  the  successor  of  Aerssens,41  a  fact  which  tended  much  to 
embitter  his  days  and  aroused  sharp  controversy  between  him 
and  his  rival.  He  had  the  satisfaction  of  being  instrumental 
in  his  recall  soon  after  his  accession.42 

:{T  See  Koenen 's  Geschiedenis  der  Joden,  etc.,  pp.  291-92. 

:!*  Cf.  ibid,  I.  c,  p.  293;  Essai  Historique  sur  la  Colonie  Surinam, 
etc.,  Vol.  I,  p.  42. 

38  Koenen,  l.c,  u  7A]  werden  vooral  door  de  Joden,  aan  wier  hoofd 
zich  als  Kapitein  Samuel  Nassy  bevond,  teruggedreven." 

40  Koenen,  I.  c,  says:  "  Deze  Nassy  verkreeg  van  tijd  tot  tijd  veel 
invloed  onder  zijne  geloofsgeuooten,  en  trachtte  eenige  hervor- 
mingen  bij  hen  tot  stand  te  brengen,  in  zonderheid  met  opzicht  tot 
huune  zoo  menigvaldige  feestdagen;  doch  hij  vond  daarin  niet  weinig 
tegen  werkin g,  ofschoon  hij  door  brieven  der  Amsterdamsche  Iiabbi- 
jnen  werd  ondersteund." 

41  Koenen,  I.  c:  "  Zijn  gezag  verminderde  zeer,  toen  de  Kolonie  op 
nieuw  een  Bewindhebber  verkreeg  in  den  Heer  Van  Scherpenhuizen, 
die  Aerssens  in  het  bestuur  opvolgde." 

42  See  Kayserling,  in  Monatsschrift,  I.  c,  Vol.,  VIII,  p.  207: 
"Samuel  {Cohen)  Nasi  wird  als  Biirger-Capitaen  bezeichnet  und  trieb 


458  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Nassy  flattered  himself  that  his  personal  influence  was  neces- 
sary to  the  welfare  and  prosperity  of  the  colony.  And  he  was 
right.  The  Jews  relied  so  implicitly  upon  his  counsels  and 
were  so  certain  that  he  would  be  proclaimed  governor,  for  he 
enjoyed  the  esteem  of  Jew  and  Gentile  alike,  that  it  was  an 
unpleasant  shock  to  them  all  when  quite  another  person,  com- 
paratively unknown,  was  chosen  in  his  stead.  It  is,  therefore, 
not  surprising  that  Samuel  Nassy,  seeing  the  loss  of  his  public 
prestige,  thought  fit  to  betake  himself  to  Amsterdam,  unwilling 
to  remain  in  a  country  which  owed  all  its  present  affluence  to 
his  sterling  honesty  and  wise  management,  and  was  yet  so  slow 
in  showing  its  gratitude  to  the  able  statesman.  His  disappoint- 
ment and  dissatisfaction  in  not  succeeding  Heer  Van  Sommels- 
dyk  as  governor  infected  the  whole  Jewish  community.  The 
rupture  which  eventually  followed  between  the  Jews  and 
Governor  Scherpenhuizen  resulted  in  the  latter's  removal.4'5 
This  was  chiefly  occasioned  by  the  unfriendly  treatment  of  the 
Jews  at  the  governor's  hands,  who,  seeing  in  them  only  the 
partisans  of  his  former  rival,  took  care  to  harrass  them  with 
unjust  taxation.  This  exasperated  them  so  much  that  they 
lodged  a  complaint  against  him  with  Baron  de  Belmonte  and 
their  "  Citizens'  Captain  "  Samuel  Nassy,  both  in  Amsterdam, 
and  demanded  the  immediate  recall  of  their  prejudiced  governor 
from  the  State-Council.     Strangely  enough,  Nassy 's  influence 

nicht  allein  die  stets  wieder  neueinbrechenden  Indianer  mitstarkern 
Arm  zuri'ick,  sondern  bewirkte  auch,  dass  der  neu  ernannte 
Gouverneur  Jan  (Johami)  van  Scharphuisen  von  seinem  Posten 
abberufen  wurde."    Cf.  also  Isaac  de  Costa's  work,  op.  cit.,  p.  321. 

4i  See  Koenen's  Geschiedenis,  etc.,  p.  294:  "  Ongelukkig  ontstond 
er  een  seherpe  naijver  tnsschen  den  nieuvven  Gouverneur  en  Samuel 
Nassy,  die  v66r  zijne  komst  bijkans  alle  gezag  in  zich  vereenigd  had, 
en  wellicht  had  gehoopt  den  Heer  Van  Sommelsdyk  in  het  bestuur 
te  zullen  opvolgen;  ten  gevolge  waarvau  hij  goedvond  de  nieuw 
wereld  te  verlaten,  en  zich  onder  zijne  broederen  te  Amsterdam  te 
gaan  nederzetten.  Ook  na  zijn  vertrek  bleef  de  spanning  tnsschen  de 
hoofden  der  Israelitische  bevolking  en  den  Heer  Van  Scherpenhuizen 
voortduren,  zoodat  de  eersten  zich  bij  den  Baron  de  Belmonte  en 
Samuel  Nassy  te  Amsterdam  over  hem  beklaagden,  hun  bijstand 
verzochten,  en  de  terugroepiug  van  den  Bewindhebber  op  die  wijs 
wisten  te  bewerken.  Hij  werd  in  1696  vervangen  door  Paulus  Van 
Der  Veen,  en  deze  op  zijne  beurt  in  1706  door  Willem  de  Gooyer." 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  459 

was  still  powerful,  for  he  was  replaced,  in  1696,  by  another 
governor,  Paulns  van  der  Veen  by  name,  shortly  after  the 
petition  was  filed.  Scherpenhuizen  embarked  for  Holland. 
Having  been  taken  prisoner  by  the  French  on  his  way  thither, 
he  arrived  there  only  after  several  months.  Hardly  had  he 
landed  at  Amsterdam,  before  he  was  arraigned  by  Samuel  Nassy 
before  the  civil  court  and  he  was  compelled  to  vindicate  his 
conduct.41  The  record  of  that  trial  and  defense,  in  which  Nassy 
took  a  leading  part,  is  still  extant,  published  in  1697.40 


IV. 

Defense  of  the  Jews   in   Surinam  Against  the  French    in 

1689  and  1712. 

The  loyalty  of  the  Jews  to  their  new  settlement  is  un- 
paralleled in  American  history.  Every  emergency  found  them 
ready  to  show  their  allegiance  to  Holland.  Thus,  when  in 
1689,  a  French  fleet,  under  Admiral  Cassard,  made  a  sudden 
attack  on  the  colony,  they  were  met  with  brave  resistence  by 

44  Cp.  Dr.  M.  Kayserling's  sketch  on  "The  Jews  of  Surinam, "  in 
Monatsschrift,  I.  c,  p.  207:  "  Ehe  noch  Scharphuizen  auf  Surinam 
landete,  hatte  Samuel  Nasi  die  Kolonie  verlassen.  Nasi  konnte  es 
nicht  ertrageu,  einen  andern  Mann  in  der  Stellung  zu  sehen,  welche 
er  selbst  zu  erlangen  hoffte  und  welche  er,  vermoege  seiner  dem  Lande 
erwieseuen  Dienste  und  Fahigkeiten  mit  llecht  beanspruchen  konnte. 
Er  verliess  Surinam  und  schirT'te  sich  nach  Amsterdam  ein.  In 
Folge  der  Mitbewerbung  des  Juden  urn  die  Gouverneurstelle  hatte 
Scharphuizen  die  judischen  Kolonisten  mit  weniger  Freundlichkeit 
behandelt  und  sie  hoeher  besteuert  als  die  uebrigeu  Bewohner  der 
Kolonie,  so  dass  jene  bei  dem  Grafen  de  Belmonte  und  ihrem  Bi'irger- 
Capitan  Samuel  Nasi  Klage  fuhrten  und  die  Riickberufung  des 
Gouverneurs  aufs  dringenste  von  der  Regierung  verlangten.  Wirk- 
lich  wurde  ein  anderer  Gouverneur  in  der  Person  des  Paulus  vail  der 
Veen  bestellt.  Scharphuizen  schifTte  sich  nach  Holland  ein ;  unterwegs 
von  den  Franzosen  zum  Gefangenen  gemacht,  gelangte  er  erst  nach 
mehreren  Monaten  in  die  Heimat.  Kaum  aber  in  Amsterdam 
angekommen,  wurde  er  von  Nasi  vor  Gericht  gefordert  und  gezwungen 
sich  oeffentlich  zu  vertheidigen." 

45  Punten  en  articulen,  und  Bericht  en  antwoord  van  den  Gou- 
verneur Jan  van  Scherpenhuizen.  (Amsterdam,  1697.)  It  would  be 
very  interesting  to  have  a  copy  of  this  important  trial,  in  which 
Samuel  Nassy  figured  so  prominently. 


460  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

the  Jews.  Van  Chattillon,  son  of  the  previous  governor,  dis- 
played great  heroism  on  this  occasion.46  Two  Dutch  historians 
make  mention  of  the  valor  of  the  Jews.  Verburg  and  Fr. 
Holf.  Merkurius  relate  in  their  Histories  of  the  East  and  West 
Indies,  that  "after  the  death  of  Governor  Aersen  {sic)  and  the 
arrival  of  the  new  representative  Scherpenhuizen,  word  was 
received  that  a  French  fleet  was  nearing  Surinam.  All  soldiers 
and  sailors  were  ordered  out  and  summoned  to  appear  at  the 
fort.  The  call  was  obeyed  by  the  Jews,  of  whom  there  were 
many  in  Surinam,  and  despite  the  fact  that  it  was  a  Sabbath- 
day,  they  fought  valiantly  for  their  colony.  Two  letters 
eulogizing  their  action  in  the  matter  were  sent  to  the  Society 
Felix  Libertate,  by  a  worthy  citizen,  H.  L,.  Bromet,  who  lived 
for  many  years  in  Surinam."  47 

4H  Cf.  Koenen,  I.  c,  p.  293-294:  "De  Joden  van  Surinam 
bewezen  de  Kolonie  wederora  groote  diensten.  toen  zij  in  den  jare 
1689  eenen  aanval  te  verduren  had  van  net  Fransche  Eskader,  on  der 
bevel  van  den  vlootvoogd  Cassard;  in  welke  verdediging  de  Heer  Van 
Chatillon,  zoon  van  den  vorigen  Bewindhebber,  zich  bijzonder  on- 
derscheidde."  See  also  Isaac  de  Costa's  Israel  unci  die  Voelker  (1855), 
p.  321;  Frankel  in  his  Monatsschrift,  vol.  XII  (1863),  p.  362.  Revue 
des  Etudes  Juives,  Vol.  IV  (1882),  p.  131. 

47  Dr.  E.  Carmoly,  in  a  brief  note  entitled:  "  Patriotismus  der 
Juden  in  Surinam,"  published  in  Dr.  Leopold  Loew's  journal,  Ben 
Chananja  (Szegedin,  1861),  Vol.  IV,  No.  20,  p.  178,  n.  37,  writes: 
"Niemand  wird  ihnen  den  Ruhm  streitig  machen,  nicht  nur  ihre 
Soldatendienste  zu  thun,  sondern  auch  bei  Zuegen  gegen  ihre  in  die 
W  alder  geflohene  Sklaven  ihre  Religionsgesetze  den  Interesse  ihrer 
Buergerpflichten  nachzusetzeu;  sogar  abergliiubische  Juden  werdeu  es 
ihnen  nicht  als  Suende  anzeichnen.  Man  sehe  davon  einen  Beweis  in 
Verburg's  O  [st]  en  W\esf\  Did.  Geschied  [em's],  11  D.  8,  Cydbestek,  35 
hoolild.  2  45,  v.  d.  J.  1689,  und  Fr.  Holf.  Merkurius  40  D.  wo  erzjib.lt 
wild,  dass,da  nach  dem  Tode  des  Gouverneur  Aersen  (sic)  der  Bevoll- 
mkchtigte  Scherphuizen  bei  seiner  Ankunft  in  Surinam  die  Nach- 
rieht  von  der  Annnherung  der  franzoesischen  Flotte  erhalten  habe, 
sogleich  alle  Soldaten,  nebst  den  Matrosen  und  den  Burgern  auf  das 
Kastell  erboten  und  diesem  Befehl  (Tehorsam  geleistet  worden  sei, 
selbst  von  den  Juden,  deren  viele  in  Surinam  wohnen,  ungeachtet 
es  Sabbat  war.  Auch  hat  man  darueber  zwei  sehr  schoene  Briefe  an 
die  Gesellschaft:  Felix  Libertate  von  dem  kuendigen  Burger  H.  L. 
Bromet  der  20  Jahre  lang  in  Surinam  wohnte."  These  letters  may 
yet  be  extant  in  the  State  library  at  Amsterdam,  where  many 
documents  on  Surinam  are  preserved. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  461 

The  colony,  unmolested  by  strife  and  war,  soon  began  to 
thrive  and  prosper.  Their  respite  was  of  short  duration,  how- 
ever, for  already  in  in  17 12,  Admiral  Cassard,  at  the  head  of 
another  powerful  squadron  advanced  upon  the  settlement.  A 
fierce  attack  made  in  June,  17 12,  was  manfully  repulsed.  In 
October  of  the  same  year,  Cassard \s  fleet  again  appeared  on  the 
coast,  and  endeavored  to  sail  up  the  Commawine  River.  The 
inhabitants,  and  particularly  the  Jews,  under  Captain  Isaac 
Pinto48  offered  a  stubborn  resistance,  and  although  they  fought 
valiantly,  they  could  not  prevent  the  enemy  from  landing, 
bombarding  the  city  of  Paramaribo,  and  devastating  the  country. 
The  treaty  of  Utrecht  sealed  soon  after  between  the  French 
and  Dutch  put  an  end  to  these  vagaries.49 

A  recent  writer  on  American  Jewish  history  says:  "  In  the 
war  against  the  French  in  1689,  members  of  the  families  Pinto 
da  Fonsera  (read  Fonseca),  Arias,  Naar,  De  Brito  and  D'Avilar 
fought  valiantly."50 


so 


48  See  my  paper  hi  the  P.  A.  J.   H.  S.,  No.  3,  p.  121,  note  1;  al 
Rtvuedes  Etudes  Juives.  Vol.  IV  (1882),  p.  131. 

49  See  Van  Kampen,  Geschiedenis  der  Nederlanders  buiten  Eu- 
ropa,  Dl.  II,  bl.  416-420;  apud  Koenen's  Geschiedenis,  etc.,  p.  -J94-49o: 
"  De  Kolonie  was  van  jaar  tot  jaar  in  bloei  en  welstand  toegenomen, 
sedert  de  heilzame  hervormingen  van  Aerssens  hare  talrijke  vruchten 
begounen  af  te  werpen.  Geen  wonder,  dat  ire  opkomende  welvaart 
de  Franschen,  die  op  dat  pas  met  de  Republiek  in  oorlog  waren, 
geweldig  in  de  oogen  stak.  In  Jnnij  des  Jaars  1712  waagden  zij 
een  vrij  hevigen  aauval,  die  echter  manmoedig  werd  afgeslagen. 
In  October  verscheen  de  Fransche  vlootvoogd  Cassard  op  nienw  voor 
de  kust,  en  trachte  de  rivier  Commawine  binnen  te  zeilen.  De  in- 
gezetenen,  in  zonderheid  de  joden  onder  hun  Kapitein  Isaac  Pinto, 
boden  een  hardnekkigen  wederstand,  doch  konden  niet  beletten, 
dat  de  vijaud  het  land  afliep,  de  stad  Paramaribo  bombardeeide,  en 
de  volkplanting  op  een  grnwzame  wijs  brandschattede.  Kort  daarop 
werd  de  vrede  van  Utrecht  gesloten,  waardoor  de  Kolonie  van  dezen 
vijand  gelukkig  voor  het  vervolg  verlost  werd."  See  also  Dr.  Kay- 
serling,  in  the  Monatsschrift,  I.  c,  p.  208.  His  remarks  being  substan- 
tially the  same,  we  forbear  citing  in  full. 

50  Cp.  Dr.  A.  Hahn's  article  on  Primitive  Jewish  Settlements  in 
America,  in  the  American  Jews1  Annual  for  1886-1887,  p.  36;  also 
Isaac  de  Costa,  op.  cit.,  p.  821;  Revue  des  Etudes  Juives,  Vol.  IV  (1882), 
p.  181.  We  are  inclined  to  think  that  the  families  mentioned,  dis- 
tinguished themselves  in  subsequent  engagements  in  Surinam,  during 
the  negro  revolts  of  which  we  shall  speak  in  the  next  rubric. 


462  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

V. 

Suppression  of  Negro-Revolts  by  the  Jews  of  Surinam 
(1690-1772.) 

Hardly  were  the  colonists  freed  from  the  depredations  of  the 
French  before  danger  menaced  them  from  another  direction. 
An  anonymous  writer,  cited  by  Hannah  Adams,51  says:  "The 
great  check  to  the  prosperity  of  Surinam  has  arisen  from  the 
inhabitants  being  exposed  to  the  invasion  and  lawlessness  of 
the  Maroons,  or  runaway  negroes,  who  have  formed  several 
communities  in  the  inaccessible  parts  of  the  woods,  and  were 
the  most  implacable  and  cruel  enemies  of  the  colonists.  77/ c 
Jewish  militia  have  ofte?i  sigrialized  themselves  against  them, 
a?id  have  been  of  great  use  to  the  colony;  one-third  of  whom 
were  of  this  (Jewish)  nation." 

Already  in  the  }^ear  1 690  the  negro  slaves  on  the  plantation 
of  a  wealthy  Jewish  landowner,  Machado,  rebelled  against  their 
master  and  murdered  him.  Governor  Scharphuizen,  who  en- 
tertained bitter  feelings  against  the  Jews,  refused  to  lend  them 
the  slightest  assistance,  so  that  they  were  thrown  entirely  upon 
their  own  resources.52     More  than  once  the  Jews,  exasperated 

61  Cp.  a  review  of  the  Essai  Historique  sur  la  Colonie  Surinam, 
etc.,  quoted  often  in  this  essay,  in  the  Monthly  Review  for  1792; 
Frankel  in  his  Monatsschrift,  vol.  XII  (1868),  p.  362;  and  Hannah 
Adams'  History  of  the  Jews  (Boston,  1810)  p.  457.  On  pp.  455-458, 
a  fair  resume  of  the  History  of  the  Jews  in  Surinam  is  given. 

52  Koenen,  I,  c,  p.  295:  "Heeds  in  het  jaar  1690  waren  de  slaven 
op  de  plantagie  van  eenen  rijken  Israeliet,  Machado  genaamd, 
opgestaan,  en  hadden  hun  meester  vermoord.  Van  toen  af  waren 
de  Negers,  die  kans  zagen  om  zich  van  hunne  heeren  te  ontslaan, 
begonnen  naar  de  binnenlanden  te  vluchten,  alwaar  zij  zich  in  de 
bosschen  nestelden.  De  Gouverneur  Van  Scherpenhuizen  vond  niet 
goed,  den  Joden  bij  dergeiijke  gelegenheden  eenigen  bijstand  te  ver- 
leenen,  maar  beval  hun,  om  up  hunne  eigene  verdediging  bedacht 
te  zijn.  Dit  was  een  groote  misslag ;  want,  eensdeels  leerde  hij 
daardoor  de  Israelitische  be  vol  king  zich  onderling  tot  hare  eigene 
handhaving  te  verbindeu,  hetgeeu  lichtelijk  voor  de  Christenen 
bij  eenige  botsing  gevaarlijk  had  kunnen  worden;  anderdeels  liet 
hij  daardoor  langzamerhand  eene  macht  opkomen,  die  gelijk  de 
ervaring  geleerd  heeft,  niet  slechts  voor  de  rust  en  veiligheid, 
maar  voor  het  bestaan  der  volkplanting  zelve  hoogstgevaarlijk  moest 
worden."     Cp.  also  Kayserling,  I.  c,  p.  208. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  463 

by  the  governor's  neglect,  took  matters  into  their  own  hands, 
and  defended  themselves  with  great  success.  The  negroes, 
nothing  daunted  by  this  spirited  show  of  resistance  assumed  a 
still  more  threatening  attitude,  their  numbers,  and  hence  their 
audacity,  increasing  more  and  more  each  day.  The  natives 
knowing  full  well  that  their  advantage  lay  in  their  endurance 
of  climate  and  similar  local  circumstances,  understood  how  to 
utilize  the  fact  to  their  benefit,  and  during  the  following  years 
harassed  the  colony  very  much.  This  state  of  affairs,  how- 
ever, could  not  last  long.  In  1730  a  desperate  effort  was  made 
by  the  Jewish  militia,  which  was  determined  to  punish  the 
slaves,  under  the  lead  of  an  under-officer  followed  by  fourteen 
volunteers  and  thirty-six  negroes.  They  exhibited  no  little 
courage  and  bravery  in  the  taking  possession  and  guard  of  an 
important  post  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  devastated  negro 
villages.53  This  determined  stand  of  the  Jews  did  not,  by  any 
means,  intimidate  the  lawless  hordes  who  were  intent  upon  re- 
bellion and  plunder.  On  the  contrary  it  only  roused  their  anger 
all  the  more.  In  1731  it  was  again  deemed  imperative  to  check 
their  depredations.  The  Citizens'  Captain  Boeye  and  the 
spirited  David  Nassy,  (who  more  than  any  one  else  before 
and  after  him  worked  for  the  prosperity  of  Surinam)  were 
chosen  leaders  of  this  campaign.  David  Nassy  is  described  by 
historians  as  a  man  of  power  and  integrity.  He  is  said  to  have 
drilled  the  negro  slaves  on  his  plantation  so  thoroughly  for  such 
enterprises,  that  his  co-operation  was  of  the  utmost  ne- 
cessity. He  was  the  nephew  of  David  Nassy  who  first  settled 
in  Surinam  and  received  (in  1659),  the  famous  charter  of 
privileges  to  settle  in  Cayenne.54  (See  above.)  It  seems  that 
he  entertained  friendly  relations  with  his  negro  slaves  who,  in 
17 17  were  offered   perfect   freedom  by   the    Political    Council 

53  Koenen,  I.  c,  pp.  295-296:     "  De  Joden  verdedigden  zich  meer 

dan  eenmaal  net  goed  gevolg Evenwel  deed  men  in  1730 

eene  krachtvolle  poging,  bij  welke  zich  eene  Joodsche  compagnie, 
onder  aanvoering  van  een  Onderofficier  met  veertien  blanken  en  zes- 
en-dertig  Negers,  onderscheidde  door  net  bezetten  en  bewaken  van 
een  belankrijken  post,  na  net  verwoesten  van  de  gehuchten  der  Bosch- 
negers."     Cp.  also  Kayserling,  I.  0.,  p.  208. 

54  Cp.  Kayserling  in  Monatsschrift,  I.  c,  p.  208. 


464  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

(Raad  van  Politic)  if  they  volunteered  to  fight  against  the  Ma- 
roons, who  made  frequent  assaults  on  the  colonists.  Already 
in  the  year  1718,  Nassy  enlisted  in  the  Jewish  Corps,  com- 
manded by  Captain  Jacob  D'Awlar,  and  distinguished  himself 
in  a  combat  of  a  similar  nature.  So  impetuous  and  brave  was 
he  in  battle  that  he  was  speedily  promoted  from  a  regular  to 
the  office  of  Lieutenant,  and  later  to  that  of  Captain  of  the 
Jewish  Citizens'  Company  {Kapitcin  der  Joodschc  burger  com- 
pagnie).  He  was,  therefore,  well  qualified  by  dint  of  personal 
bravery  and  diplomatic  skill  to  take  so  important  a  part  in  the 
expedition  against  the  Maroons. 

In  the  present  campaign  he  was  not  less  fortunate  and 
heroic.  Undaunted  by  the  treacherous  trick  of  Boeye,  who 
abandoned  him  in  the  middle  of  the  fray,  he  attacked  the  foe 
in  their  own  retreats,  killed  several  and  took  as  many  more 
prisoners.  Boeye,  who  was  his  envious  rival,  fearful  perhaps 
of  the  consequences  of  his  own  cowardice,  accused  Nassy  of 
indiscretion  and  disobedience,  but  so  universal  was  the  esteem 
and  sympathy  felt  for  the  latter,  who  had  before  earned  laurels 
on  the  field  and  was  thought  incapable  of  such  folly,  that  he 
had  but  little  difficulty  in  proving  his  innocence.  The  result 
was  that  Nassy  was  honorably  acquitted,  whilst  his  jealous 
rival,  the  real  culprit,  was  duly  punished.  He  added  to  his 
fame  most  decisively  by  this  new  stroke  of  bravery  and  military 
prowess  and  had  the  honor  of  being  praised  and  glorified  by  the 
Spanish- Jewish  poetess  Benvenida  Belmontc^  who  composed  a 
fitting  eulogy  in  verse  on  his  deeds  of  valor/'6     Nassy  was  the 

55  Koenen,  /.  c,  p.  297,  has  erroneously  Ben  Venida  del  Monte — a 
name  unknown  in  Spanish-Jewish  literature.  Dr.  Kayserling,  /.  c, 
p.  208,  note  6,  corrects  the  mistake,  and  identifies  him  with  the  same 
authoress,  who  wrote  in  praise  of  the  Spanish  translation  of  the 
Psalter  by  Daniel  Israel  Lopez  Laguna,  of  Jamaica.  Cp.  the  present 
writer's  papers  on  Early  Jewish  Literature  in  America,  in 
P.  A.  J.  H.  &,  No.  3,  p.  110-112;  140-141;  and  Jewish  Martyrs  of  the 
Inquisition  in  South  America,  in  P.  A.  J.  II.  S.,  No.  4,  (1895)  where 
full  references  are  given  on  this  famous  American-Shephardic  poet. 

56  See   Koenen 's   Geschiedenis  I.  c,  p.  296-297:     " 

Reeds  in  1718  had  hij,  (David  Nassj')  onder  bevel  van  den  Joodschen 
Kapitein  Jacob  d'Avilar,  aan  een  welgelukten  aauslag  van  dien  aard 
deel  genomen:  ten  gevolge  van  welken  hij  van  Onderofficier  tot 
eersten  Luitenant,  straks  tot  Kapitein  der  Joodsche  burger-compag- 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  465 

second  South  American  Jew,  whose  nobility  of  character  and 
state  services  were  commemorated  in  Spanish- Jewish  literature. 
(Cp.  supra,  rubric  II,  on  Abraham  Coen  of  Brazil.)  His  gen- 
eralship and  scientific  tactics  were  called  into  requisition  about 
two  decades  afer  his  above  detailed  victory,  in  another  expe- 
dition against  the  marauding  band  of  negroes,  who  troubled 
the  peace  of  the  colony  for  nearly  a  century  at  various  inter- 
vals. As  previously  noted,  in  the  case  of  Machado,  anno  1690, 
the  slaves  of  another  wealthy  Jewish  planter,  Manuel  Pereirx, 
rebelled  against  their  master,  in  1738,  and,  thinking  to  shake 
off  the  yoke  of  slavery,  cruelly  murdered  him.  Hereupon, 
Isaac  Arias,  a  former  officer  of  the  Jewish  militia,  who  lived 
in  the  victim's  neighborhood,  sent  out  a  detachment  of  Jewish 
volunteers,  headed  by  David  ATassy  and  Abraham  De  Brito, 
to  wreak  vengeance  upon  the  rebels.  The  troops  remained 
away  for  six  weeks  in  the  enemy's  camp,57  and  it  began  to  be 
feared  that  they  were  utterly  routed  and  destroyed,  when  the 
company  returned,  bringing  with  them  the  trophies  of  a  most  suc- 
cessful onslaught  made  against  the  Maroons,  namely  six  hands 
severed  from  fallen  negroes,  and  forty-seven  prisoners  of  war. 
As  a  reward  for  their  bravery  every  officer  received  from  the 
Council  (Raad)  75  f.  (florins?);  every  citizen  (Jewish  regular) 
36  f. ;  each  armed  negro  20  f. ;  and  each  colored  man  who  was 
in  needy  circumstances,  5  f.58 

nie,  benoemd  was.  Thans  was  hij  niet  minder  voorspoedig;  en  of- 
schoon  door  Boeye  verlaten,  trof  hij  den  vijand  in  zijne  woningen  aan; 
versloeg  er  velen,  en  nam  een  aantal  andereu  gevangen.  Boeye,  die 
den  Israelitischen  Hoofdman  wegens  gebrek  aan  ondergesehiktheid, 
had  aangeklaagd,  werd  zelf  gestraft,  en  Nassy  oogstte  van  dezen 
tocht  zoo  groot  eenen  naam  in,  dat  hij  door  den  Spaansch-Joodschen 
dichter  (sic)  Ben  Venida  del  Monte  (sic)  in  fierlijke  lofdichten  werd 
bezongen  en  gevierd."  See  also  Kayserling,  I.  c,  p.  208.  His  notes 
based  on  Koenen'sare  not  as  full. 

57  Van  Kampen,  in  his  Geschiedenis  der  Nederlanders  buiten  Eu- 
ropa,  Dl.  Ill,  bl.  116,  says,  curiously  enough,  that  they  were  away 
about  six  months  instead  of  six  weeks. 

58  Cp.  Koenen,  I.  e.,  p.  297:  "  In  1738  standen  de  Negers  der  plan- 
tagie  van  den  Joodschen  eigenaar  Manuel  Pereira  op,  vermoorden 
hunnen  meester.  Hierop  zond  Isaac  Arias,  voormalig  Orficier  der 
Joodsche  compagnie  die  zijne  bezittingen  in   de  nabuurschap  had, 

30 


466  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Five  years  later,  in  1743,  brave  old  Captain  David  Nassy, 
who  had  conducted  thirty  like  expeditions  against  the  Maroons, 
sallied  forth  for  the  last  time  to  fight  for  his  people  and,  ac- 
cording to  some,  to  die  on  the  battlefield  the  death  of  a  hero.59 
This  time  he  was  arrayed  against  the  Creoles,  who  by  reason 
of  their  more  acute  intelligence  and  culture  (having  been  long 
associated  with  Europeans)  were  yet  the  most  dangerous  of  all 
their  foes.  Endowed  with  a  noble  Macabbean  spirit,  he  fell  like 
his  ancestor  Matathias,  in  the  moment  of  victory.  It  was  on 
the  Day  of  Atonement  that  the  venerable  sage  and  warrior 
sallied  forth  to  war.  It  must  have  been  urgent  indeed,  for 
David  Nassy  regardless  of  the  solemnity  of  the  festival  put 
himself  at  the  head  of  his  trusty  men,  crossed  over  the  Suri- 
nam River;  penetrated  further  inland;  pursued  the  enemy,  set 
their  huts  ablaze;  tore  their  fruits  out  of  the  ground;  killed 
many  on  the  spot  and  dragged  about  forty  slaves  along  with 
them  as  captives.  Nassy,  who  had  already  passed  his  three 
score  years  and  ten,  fell  a  victim  to  the  treachery  of  his  foes. 
It  was  told  him  that  the  negroes  had  poisoned  all  the  wells  in 
the  village,  so  that  he  was  compelled  to  turn  homeward,  in 
order  to  quench  the  burning  thirst  which  afflicted  him  and  his 
troops,,  without  awaiting  the  orders  of  the  Council.     This  most 

eenige,  vrijwilligers  van  zijne  natie,  onder  aanvoering  van  David 
Nassy  en  Abraham  De  Brito,  tegen  de  Boschnegers  uit.  Zes  weken 
lang  bleef  deze  bende  op  vijandelijken  grond,  zoodat  niemand  wist 
wat  van  haar  geworden  was;  doch  bij  hunne  terugkomst  bleek  het, 
dat  zij  een  allervoorspoedigsten  aanval  hadden  gedaan  terwijl  zij  de 
afgehonwene,  handen  van  zes  gesueuvelde  Negers,  en  zeven-een-veer- 
tig  krijgsgevaugenen  medevoerden.  Jeder  Officier  ontving  daarop 
van  den  Raad  voor  dezen  tocht  f.  75  ;  jeder  burger  f.  36;  elk  gewapende 
Neger  f.  20,  en  jeder  zwarte  die  met  levensmiddelen  belast  geweest 
was,  f.  5  ter  belooning."  See  also  Dr.  Kayserling,  I.  c,  pp.  208-209. 
He  does  not  state  what  the  rewards  were. 

59  Cf.  Dr.  Hahn's  article  on  Primitive  Jewish  Settlements  in  Amer- 
ica, in  The  American  Jews1  Annual  for  1886-87,  p.  36,  who  says  that 
"  among  those  who  fell  on  the  battlefield  was  David  Nassi,  in  1743, 
at  the  age  of  seventy.  That  was  his  thirty-first  campaign  against 
the  French."  We  are  inclined  to  believe  that  this  is  wrong,  for 
earlier  historians  (see  the  following  note)  state  that  he  died  of  a 
broken  heart— a  victim  of  slander.  Furthermore,  he  did  not  fight 
against  the  French,  but  the  Maroons.  See  also  Isaac  de  Costa,  op.  dt., 
p.  321. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  467 

natural  step  gave  his  opponents  a  good  excuse  for  lodging  a 
complaint  against  him  with  the  authorities,  who  are  usually 
ready  to  listen  to  malice  and  dispute.  His  defense  was  scarcely 
heard  and  he  was  pronounced  guilty.  Such  wanton  ingrati- 
tude the  good  old  soldier  hardly  expected  as  a  reward  for  his 
services  for  the  welfare  of  his  fellow-men.  Bitter  disappoint- 
ment and  grief  undermined  his  health.  He  was  seized  with 
fever,  and  soon  after  at  the  age  of  seventy,  or  thereabouts, 
death  released  him  from  his  sufferings.  With  him  died  the 
flower  of  the  Jewish  colony,  an  Israelite  indeed,  in  whom  there 
was  no  guile.  His  co-religionist,  Isaac  Carvalho,  was  chosen 
Captain  of  the  Jewish  Citizens'  Company,  in  his  place.60 

A  few  years  later,  a  treaty  of  peace  was  made  with  the 
Western  Maroons,  who  were  getting  more  and  more  perilous  to 
the  safety  of  the  colonists.  But  a  new  danger  threatened  them 
from  another  side.  In  1749  the  Maroons  in  the  east,  known 
as  Tempati  (?)  Negroes  {Tempati-?iegers),  broke  forth  in 
mutiny,  plundered  a  plantation  completely  and  carried  off  all 
the  negro  slaves  who  lived  there.     This  plantation  (as  in  fact 

60  Cf.  Kuenen,  I.  c,  p.  297-98:  Vijf  jaren  later  deed  dezelfde  on- 
vermoeide  Israelit  (David  Nassy),  die  wel  dertig  tochten  tegen  de 
Boschnegers  heeft  oiidernomeo,  ofschoon  reeds  bejaard,  nog  eenen 
aanval  op  het  dorp  der  kreoolsche  Negers,  die  door  hunne  meer  dere 
beechaving  en  hun  omgang  met  de  Europeers  de  gevaarlijkste  van 
alle  waren.  Deze  strooptocht  had  plaats  op  den  grooten  Verzoendag 
der  Joden.  Zonder  dat  zij  zich  door  de  heiligheid  van  het  feest  lieten 
terug  houden,  trokken  deze,  de  rivier  Suriname  langs,  het  binnenland 
in  vervolgden  den  vijand,  staken  zijne  hutten  in  vlam,  roeiden  de 
veld vruch ten  uit  den  grond,  brachten  een  aantal  Negers  om,  en 
voerden  viertien  krijgssgevangenen  met  zich.  Doch  Nassy  werd  het 
slachtoffer  van  een  list  desvijands.  Men  maakte  hem  diets,  dat  de 
waterbronnen  door  de  Negers  vergiftigd  waren;  een  hij,  door  gebrek 
aau  de  noodige  verversching  gedwongen,  neemt  op  zich  om  terug  de 
keeren,  zonder  den  last  of  de  orders  ven  deen  Raad  af  te  wachten. 
Zijne  benijders  en  tegenstanders  wisten  hem  deswege  bij  den  Raad  in 
een  kwaad  gerueht  te  brengen;  zijne  verdediging  werd  naauwelijks 
aangehoord;  zijn  proces  opgemaakt.  Bit  krenkte  den  wakkeren  man 
zoo  geweldig,  dat  hij  door  eene  koorts  werd  aangetast,  die  hem  in 
den  ouderdom  van  zeventig  jaren  ten  grave  sleepte.  Na  zijnen  dood 
werd  zijn  geloofsgenoot,  Isaac  Carvalho,  in  zijne  plaats  tot  Kapitein 
der  Joodsche  burger — compagnie  benoemd."  Cp.  also,  Kayserling, 
I.  c,  p.  209. 


468  THE  A MERICA N  JEW  AS 

all  others  in  Surinam)  belonged  to  a  Jewish  land- owner,  and 
was  called  Auka.  Henceforth  the  insurrection  which  origi- 
nated there  was  named  after  the  Auka-negroes.  Against  these 
marauders,  an  expedition,  partly  under  the  Christian  chief, 
Rijsdorp,  and  parly  in  command  of  the  Jewish  captain,  Moses 
Naar,  was  organized  and  dispatched  in  1757.  It  deserves  to 
be  mentioned,  by  the  way,  that  this  was  Naar's  seventeenth 
campaign  against  the  Creoles.  The  result  of  this  undertaking 
was  likewise  favorable.  Naar  burned  down  a  whole  negro- 
village,  made  a  number  of  captives,  among  them  being  a 
certain  Corydon,  the  leader  of  the  insurrection.  For  his 
bravery  and  skilful  capture  he  was  presented  with  a  worthy 
gift  by  the  Council.61 

We  are  informed  by  David  J.  C.  Nasi  (or  Nassy),  the  third 
descendant  of  the  original  settler  of  Surinam,  who  compiled 
with  other  intelligent  men  of  his  age,  an  exhaustive  and  com- 
prehensive chronicle  of  the  Jews  in  Surinam  in  French,62  that 

61  See  Koeueu,  I.e.,  p.  298-299:  "Eenige  jaren  daarna  werd  een 
verdrag  van  vrede  met  de  meer  en  meer  gevaaiiijk  wordende  westelijke 
Marrons  gesloten.  Doch  1111  vertoonde  zich  en  nieuw  gevaar  van  den 
kant  der  oostelijke  of  Tempati-negers,  die  in  het  jaar  1749  eene  plan- 
tagie  plonderden,  en  de  Negerslaven  die  zich  aldaar  bevonden,  met  zich 
voerden.  Deze  plantagie  behoorde  eenen  Joodschen  eigenaar,  en  heette 
Auka;  van  daar  bleef  aan  deze  opstandelingen  de  naam  van  Anka- 
negers.  Tegen  dien  vijand  was  het,  dat  in  1757  een  tocht  werd  onder- 
nomen,  gedeeltelijk  onder  den  Christenoverste  Rijsdorp,  gedeeltelijk 
onder  den  Joodschen  Kapitein  Naar,  die  reeds  vroeger  zestien  malen 
tegen  denzelfden  vijand  opgetrokken  was.  De  uitslag  00k  van  deze 
onderneming  was  allergunstigst.  Naar  verbrandde  een  groot  Neger- 
dorp,  maakte  een  aantal  gevangenen,  waaronder  zich  zekere  Corydon, 
de  belhamel  der  opstandelingen,  bevond,  en  werd  voor  zijn  manmoedig 
bedrijf  door  den  Raad  met  een  aanzienlijk  geschenk  begiftigd."  See 
also  Dr.  Kayserling,  /.  c,  p.  209:  "  Im  Verein  mit  dem  obersten 
Rijsdorp  bekriegte  Naar  die  noch  immer  Verheerung  anrichtenden 
Neger.  Er  verbrannte  eine  ihrer  groessten  Doerfer,  nahm  ihren 
Hiiuptling  gefangen  und  wnrde  wegen  seiner  an  den  Tag  gelegten 
Tapferkeit  ansehnlich  belohnt." 

62  See  the  Essai  Historique  sur  la  Colonie  de  Surinam,  etc.,  (Para- 
maribo, 1788;  Dutch  version,  Amsterdam,  1791),  Vol.  I,  p.  123.  Of 
this  rare  and  valuable  work,  which  was  called  forth  by  the  writings  of 
Dohm  on  the  Emancipation  of  the  Jews,  only  one  copy  (in  the  British 
Museum)  is  known  to  be  in  existence.  The  writer  of  these  lines  is 
having  the  volumes  copied  in  view  of  his   History  of  the  Jews  in 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  469 

already  in  1750,  Moses  Naar  and  Gabriel  de  La  Fatte,  in  recog- 
nition of  their  active  zeal  in  suppressing  a  revolt  of  the  negroes 
in  their  colony,  were  presented  with  silver  cups  and  a  vote  of 
thanks  from  the  government.63 

The  fame  achieved  by  his  co-religionist,  Naar,  so  enthused 
and  electrified  the  young  and  ambitious  Isaac  Nassy  that  he 
was  eagerly  anticipating  another  outbreak  on  the  part  of  the 
Maroons,  in  order  to  show  his  courage  and  reckless  heroism. 
The  impetuous  youth  met  with  a  noble,  but  pathetic  end: 

Thinking  that  against  a  well-regulated  army,  however  small, 
no  valor  or  charge  of  the  negroes  could  possibly  prevail,  he 
hastily  collected  twelve  of  his  followers  upon  the  rumor  of  their 
approach;  armed  his  and  their  most  trusty  slaves;  provided 
himself  with  the  barest  necessities  of  war,  sufficient  for  about 
ten  or  twelve  days,  and  pursued  the  retreating  foe  with  an 
ardor  which,  if  imprudent,  is  at  least  a  virtue  in  one  so  young 
and  war- thirsty.  He  was,  however,  suddenly  confronted  by  a 
much  more  considerable  number  of  negroes  than  he  reckoned 
upon.  His  little  band  stood  ground  but  for  a  short  while. 
Nassy  himsely  displayed  great  bravery,  and  although  severely 
wounded  by  a  rifle  shot  in  his  right  limb,  he  began  to  fight 
with  a  still  more  marvelous  energy  in  order  to  rally  his  terrified 
men  and  to  re-arouse  their  fleeting  courage.  But  in  vain.  He 
was  captured  alive  by  the  sanguinary  horde  and  brutally 
murdered.  Two  of  their  chief  officers  and  twenty  soldiers  fell 
with  him  on  the  battlefield.64 

Surinam.  See  for  further  references  his  paper  in  the  P.  A.  J.  H.  S., 
No.  3,  pp.  126-30.  It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  this  is  the  first  work 
published  in  Paramaribo. 

63  Cf.  Rev.  E.  M.  Myers'  Centurial  (New  York,  1890),  p.  117,  ad 
ann.  1750. 

04  Cp.  Essai  Historique  sur  la  Colonie  de  Surinam,  etc.  (Para- 
maribo, 1788),  Vol.  I,  pp.  98,  99;  Kuenen,  I.  c,  pp.  299,  300  gives  a 
graphic  account:  "  Zoodanige  belooning,  de  eerzucht  00k  van  den  nog 
jeugdigen  Isaac  Nassi/  prikkelende,  berokkende  dezen  moedigen 
jongeling  zijn  ondergang.  Naijverig  op  de  onderscheiding,  door 
zijnen  geloofsgenoot  verworven,  en  wanende,  dat  de  Boschnegers 
tegen  een'  geregelden  aanval  geen  moed  noch  kracht  wisten  over  te 
stellen,  verzamelt  hij  in  haast  een  twaalftal  zijner  vrienden,  wapent 
hunne  beste  slaven  en  de  zijnen,  voorziet  zich  met  een  onbeduidenden 
voorraad  van  krijgsbehoeften  en  levensmiddelen  voor  tien  of  twaalf 


470  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

At  last,  the  authorities  saw  that  it  was  advisable  and  impera- 
tive again  to  make  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  relentless  Ma- 
roons, or  fugitive  negroes,  (gevluchte  Negets)  whose  ravages 
for  over  half  a  century  spread  ruin  and  terror  throughout  the 
land.  Accordingly,  on  the  23d  of  May,  1761,  peace  was  es- 
tablished, to  last  for  a  good  many  years,  apparently.65  It  was 
not  long,  however,  before  hostilities  were  resumed.  In  1772 
the  State  Council  found  it  imperative  to  call  in  the  aid  of  the 
mother  country  against  the  Maroons,  who  grew  more  audacious 
in  proportion  as  they  advanced  in  culture  and  education.66 
The  State  General,  roused  to  action  by  the  serious  state  of 
affairs  in  the  colony,  sent  a  company  of  500  men,  under  com- 
mand of  Captain  Forgeoud,  who  had  previously  shown  much 
courage  and  ingenuity  in  suppressing  a  revolt  of  negroes  in  the 
Barbary  States.  Two  years  later,  a  series  of  military  posts 
was  established,  beginning  from  the  Savannah  of  the  Jews  to 
the  banks  of  the  Commawine  River  and  from  there  to  the  sea. 
Forts,  strengthened  by  means  of  palisades  were  constructed 
from  plantation  to  plantation,  and  when  finally  peace  was 
enforced,  the  colony  was  spared  from  any  further  molesta- 
tion at  the  hands  of  the  unruly  negroes.67  Koenen,  though  very 

dagen  en  vervolgt  alzoo  den  op  de  vlucht  gedreven'  vijand.  Doch  hij 
stutte  op  een  veel  grooter  aantal  dan  hij  berekend  had.  Eenen  tijd 
lang  hielden  de  blanken  zieh  nog  stande.  Nassy  leide  groote  dapper- 
heid  aan  een  dag,  en  ofachoon  hij  een  geweerschot  in  net  rechter- 
been  bekomen  had,  deed  hij  nog  groote  moeite  orn  zijne  lieden  te 
hereenigen  en  nun  zinkenden  moed  weder  aan  te  wakkeren.  Doch 
te  vergeefs.  Hij  vverd  levend  door  de  Negers  gevat,  en  wreedaardig 
vermoord.  Wellicht  zouden  zij  hem  nog  net  leven  gespaard  hebbeu, 
ten  einde  de  voldoening  te  smaken  van  zich  door  een'  blanke  te  laten 
dienen;  maar  de  wraakzucht,  die  al  te  hevig  in  nun  woesten  boezem 
blaakte,  liet  nun  zelfs  deze  wreede  barmhartigkeid  niet  toe.  Zij 
verloren  echter  bij  deze  gelegenheid  een  tweetal  hunner  opperhoof- 
den,  en  nog  wel  twintig  gemeenen."  See  alno  Kayserling,  iwMonats- 
schrift,  I.  c,  pp.  209,  210. 

65  Cf.  Koeneu,  I.  c,  p.  800-801:  "  Den  28  sten  Mei,  1761,  werd  er 
een  vrede  met  hen  gesloten,  die  thans  een  einde  maakte  aan  de 
gewapende  tochten,"  etc.,  etc. 

66  See  Essai  Historique  sur  la  Colonie  de  Surinam,  etc.,  Vol.  I, 
p.  180. 

67  Cf.  Essai  Historique,  etc.,  Vol.  I,  p.  185;  Koenen,  I.  c,  p.  301- 
302. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  471 

fair  and  just  to  the  Jews  in  his  History,  sees  fit  to  reproach  them 
for  their  unkind  treatment  of  slaves,68  which,  he  opines, 
was  the  chief  cause  of  the  rebellion,  lasting  over  seventy  years. 
We  are  inclined  to  think  that  this  rebuke  is  unwarranted,  inas- 
much as  the  rigid  Mosaic  and  Rabbinic  laws  regarding  them,  were 
always  strictly  followed  by  the  Jews  and  those  in  Surinam, 
who  had  men  like  the  family  of  Nassy  at  their  head,  could  not 
have  trespassed  these  ordinances.  He  admitted,  however, 
in  his  summary,  that  the  colony  in  her  defense  was  always 
deeply  indebted  to  the  Jewish  militia,  and  in  social  and.  com- 
mercial matters  especially  beholden  to  them,  for  the  Jews  were, 
the  cultivators  of  the  marshy  and  often  dangerous  soil  and  the 
masters  of  commerce,  the  chief  factors  of  the  welfare  and  pros- 
perity of  the  settlement,69  since  its  foundation.  Not  desiring 
to  anticipate  our  conclusions  in  a  larger  work,  we  content  our- 
selves with  saying  that  nowhere  else  in  the  history  of  America 
is  such  devotion,  disinterestedness  and  loyalty  on  the  part  of 
Jewish  citizens  so  marked,  and  let  us  add,  so  gratefully 
recognized  as  in  the  little  Dutch  Province  of  Surinam.  And 
nowhere  else  in  the  New  World  did  the  Israelites  thrive  more 
in  culture,  learning  and  religion  than  in  the  Jewish  Savannah. 
of  Guiana,  as  their  community  was  called.  Small  wonder, 
then,  in  view  of  their  attachment  to  their  Hollandish  masters, 
when  we  hear  that  in  1785,  on  the  occasion  of  the  reconsecra- 
tion  of  their  synagogue,  then  100  years  old,  the  Governor 
Wichers,  with  all  the  provincial  magistrates  and  other  eminent 
citizens,    attended  in  a  body  the  impressive  ceremonies,  which 

68  See  Koenen,  I.  c,  p.  800:  "  .  .  .  De  afkeer  des  verdrukten 
Negers  was  veel  grooter  voor  den  Israelitischen  meester  dan  voor  den 
Christenplanter;  en  de  Jood  was  harder  tegen  den  armen  slaaf,  dan 
zijn  landgenoot  van  verschillend  geloof."  etc. 

69  Cf.  Koenen,  ibid.,  I.  c,  p.  300-301:  "  ....  Haasten  wij 
ons  intusschen,  tegenover  deze  treurige  bedenkingen  de  aangenamer 
opmerking  te  maken,  dat  de  volkplanting  wegeus  hare  verdediging 
niet  minder  verplichtingen  aan  hare  Joodsche  bevolking  in  die  dagen 
gehad  heeft,  dan  vroeger  wegens  de  oorbaarmaking  harer  woeste 
gronden,  of  als  het  moederland  door  de  herlevendiging  van  deszelfs 
handel;  en  dat  dus  de  Jood  in  de  kolonien  door  het  beoefenen  van  den 
landbouw  en  het  waarnemen  der  landsbeveiliging,  die  verdiensten 
verworven  heeft,  die  hem  in  het  Gemeenebest  zelve  nog  schenen  te 
ontbreken." 


472  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

are  graphically  narrated  in  a  little  volume  published  by  an  eye 
witness.70  And  that  two  Christian  philo-Semites  wrote  beautiful 
verses  in  Dutch  in  honor  of  these  festivities,  republished  by  the 
writer,  elsewhere.71  Nor  does  it  now  seem  strange  that  the  Jews 
loved  to  glorify  their  governors,  J.  G.  Wichers,72  Sir  Chas. Green,73 
and  Abraham  De  Veer,74  in  pretty  songs  and  hymns,  written  in 
Hollandish  and  Hebrew.  These  were  but  poetic  tokens  of  their 
patriotism.  As  late  as  1853,  the  records  inform  us  of  their 
prosperity  and  constantly  growing  activity  and  interest  in  the 
colony.  In  that  year  we  find  them  in  the  courts  (Ellis,  Juda, 
Fernandes,  and  others);  among  thirteen  advocates,  notaries, 
and  procurators,  there  were  seven  Jews  (Heilbronn,  Colaco, 
Belmonte,  de  Granada,  Abendanon,  etc.);  many  served  in  the 
army  as  captains,  lieutenants,  colonels,  majors,  and  chaplains. 

70  Beschrijving  van  de  plechtigheden,  nevens  de  lofdiehten  en  gebe- 
den  uitgesproken  op  het  eerste  Jubelfeest  van  de  Synagogue  der  Por- 
tugeesche  Joodsche  gemeente,  op  de  Savane  in  de  Colonie  Suriname, 
genaamd  Zegen  En  Vrede.  [Berakha  Ve-Shaloiri]  op  den  12  den 
van  Wijnmaand  1785.  (Amsterdam,  Hendrik  Willem  en  Cornells 
Dronsberg,  1786).  The  volume  is  described  at  length  in  my  paper  on 
Early  Jewish  Literature  in  America,  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.,  No.  8,  pp.  126- 
129.  where  the  Hebrew  title  is  also  given. 

71  See  the  writer's  Literary  Gleanings  on  American  Jewish  His- 
tory, No.  II,  in  the  Menor  ah  Monthly  for  September,  1895  (Vol.  XIX), 
pp.  149-152. 

72  See  S.  J.  Rudelsom's  Lofzang  op  den  bleyde  dag  der  inhuldiging 

van J.  G.  Wichers,  gouverneur-generaal  ovtr  de  colonie  v. 

Suriname,  2  Juni,  1785.  The  Ms.  of  this  interesting  pamphlet  will 
soon  be  printed,  with  other  works  of  Surinam  Jews,  in  the 
French  Jewish  periodical,  Revue  des  Etudes  Juives,  published  in 
Paris.     See  also  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.,  No.  3,  p.  127. 

73 Plechtigheden,  vreugde  gezangen  en  gebeeden  in  de  Hoogd.  Jood- 
sche Synagogue  Neve  Salom,  te  Suriname,  op  d.  dag  d.  dinhuldtg.  van 
Sir  Charles  Green,  Gouverneur-Generaal  over  Suriname,  opgesteld  en 
gezongen  d.  J.  M.  De  Vries,  Voorzanger.  (Paramaribo,  1804.)  See 
also  P.  A.  J.  H  S.,  No.  3,  p.  180. 

74  See  Plechtige  Vreugde  Gezangen,  en  Gebeden,  Verricht  in  de 

Hoogduitsche    Israelitische     Sinagogue    Neve   Salom te 

Suriname,  ter  gelegenheid,  en  op  den  blydendag  der  Inhuldiging 
van  Zynen  Hoog  Edelen  Gestrengen,  Heer  Abraham  De  Veer,  Gou- 
verneur-Generaal der  gemelde  kolonie, — Gezongen  door  den  Erwaar- 
den  Heer  Tobias  Tall.  The  Hebrew  title  and  other  particulars  are 
given  in  the  writer's  paper,  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.,  No.  3,  pp.  130-131. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  473 

In  fact  they  minister  to  the  public  weal  in  every  conceivable 
capacity.70  In  their  hands  the  colony  still  prospers.  Recent 
reports,  made  by  a  correspondent  of  the  Jewish  Chronicle  in 
London,  are  aglow  with  enthusiasm  for  the  prosperity  of  their 
now  thrifty  and  intelligent  colony,  and  reassure  us  of  the  vigor 
and  tenacity  of  our  faith  in  that  distant  land. 


VI. 

Extracts   from   a   Letter  of   David   Ebron  (dated   1597)  to 

King  Philip  II,  Giving  an  Account  of  his  Discoveries 

and  Services  to  the  State,  in  South  America. 

Among  the  numerous  letters,  documents  and  registers  of  the 
Albaic  archives,76  which  bear  special  reference  to  the  dis- 
covery and  colonization  of  America,  is  particularly  noticeable 
the  culture -historic,  perhaps  valuable  memorial  address  of 
David  Ebron  from  Constantine,  Algeria  (dated  December  9th, 
J597)>  to  the  Emperor,  Philip  II.  The  writer  introduces  him- 
self in  the  preliminary  note  as  an  Israelite,  who,  at  a  tender 
age,  fled  to  Africa,  and  rendered  important  services  to  the  King 
of  India  and  other  personages  of  rank  in  various  sections  of 
Africa. 

He  enumerates  many  items  of  surprising  significance, 
apparently  anxious  to  array  them  as  an  overwhelming  evidence 
if  his  abilities  and  reliability,  and  eager  to  impress  upon  the 
august  reader  the  great  amount  of  gratitude  due  him  for  his 
achievements.       He    prepared    accurate    sketches   of  distant 

75  Cf.  Dr.  Kayserling,  Monatsschrift,  I.  c,  p.  213. 

76  For  completeness'  sake  we  reproduce  this  chapter  from  a 
recent  sketch  in  the  Menorah  Monthly  (Vol.  XIX),  for  September,  1895, 
pp.  145-148,  entitled:  A  16th  Century  document  written  by  David  Ebron, 
a  Jewish  financier  in  America.  This  newly  discovered  letter  is  perhaps 
the  most  important  evidence  yet  furnished  of  the  services  rendered  by 
the  Jews  in  the  discovery  and  financial  improvement  of  America,  and 
deserves  to  be  incorporated  in  this  work.  The  book  containing  a 
copy  of  this  document  was  lately  published  in  Madrid  (1891),  under 
the  title:  Documentos  Escogidos  del  Archivo  de  la  Casa  di  Alba.  See 
for  other  particulars  the  above  quoted  article  in  Menorah,  note.  We 
intend  publishing  Ebron 's  letter  soon  in  the  orginal. 


474  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

regions  and  established  settlements,  dependent  upon  his 
generous  bounty ;  he  discovered  countries  and  conquered  them , 
and  whatsoever  had  been  attempted  in  Santa  Marta,  South 
America,  within  the  last  five  years,  may  be  safely  attributed 
to  his  energetic  activity  and  perseverance.  Thence  he  repaired 
by  land  to  Peru,  and  enlisted  in  the  service  of  the  monarch  in 
Huancabelica.  The  last  remarkable  harvest  in  quicksilver, 
which  was  so  advantageous  to  the  king,  was  chiefly  due  to  his 
judicious  management.  By  careful  husbanding  of  material 
and  laudable  zeal  he  was  instrumental  in  not  only  saving  sixty 
and  some  odd  thousand  pesos  (!)  involved  in  the  annual  trans- 
portation of  small  fleets  from  Lima  and  Panama  but  equally  as 
much  by  causing  galleys  to  be  constructed  there. 

Through  the  personal  malice  and  mean  manceuvers  of  two 
officials,  the  well-merited  reward  for  the  last  mentioned  benefits 
was  withheld  from  him.  "  But,"  affirms  the  abused  victim  of 
ingratitude  with  a  dignified  emphasis,  which  seemed  to  restore 
his  confidence,  ' '  my  accomplishments  in  this  regard  may  easily 
be  ascertained  by  application  to  Gutierrez  Florez,  the  Indian 
minister  of  commerce  in  Seville." 

"  I  do  not  bring  these  facts  to  your  notice, ' '  continues  the 
self -vindicator  in  haughty  terms,  "in  order  to  obtain  reward 
from  your  Majesty,  but  that  your  serene  highness  might  per- 
ceive how  zealously  and  indefatigably,  I,  a  secret  Hebrew,11 
travelled  everywhere,  despite  harassing  circumstances,  obstacles 
end  even  imminent  perils,  and  have  forsaken  your  realm  out  of 
pure  fear  to  die  outside  of  my  faith,  which,  according  to  my 
conception  is  the  only  true  creed  appointed  by  the  Almighty, 
the  Creator  of  heaven,  sun,  moon,  sea  and  all  things  therein, 
you,  gracious  Sire  included.  I  do  not  revive  these  recollec- 
tions in  order  to  deplore  my  ill-fortune  or  petition  for  the  proper 
remuneration  and  recognition  denied  me  for  the  various  favors 
rendered,  for  such  great  and  weighty  benefits  I  am  yet  in  a 
position  to  offer  from  here,  without  necessitating  my  residence 
there;  only  out  of  simple  attachment  to  your  royal  highness, 

77  On  the  Marranos  in  Hispaniola  and  South  America,  Dr.  Kay- 
serling  has  published  some  interesting  data  in  the  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.}  No. 
2;  see  also  his  Christopher  Columbus  and  the  Participation  of  the 
Jews  in  the  Discovery  of  America  (New  York,  1894). 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN  475 

whom  I  desire  to' serve  and  in  order  that  the  memory  of  this 
Israelite  and  his  faithful  acts  be  not  wholly  eradicated  from 
your  heart,  I  am  quite  satisfied  to  continue  the  diligent  execu- 
tion of  projects  confided  to  my  trust.  O,  would  it  please  the 
Heavenly  Father,  that  the  Jews  in  your  dominion  could  enjoy 
the  same  liberties  and  privileges  accorded  to  them  by  the 
exemplary  toleration  of  the  Pope  in  Rome,  Venice  Milan, 
Naples,  in  the  whole  of  Apulia,  Ragusa,  Florence,  Pisa, 
Ferrara,  Mantova  and  Italy  and  here  in  Constantine  and  the 
Barbary  States. 

Would  that  they  were  permitted  to  migrate  from  one  portion 
of  your  realm  to  the  other  and  live  under  the  same  circum- 
stances as  elsewhere.  Then  I  would  not  resign  from  the  office 
I  so  loyally  occupied,  and  your  countries  would  considerably 
increase  in  commercial  opulence — it  is  inconceivable  why  your 
Grace  should  not  participate  in  the  profits  reaped  by  others — 
then  your  armies,  military  exploits  and  campaigns  against 
Lutherans,  heretics  and  other  enemies  would  be  much  more 
successful  than  they  have  been  heretofore. 

' '  And  as  regards  the  Spanish  Inquisition  against  the  Jews, ' ' ' 
further  declares  this  remarkable  champion  of  the  Mosaic  faith, 
' '  I  have  absolutely  no  objection  to  urge,  if  it  is  directed  against 
such  as  voluntarily  embrace  Christianity  and  secretly  profess 
the  ancient  religion."  He  calls  the  King's  attention  to  the 
fact  that  within  two  months  he  could  at  command  transport 
200,000  pesos  cash  money  into  the  state  treasury  without  injur- 
ing anyone;  in  a  similar  manner  he  is  able  in  one  single  day, 
whenever  the  King  willed  it,  to  obtain  more  than  one  million 
pieces  of  gold  from  Santa  Fe  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada. 
Other  treasures  are  spoken  of  as  accessible  to  the  all -conquer- 
ing genius  of  David  Ebro7i,  and  obtainable  by  him  for  the 
King,  whom  he  is  intent  on  reconciling  to  his  Jewish  subjects. 

78  The  writer  of  these  pages,  in  another  paper,  treats  of  the  suffer- 
ings of  the  Marranos  or  New  Christians  in  Mexico,  Peru  and  Brazil 
from  1570  to  1750.  Bee  his  article  on  "  The  Jewish  Martyrs  of  the  In- 
quisition in  South  America,"  in  P.  A.  J.  H.  &,  No.  4,  (1895).  Dr. 
Cyrus  Adler  furnishes  in  the  same  Publications,  No.  4,  a  valuable 
sketch  on  the  "Trial  of  Jorge  de  Almeida  by  the  Inquisition  in 
Mexico,"  1590-1609,  which  sets  forth  the  social  condition  of  the  secret 
Jews  in  that  country  at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century. 


476  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

His  eloquence  reaches  the  fever  heat  of  indignation,  however, 
when  he  alludes  to  the  thievish  officials  in  the  King's  employ. 
"  What  a  pity,  your  Majesty,  that  so  much  money  is  stolen  in 
India  and  Spain.  I  could  aggravate  myself  to  death  when 
I  contemplate  upon  the  mass  of  wealth  wrongfully  acquired  by 
your  representatives  and  ministers.  Were  I  to  enumerate  all 
the  outrageous  robberies  committed  against  you,  O  mighty 
Sovereign,  in  Seville,  and  apprise  you  of  the  doings  of  that 
infamous  horde  there  stationed,  and  admitted  into  your  court! 
.  .  .  O  lips,  if  only  you  would  divulge  the  secrets  which 
oppress  the  heart!  O  tongue!  why  not  reveal  what  you  know 
and  feel?"  In  concluding  his  remarks,  he  places  himself  at  the 
disposal  of  the  government  as  confidential  agent  in  the  affairs 
of  Portugal,  the  marriage  of  the  Oranian,  and  similar  matters, 
and  enjoins  upon  the  King  to  communicate  with  him  under  the 
seal  of  strictest  privacy,  should  he  require  his  co-operation  or 
assistance  at  any  future  time.  "  The  God  of  Abraham,  Isaac 
and  Jacob,"  says  he,  "who  created  the  universe,  protect  and 
exalt  your  Majesty  and  inspire  you  to  deal  leniently  and 
indulgently  with  your  Hebrews,  whom  God  never  totally 
ignores  or  forgets,  but  inflicts  with  penalties  and  disasters  only 
to  try  their  fortitude  and  allegiance!" 

This  quite  forgotten  explorer  and  financier,  whose  eloquent 
plea  in  behalf  of  his  race  can  not  fail  to  appeal  to  every  one, 
and  whose  only  demand  for  the  enormous  service  rendered  to 
his  king  is  more  tolerance  toward  his  people,  deserves  an 
honorable  place  in  the  annals  of  American  Jewish  History  as  a 
loyal,  patriotic  subject. 


VII. 

Enterprise  and  Influence   of   the  Gradis   Family   in   the 
West  Indtes,  and  Dubing  the  Canadian  Wars. 

This  is  not  to  be  a  series  of  biographical  sketches  on  the 
Rothschilds  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  for  neither  the  space 
nor  the  scope  of  this  work  would  permit  of  such  an  elaborate 
history.     This  chapter  aims  merely  to  set  forth  the  political 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  477 

prominence  attained  by  the  family  of  Gradis,79  to  whose  hands  the 
fortunes  of  two  continents  were  entrusted,  and  whose  labors  of 
love  and  patriotic  services  during  the  war-times  of  France  in 
America,  deserve  to  be  chronicled  in  our  annals.  Reserving 
the  elaboration  of  the  family's  antecedents,  and  other  interest- 
ing particulars  for  another  large  paper  on  the  History  of  the 
Jews  in  Martinique — the  seat  of  their  chief  activity — we  shall 
here  detail  those  fo  *.i  which  concern  our  topic  the  most. 

We  may  begin  with  David  Gradis,  who,  in  1731 ,  was  natu- 
ralized in  Bordeaux,80  and  who  died  in  1751.  Already  in  1696 
he  founded  the  great  mercantile  house  which  had  commercial 
connections  with  England,  Holland,  Paris,  southern  France 
and  the  West  Indies.  The  exports  were  linen,  wine  and  alco- 
hol. In  the  year  17 15,  David  Gradis  tided  over  the  financial 
crisis  under  Louis  XIV. ,  after  paying  a  draft  of  150,000  francs, 
which  his  house  endorsed.  In  fact  the  hard  times  did  not 
affect  him  much,  for  we  know  that  only  two  years  after  he  con- 
ducted all  the  transatlantic  commerce.  He  fitted  out  three 
ships,  one  bound  for  Cayenne  and  two  for  the  Island  of  Martin- 
ique (or  Martin ico).  His  cargo  consisted  of  wine,  alcohol,  meal 
and  pickled  meat,  which  he  exchanged  for  sugar  and  indigo  in 
the  West  Indian  ports.  Another  money -crisis  in  17 19,  passed 
without  materially  injuring  his  prospects,  although  he  lost 
heavily.  In  spite  of  it,  however,  he  again  undertook  foreign 
expeditions  and  was,  as  before,  successful.  In  1724,  his  busi- 
ness expanded  to  such  an  extent  that  he  opened  a  branch  on 
the  island  of  St.  Domingo.     His  name  and  fame  grew  in  pop- 

79  The  sources  whence  the  materials  contained  in  this  chapter  are 
taken,  being  for  the  most  part  accessible,  and,  as  in  a  forthcoming 
essay  on  the  Jews  of  Martinique,  all  the  references  will  be  incorpo- 
rated in  full,  the  writer  merely  quotes  the  following  authorities: 
Notice  sur  la  famille  Gradis  et  sur  la  maison  Gradis  et  fits  de 
Bordeaux,  par  Henri  Gradis  (1875),  apud  Graetz,  "  Die  Familie 
Gradis,"  in  his  Monatsschrift,  etc.,  Vol.  XXIV  (1875),  pp.  447-459; 
XXV  (1876),  pp.  78-85;  his  Geschichte  der  Juden,  Vol.  XI  (Leipzig, 
1870),  pp.  190,  200,  202,  223;  see  also  Ad.  Thierry:  Dissertation  sur  cette 
quest,  est-il  des  moyens  de  rendre  les  juifs  plus  heureux  et  plus  utile 
en  Fiance — (ouvrage  couronng)  Paris,  1788;  and  several  books  on  the 
history  of  the  Jews  in  Bordeaux.  In  our  narrative  of  the  career  of 
the  Gradis  family  we  follow  Prof.  Graetz,  in  his  Monatsschrift,  I.  c. 

80  Of.  also  Dr.  Graetz,  in  Monatsschrift,  Vol.  XXIV,  p.  557. 


478  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

ularity  and  opulence,  and  French  America  was  glad  to  acknow- 
ledge the  enterprise  of  this  energetic  man  who  passed  under 
the  name  of  the  Portuguese  Merchant.  And,  although  Jews 
were  not  tolerated  in  the  French  colonies,  by  the  stern  and 
scheming  Jesuits,  as  we  shall  have  ample  occasion  to  show 
elsewhere,  the  government  was  constrained  to  overlook  his  origin 
and  belief,  in  view  of  his  vast  influence  and  commercial  import- 
ance. So  universal  was  the  esteem  felt  for  the  house  of  David 
Gradis  that  when  his  son  Samuel,  who  conducted  the  interests 
of  the  business  in  St.  Pierre,  Martinique,  died  there  in  1732, 
his  remains  were  interred  in  the  garden  of  the  freres  de  la 
Charite,  and  masses  were  held  in  the  cloisters  for  the  repose  of 
his  soul.  True,  the  monks  dared  not  erect  a  monument  to 
mark  the  spot.  The  lieutenant  of  the  colony  urged  in  argu- 
ment of  their  expulsion  the  fact  that  were  any  of  the  members 
of  the  house  of  Gradis,  there  established,  to  die,  their  property 
would  have  to  be  confiscated,  for  Jews  were  not  permitted  to 
have  possessions.  Nevertheless  he  shut  his  eyes  on  their  pro- 
longed residence  on  the  island.  Abraham,  eldest  son  of  David 
Gradis,  succeeded  his  father  as  senior  member  of  the  firm,  of 
which  he  was  previously  a  partner.  He  achieved  even  more 
fame  than  his  predecessor.  Endowed  with  wonderful  ability 
and  speculative  genius,  he  also  controlled  the  trade  of  France 
with  the  West  Indies.  He  received  important  official  contracts 
from  the  government;  became  intimate  with  personages  of  the 
highest  political  rank;  obtained  the  protection  and  friendship  of 
M.  Maurepas,  the  confidant  of  Louis  XVI.,  and  added  much 
to  the  glory  and  renown  of  the  house  of  "David  Gradis,  et 
His. ' '  His  extensive  correspondence  with  the  greatest  men  of 
the  reign  of  Louis  XV.  and  XVI.,  is  still  extant. 

Through  the  friends  who  were  influential  in  his  behalf  at 
court,  his  ships  were  fitted  out  at  the  cost  of  the  government, 
and  this  gave  him  further  opportunity  to  enlarge  his  business 
connections.  Nor  was  he  ungrateful  for  these  privileges  and 
for  the  consideration  shown  him  by  his  royal  patron.  Thus 
we  hear  of  remarkable  exploits  undertaken  in  behalf  of  his 
country.  In  the  wars  between  England  and  France  for  the 
possession  of  Canada,  he  displayed  extraordinary  activity.  In 
order   to   expedite    matters,    he   fitted   out   ships   to    Canada, 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  479 

although  the  insurance  on  the  cargo,  because  of  the  war  then 
pending,  was  most  exorbitant.  If  his  freight  vessels  were 
captured  by  the  armed  cruisers  of  the  enemy,  he  built  and 
replenished  new  ones,  without  caring  for  losses  thus  incurred 
for  France.  In  1748,  he  organized  the  society  of  Canada,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  government,  in  order  to  test  the  possibilities 
of  the  land,  and  thereby  again  widened  the  sphere  of  his 
mercantile  activit}\  Important  missions  were  entrusted  to  him. 
His  ships  carried  valuable  cargo  (presumably  military  ammuni- 
tion, etc.),  always  at  the  expense  of  the  firm.  He  even  erected 
magazines  in  Quebec.  Later  on  the  goverment  defrayed  these 
costs,  but  David  Gradis  et  fils  had  no  little  share  in  the  success 
of  these  projects. 

After  his  father's  death  in  1751 ,  Abraham  Gradis'  financial 
interests  were  still  more  extended.  To  give  an  idea  of  the 
scope  of  his  commercial  activity  we  will  cast  a  momentary 
glance  into  the  private  accounts  of  the  firm.  In  1758,  the  com- 
merce of  the  house  with  the  French  colonies  alone,  amounted 
to  2,369,326  francs.  In  the  following  year,  the  firm  received 
the  commission  to  forward  4500  tons  of  goods  and  ammunition 
for  the  French  troops  in  Canada.  Twelve  ships,  among  them 
eight  of  his  own  were  called  into  service  for  the  purpose.  From 
x759  to  1763,  when  Canada  ceased  to  be  a  French  possession,  the 
export  trade  of  the  firm  of  Gradis  was  worth  nine  million  francs. 
These  merchant  vessels,  on  account  of  the  war,  had  to  be 
manned  by  a  goodly  company  of  soldiers,  who  had  frequent 
occasion  to  defend  themselves  from  attacks  on  the  sea,  and 
saved  quite  often  the  honor  of  their  flag  by  their  fearlessness 
and  bravery. 

During  the  struggle  between  England  and  France  for  the 
occupation  of  Canada,  the  house  of  Gradis  dispatched  thither 
many  heavily  laden  ships  at  the  order  and  expense  of  the 
French  Government,  which  was  their  debtor  to  the  amount  of 
several  millions  on  more  than  one  occasion.  Of  course  these 
obligations  could  not  be  liquidated  for  some  time.  Gradis  & 
Co.'s  drafts  were  not  promptly  paid,  for  France  was  impover- 
ished by  the  American  wars  and  had  no  means  at  her  disposal. 
Although  these  noble  financiers  suffered  heavy  losses  from  the 
capture  and  detention  of  richly  cargoed  vessels  sent  out  in  the 


480  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

name  of  France,  they  did  not  lose  faith  and  preserved  their 
balance  with  a  skill  and  energy  which  is  remarkable.  Far  from 
fearing  to  sacrifice  too  much  for  the  fatherland,  they  strove 
more  and  more  to  merit  the  good  will  and  esteem  of  the  king 
and  the  aristocracy.  It  was  indeed  a  work  of  charity  and 
patriotism  on  their  part  to  ransom  French  captives.81  Abraham 
Gradis,  we  are  told,  authorized  an  influential  business  friend  in 
London,  to  supply  the  captains  and  commanders  held  as 
prisoners  in  England  with  everything  necessary  to  ease  and 
comfort  their  condition.82 

He  more  than  once  was  compelled  to  appeal  to  the  govern- 
ment for  the  necessary  funds  due  him,  in  order  to  carry  on  his 
trade  with  the  colonies,  which  was  increasing  in  dimensions 
every  year.  The  road  to  the  audience-chamber  of  the  King- 
was  not  always  clear  to  even  so  influential-  a  personage  as  Abra- 
ham Gradis.  On  one  occasion,  being  hard  pressed  for  money 
to  fill  a  large  order  received  from  the  West  Indies,  he  presented 
his  claim  to  Minister  Berryer — wrell  known  for  his  harsh  and 
imperious  demeanor.  The  latter,  hesitating  to  comply,  Gradis 
assured  him  that  unless  his  demands  were  soon  satisfied  he  would 
be  prevented  from  accomplishing  his  duties.  Whereupon  the 
stern  minister  cuttingly  replied:  ' '  That  will  not  be  such  a  great 
misfortune  ;  you  mcrchayits  are  accustomed  to  such  tilings  ;  in  fact 
you  become  rich  through  them  !  "  Abraham  Gradis  straightened 
himself  up  at  this  insult,  and  looking  steadily  at  the  great  man, 
said:  "The  name  of  Gradis,  better  known  in  four  quarters  of 
the  globe  than  that  of  the  Minister  of  France,  is  free  from  dis- 
honor.    No  taint  of  any  kind  covers  its  escutcheon  ! ' '     With 

81  This  important  fact  is  thun  recorded  by  Prof.  Graetz:  (Ge- 
schichte  der  Juden,  vol.  XI,  p.  190)  "  Gradis  aus  einer  reichen  und 
angesehenen  Familie  in  Bordeaux,  die  grosse  Bank-  und  ueber- 
seeische  Geschaefte  fuer  die  franzoesischen  Colonien  betrieb,  eigene 
Schiffe  ausruestete  und  dem  franzoesischen  Staate  in  den  entfernten 
Besitzungen  durch  Ausloesung  franzoesischer  Gefangener  aus  den 
Haenden  der  Englaender  Dienste  geleistet  hatte."  See  also  the  fol- 
lowing note,  which  is  still  more  explicit. 

82  Cf.  Graetz,  in  Monatsschrift,  vol.  XXIV.,  p.  452:  "  .  .  Abra- 
ham Gradis  gab  einem  Geschaeftsfreunde  in  London  den  Auftrag, 
den  gefangenen  franzoesischen  Capitaenen  und  Commandanten  auf 
seine  Bechnung  Alles  zu  verabreichen,  was  sie  noethig  haben  sollten, 
um  ihre  Lage  zu  erleichtern.11 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  481 

this  he  urged  the  minister  with  even  greater  persistence  to  ren- 
der him  satisfaction  by  appealing  to  the  King  in  his  behalf. 
Berry er,  unused  to  such  show  of  courage  and  firmness,  could 
not  but  comply  with  his  request,  and  Gradis'  claims  were  duly 
honored. 

It  was  no  conceit  that  prompted  his  reply  to  the  haughty 
representative  of  King  Louis  XV.  His  sovereign  gave  fre- 
quent sign  of  his  favor  and  gratitude  for  the  diplomatic  skill 
and  rare  tact  as  well  as  noble  devotion  with  which  Gradis 
managed  the  business  affairs  of  the  empire  in  these  revolution- 
ary days.  The  minister  once  wrote  in  the  following  strain  to 
Gradis  &  Co. :  "I  considered  it  my  duty  to  remind  his  Majesty 
that  your  conduct  was  both  unselfish  and  zealous  for  the  wel- 
fare and  services  of  the  state  on  all  occasions  and  under  all  cir- 
cumstances. His  Majesty  commissions  me  to  express  to  you 
his  utmost  satisfaction  and  recognition. " 

As  a  reward  for  his  untiring  interest  in  behalf  of  the  French 
nation,  exceptional  privileges  were  granted  to  him  (Abraham 
Gradis),  and  his  family  in  the  colonies.  The  right  of  owning 
real  estate  and  civil  equality  in  common  with  the  other  citizens 
of  France  on  the  Island  of  Martinique,  were  accorded  to  him 
in  1779.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  he  was  associated  with 
the  Superior  of  the  Jesuit  Missionaries  in  Martinique — the 
famous  pater  Lavalette ,  who  had  charge  of  the  largest  and  most 
influential  congregation  there,  and  who  conducted  an  immense 
business  with  foreign  countries.  Gradis  once  advanced  him 
400,000  francs.  He  often  received  him  in  his  own  home  socially, 
and  was  charmed  by  the  personal  merits  of  the  enterprising 
Jesuit.  This  did  not  prevent  Gradis— a  shrewd  and  careful 
merchant  who  knew  just  how  much  to  risk — from  severing  all 
connections  with  him,  for  he  rather  early  suspected  the  utter 
collapse  of  Lavalette 's  colossal  undertakings,  and  thus  avoided 
the  bankruptcy  which  would  inevitably  have  resulted,  had  he, 
like  other  careless  firms,  allowed  himself  to  be  drawn  into  the 
vortex  of  speculation.  Similar  causes  of  self-preservation 
prompted  him  to  withdraw  from  further  commercial  relations 
with  the  State,  as  another  financial  crisis  warned  him  of  the 
outbreak  of  the  Revolution. 

Much  more  of  interest  might  be  told  of  Abraham  Gradis  and 
31 


482  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

other  members  of  the  same  stock.  Thus  for  instance  of  his 
acts  of  kindness  during  the  famine  in  the  French  Colonies,  at 
which  time  he  sent  seventeen  ships  laden  with  nourishment 
and  merchandise  for  the  relief  of  the  suffering— a  fact  used  by 
the  Abbe  Gregoire  as  a  plea  and  an  argument  in  favor  of  the 
emancipation  of  the  Jews. 

A  rebellion  in  St.  Domingo  and  in  Martinique  where  the 
Gradis  family  (among  them  David  II,  Benjamin,  Moses 
Gradis,  etc.),  owned  extensive  territory,  together  with  the 
losses  in  the  mother  country  during  the  French  Revolution, 
caused  the  downfall  of  this  princely  house.  Their  possessions 
in  St.  Domingo,  valued  at  three  million  francs,  were  utterly 
ruined.  The  slaves  in  their  employ  were  (unknown  to  them) 
misused  by  their  representative,  hence  the  "  habitation,"  as 
his  property  was  called,  began  to  yield  but  sad  results.  The 
younger  brother,  Moses,  saved  at  least  a  meagre  portion  of  the 
vast  wealth  once  commanded  by  the  house  of  Gradis,  by  visit- 
ing the  island  and  caring  for  the  negroes,  who,  in  gratitude 
for  his  kind  treatment  of  them — eulogized  by  the  abolitionist 
Schoelcher — strove  to  make  good  their  former  losses.  The 
family  of  Gradis  is  immortalized  in  the  history  of  the  com- 
merce of  two  continents.     ' '  Their  works  are  their  monuments." 


VIII. 

The  Civil  and  Military  Status  of  the  Jews  in  Jamaica. 

In  the  West  Indies,  the  Jews,  though  debarred  from  public 
office  until  late,  contributed  much  to  the  public  good.  Their 
constancy  and  restless  activity  in  behalf  of  the  Government 
under  which  they  served  are  chronicled  by  many  historians.  It 
were  useless  to  give  an  elaborate  account  of  their  influence  for 
good  in  the  islands.  It  would  lead  us  much  too  far  to  recount 
them,  and  in  fact  many  things  have  been  recorded  of  this 
nature  by  the  present  writer  elsewhere.83  If  we  mention  the 
case  of  Daniel  Cordoso,  who  was  killed  while  ^defending  Cura- 

83  Cf.  G.  A.  Kohut's  article  on  Jews  in  St.  Thomas,  Jamaica  and 
Barbados,  in  the  P.  A.  J.  H.  S.}  No.  4. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


483 


cao,  from  an  attack  of  the  English  in  1805,84  it  is  because  his  is 
the  only  one  referred  to  by  name  in  the  history  of  that  island. 
No  doubt  other  researches  will  be  made  by  the  active  members 
of"  the  American  Jewish  Historical  Society,  in  this  direction,  which 
will  silence  all  calumny  against  our  patriotism.  As  a  fitting 
epilogue  to  these  pages,  we  subjoin  a  "  I^ist  of  Jews  appointed 
to  civil  and  military  offices  in  Jamaica,  since  the  act  of  1831,' ' 
extracted  from  the  official  gazettes  of  the  island,  and  presented 
by  Sir  F.  H.  Goldsmid,  in  his  Arguments  advanced  against  the 
enfranchisement  of  the  Jews,  considered  in  a  series  of  letters, 
Second  Edition,  Iyondon  1833,  pp.  39-40  (First  Ed.,  London, 
183 1),  arranged  in  the  following  chronological  order: 


1831. 
October  15th 

October  24th 

October  27th 

November  2nd 

December  13th 

December  31st 

1832. 
January  19th 

March  8th 


Mykr  Benjamin,  Gent.,  to  be  a  Quarter- 
master. 

Moses  Gomes  Silva,  Esq.,  to  be  a  Provost 
Marshal- General.85 

Alexander  Bravo,  Esq.,  to  be  a  Magistrate 
and  Assistant  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas  for  the  Parish  of  Clarendon. 

Philip  Lucas,  Esq.,  to  be  a  Magistrate  and 
Assistant  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  for  the  Parish  of  Kingston. 

Aaron  Gomes  Dacosta,  Gent.,  to  be  an 
Ensign. 

Daniel  Jacobs,  Gent.,  to  be  an  Ensign. 

Alexander  Joseph  Lindo,  Gent.,  to  be  a 
Quartermaster. 

Jacob  De  Pass,  Esq.,  to  be  a  Magistrate  and 
Assistant  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  for  the  Parish  Port  Royal. 


84  See  Koenen's  Geschiedenis,  etc.,  p.  307-8:    " Toen 

in  1805  de  Engelschen  een  vruchteloozen  aanval  op  dit  eiland  deden, 
de  Joden,  aldaar  woonachtig,  hun  plicht  ter  verdediging  van  hetzelve 
moedig  betracht  hebben,  zoodat  een  van  hen,  zijnde  Daniel  Cardoso, 
geboortig  van  Amsterdam,  bij  die  gelegenheid  gesneuveld  is."  Cf. 
also  Van  Hamelsveld,  Geschiedenis  der  Joden,  p.  363. 
85This  is  analogous  to  the  English  office  of  Sheriff. 


484 


THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 


1832. 
March  9th 
April  27th 


Samuel  Deusser,  Gent.,  to  be  an  Ensign. 

Isaac  Gomes  Dacosta,  Gent.,  to  be  a 
Quartermaster. 

George  Isaacs,  Gent.,  to  be  a  Quarter- 
master. 

Barnet  Isaacs,  Gent.,  to  be  an  Ensign. 

David  L,opez,  Gent.,  to  be  a  Lieutenant  of 
Artillery. 

Abraham  Isaacs,  Esq.,  to  be  a  Magistrate 
and  Assistant  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas  for  the  Parish  of  St.  Ann. 

Moses  Q.  Henriques,  Gent.,  to  be  an 
Ensign.86 

It  is  evident  from  this  brief  and  insufficient  summary  of  our 
subject,  that  the  Jews  on  American  soil,  north  and  south,  east 
and  west,  were  loyal,  law-abiding  citizens,  noble  philanthropists 
and  exemplary  patriots. 

86  This  list  was  already  published  by  the  writer  in  an  article  on 
The  Civil  and  Military  Status  of  American  Jews,  in  Menorah 
Monthly,  Vol.  XVIII,  No.  4,  pp.  256-7. 


May  1  st 

May  5th 
July  6th 

July  26th 


August  4th 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  485 


JEWS  IN  THE  ARMIES  OF  EUROPE. 


The  purpose  of  the  present  volume,  as  its  title  indicates,  is  a 
review  of  the  record  and  the  status  as  patriot,  soldier  and  citi- 
zen of  the  American  Jew.  But  the  Jew  is  co-extensive  with 
civilization,  not  only  historically  but  geographically  as  well, 
and  wherever  civilization  makes  its  way,  there  the  Jew  will  be 
found  exerting  a  positive  influence  in  furthering  its  progress. 
He  will  be  found  at  the  nucleus  and  core  of  conservatism  and 
order  wherever  order  is  akin  to  right,  but  he  has  never  been 
wanting  at  the  front  of  Revolution  when  wrong  could  no  longer 
otherwise  be  righted. 

Avoiding  more  than  a  passing  advertence  to  Jewish  military 
achievements  in  the  beginning  of  Israel's  history,  in  the  later 
struggles  against  the  Greeks  and  subsequently  against  the 
Romans;  stopping  but  a  moment  to  remember  Joshua,  and 
Gideon,  and  Deborah,  the  successive  Maccabsean  heroes,  and 
the  last  desperate  struggle  for  freedom  that  was  led  by  Bar 
Cochba  against  Hadrian ;  passing  down  through  all  the  martyr- 
doms of  the  Dark  Ages  to  the  present  "  nineteenth  century," 
we  come  face  to  face  with  the  fact  that  Jews  have  been  present 
in  European  armies  since  the  time  of  the  Napoleonic  wars. 
They  were  to  be  found  in  the  ranks  of  all  the  combatants 
during  that  bloody  prelude  to  the  great  political  regeneration 
that  is  yet  going  on  before  us,  and  they  have  risen  as  far  above 
the  ranks  as  the  prejudices  of  the  Christianity-professing 
majority  would  admit. 

In  the  successive  Polish  uprisings,  in  all  the  great  political 
upheavals  of  1848,  and  especially  in  tne  Hungarian  revolution 
of  that  time,  the  Jews  of  their  respective  nationalities  took  a 
vigorous  and  aggressive  part.*     Their  position  in  this  regard 

*  .  .  .  "  It  is  a  gratifying  proof  of  progress  that  the  President  of 
the  Magyars  (Kossuth)  has  promised  freedom  to  those  who  equally 
with  himself  are  struggling  for  the  independence  of  their  country, 


486  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

was  so  positive  and  unmistakable  that  when  those  great  socio- 
political disturbances-  had  been  quieted  through  the  partial 
concession  of  popular  rights  by  the  monarchies  of  Europe,  the 
Jews  of  Germany  and  Austria  had  reached  a  position  where 
they  could  logically  demand  their  political  enfranchisement 
and  the  abolition  of  the  mediaeval  restrictions  which  remained 
imposed  on  them.  That  they  did  not  obtain  a  full  measure  of 
citizenship  until  after  the  establishment  of  the  German  Empire 
in  1 87 1,  is  indeed  true,  and  even  yet  the  spirit  of  the  Dark 
Ages  is  so  far  prevalent  in  Germany  and  in  Austria  (leaving 
Slavic  Europe  out  of  consideration  as  not  yet  modernized)  as  to 

since  it  is  said  that  there  are  no  less  than  35,000  Israelites  in  the  Hun- 
garian army."  Extract  from  a  French  newspaper  reprinted  in  "  The 
Occident,11  August,  1849.    Phila.;  Edited  by  Isaac  Leeser. 

.  .  .  .  '.  "It  cannot  be  denied  that  already  at  that  time  the 
majority  of  the  Magyar  Jews  were  patriotically  inclined  towards 
the  country  which  they  called  their  home.  As  by  magic,  they 
felt  themselves  drawn  towards  the  man  who  preached  liberty 
and  eqality,  and  at  whose  hands  they  were  expecting  redemption 
from  the  Ghetto  and  from  civil  and  political  degradation.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  fact,  thousands  of  Jews,  among  them  a  general,  fought  in  the 

Magyar  army The  contribution   which  the  notorious 

Haynau  levied  upon  the  Jewish  congregations  was  but  a  consequence 
of  the  loyalty  to  the  man  of  the  New  P^ra,  attributed  to  the  Jews." 
Dr.  Adolph  Kohut  on  u  The  Relations  of  Kossuth  to  the  Jews,"  in 
the  American  Hebrew,  N.  Y.,  March,  1894. 

To  the  above  may  be  added  the  following  testimony  of  General 
Julius  Stahel,  one  of  the  active  participants  in  the  Hungarian  Revo- 
lution, and  who  subsequently  made  a  distinguished  military  record 
in  our  civil  war. 

New  York,  May  22d,  1895, 
Hon.  Simon  Wolf,  Washington,  D.  C, 
Dear  Sir: 

I  know  from  personal  knowledge  that  many  Jews  fought  in  the 
battles  for  the  independence  of  Hungary  in  1848,  with  as  much 
bravery  and  gallantry  as  the  American  Jew  fought  here  during  the 
late  strife  between  the  North  and  the  South,  and  I  also  know  that 
the  late  humane  and  illustrious  apostle  of  liberty,  Louis  Kossuth, 
always  fully  appreciated  the  patriotism,  loyalty  and  devotion  of  the 
Jews  to  the  cause  of  Hungary  during  that  great  struggle  for  freedom. 

Patriotism  and  bravery  are  not  the  birthright  of  one  nation  or  race, 
but  of  all  mankind. 

Very  sincerely  yours, 

J.  Stahel. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN  487 

preclude  the  advancement  of  Jews  to  the  higher  posts  of  the 
army.  In  France,  however,  since  the  French  Revolution,  and 
in  Italy  since  the  consolidation  of  the  Kingdom,  Jews  have  been 
advanced  to  the  highest  military  commands.  In  both  countries 
and  especially  in  France,  several  Jewish  soldiers  at  present  hold 
the  rank  of  General  of  Division,  and  quite  a  number,  propor- 
tionately, that  of  Brigade  and  Regimental  Commander.* 

The  part  played  by  the  Jews  of  Europe  in  all  the  various 
avenues  of  progress  need  not  detain  us  here.  The  recurrent 
ebullitions  of  unreasoning  prejudice  against  them  which  become 
manifest  from  time  to  time,  are  ultimately  traceable  as  but  dis- 
torted expressions  of  the  unrest  which  the  European  social 
organism  is  suffering  under  its  abnormal  political  and  economic 
conditions.  What  there  is  left  of  this  spirit  on  American  soil 
is  but  a  reflex  of  that  of  Europe,  but  there,  as  here,  the  record 
made  by  the  Jewish  people  in  politics  and  in  war,  in  commerce 
and  in  industry,  in  science,  art  and  literature,  has  placed 
beyond  question  their  position  as  patriots,  soldiers  and  citizens. 

*  Referring  to  a  newspaper  item  regarding  the  rumors  of  a  duel 
between  Capt.  Cremieux  Foa,  a  French  cavalry  officer,  and  a  certain 
anti-Semite  editor  of  a  Paris  newspaper,  General  Franz  Sigel  wrote  as 
follows: 

New  York,  May  31st,  1892. 
Hon.  Simon  Wolf,   Washington,  D.  C, 
Dear  Sir: 

Not  knowing  whether  you  have  seen  or  will  see  the  inclosed  item, 
I  send  it  to  you.  It  shows  at  least  that  there  are  no  less  than  300 
Jewish  officers  serving  in  the  French  army,  probably  the  highest 
number  in  any  of  the  great  European  armies,  which  speaks  well  for 
France  and  her  republican  government. 

Hoping  that  you  are  well,  I  am, 

Truly  yours, 

Franz  Si  gee. 


488  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


THE  JEWISH   PEOPLE   BEFORE  THE   WORLD. 

As  already  noted  by  the  author  in  the  introduction  to  this 
work,  it  was  in  December,  1891,  that  another  of  the  number- 
less public  villifications  of  the  Jewish  people  which  have 
appeared  from  time  to  time  had  demanded  a  no  less  public 
refutation  of  its  falsities.  It  has  furthermore  been  noted  that 
this  refutation  was  dictated  not  by  anything  specially  remark- 
able in  the  nature  of  the  slander  itself,  nor  of  its  source, 
inasmuch  as  the  former  was  commonplace  and  the  latter 
obscure,  but  that  the  reply  had  been  called  forth  wholly  by 
reason  of  the  extraordinary  condition  of  the  public  mind  with 
regard  to  the  subject  at  that  particular  juncture.  It  was  the 
time  and  the  occasion  that  gave  the  slander  prominence,  rather 
than  any  peculiarity  of  its  own. 

It  has  been  so  for  a  long  time  past.  From  the  time,  nearly 
1900  years  ago,  when  Philo  of  Alexandria  appeared  before 
Caligula  in  defence  of  his  people,  down  along  the  centuries  to 
the  date  of  Menasseh  ben  Israel's  appeal  to  Cromwell  in 
1656,  there  were  repeated  occasions  for  such  defenses  and 
appeals,  and  there  have  been  many  since.  These  contingencies 
have  repeatedly  arisen  in  the  course  of  the  slow  process  of  pop- 
ular enlightenment  which  makes  up  the  history  of  Man,  and 
as  that  process  is  yet  far  from  accomplishment  it  is  not  at  all 
unlikely  that  they  may  be  repeated  in  the  future. 

It  is,  however,  more  than  passingly  remarkable  that  in  the 
closing  decade  of  the  19th  Century,  when 

11  the  thoughts  of  men  have  widened  with  the  process  of  the  suns," 

an  occasion  of  this  nature  should  have  arisen.  That  such 
exigencies  occur  but  rarely  in  the  midst  of  our  Western  civili- 
zation, and  that  rare  as  they  are,  their  occurrence  is  always 
traceable  to  foreign  impulses,  only  renders  more  apparent  the 
liberalizing  influences  of  our  free  American  institutions,  while 
on  the  other  hand  further  emphasizing  the  lessons  taught  us 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  489 

by  the  spectacle  of  Monarchic  Europe.  There  the  remnants  of 
the  mediaeval  system,  political,  ecclesiastic  and  social,  that 
remained  as  historic  debris  after  the  cataclysm  of  the  French 
Revolution,  still  clog  the  advance  of  true  enlightenment.  In 
Germany  and  in  Austria  a  considerable  portion  of  the  populace 
is  still  affected  by  a  taint  of  monkish  fanaticism,  and  in  Russia 
only  a  comparatively  few  individuals  appear  to  be  free  from  it. 
Schools  are  numerous  in  Austria  and  universities  flourish  in 
Germany,  but  the  prejudices  which  form  the  obverse  side  of 
folly  find  still  some  teachers  in  the  schools  and  preachers  in  the 
pulpit. 

u  Knowledge  comes,  but  wisdom  lingers," 

and  the  dictates  of  reason,  the  teachings  of  political  and 
economic  science,  the  lessons  of  history,  will  have  to  be  yet 
more  than  once  repeated  before  that  umbra  of  the  Dark  Ages, 
the  so-called  "  anti-Semitism  ' '  of  Slavic  and  Teutonic  Europe, 
and  its  penumbra  in  America,  will  have  been  lost  in  historic 
space. 

These  lessons  have  been  learned  and  these  teachings  taught 
by  the  foremost  minds  of  every  epoch  and  latterly  of  every 
generation.  From  the  time  of  Reuchlin's  defense  of  the 
Talmud  and  Jewish  literature  generally  against  the  fanatics  of 
his  day,  a  defense  which  caused  a  religious  and  political  agita- 
tion that  became  the  prelude  to  the  Reformation,  down  to  our 
present  time,  there  have  not  been  wanting  Christian  men  of 
learning  and  of  understanding  who  strove  successfully  in  the 
defense  of  Jewish  polity  against  the  prejudices  of  ignorance. 
The  great  Renaissance  of  German  letters  in  the  latter  half  of 
the  1 8th  century  afforded  numerous  instances  of  men  of  this 
character,  among  whom  need  but  be  cited  I^essing,  Herder, 
Schiller,  and  Goethe.  These  writers  and  thinkers  carried  on 
their  polemics  in  the  domain  of  idealism,  in  poetry  and  phi- 
losophy, and  their  thoughts  were  soon  re-echoed  in  the  out- 
givings of  the  succeeding  generation  of  scientists,  students  and 
statesmen.  We  will  not  attempt  here  to  adduce  all  the  great 
array  of  leading  minds  who  have  been  impelled  to  express 
themselves  on  this  theme,  but  will  limit  our  citations  to  a  few 
of  the  most  authoritative  thinkers  and  a  quotation  of  the  most 
positive  utterances  on  the  subject. 


490  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

In  marked  contrast  with  the  accusation  of  the  passing  school 
of  anti-Semitic  writers  against  Judaism  as  materialistic  in  its 
tendencies,  there  may  be  cited  an  expression  by  the  great 
German  and  cosmopolitan  philosopher,  ALEXANDER  von 
HUMBOLDT.  In  a  letter  to  a  Jewish  friend  regarding  the 
natural  idealism  expressed  in  Hebrew  literature,  he  refers  him 
to  the  following  passage  in  his  Cosmos  (  Vol.  Z/Z,  p.  44),  and 
closes  his  letter  as  below. 

"  It  is  a  characteristic  sign  of  the  natural  poetry  of  the  Hebrews, 
that,  as  a  reflex  of  Monotheism,  it  always  comprises  the  whole  of  the 
universe  in  its  unity,  both  life  on  earth  and  the  bright  realms  on 
high.  It  seldom  dwells  upon  single  phenomena,  but  rejoices  in  the 
contemplation  of  great  masses.  Nature  is  not  described  as  self-exist- 
ent, or  glorified  by  a  beauty  of  her  own;  to  the  Hebrew  singer  she 
always  appears  in  connection  with  an  over-ruling  spiritual  power. 
Nature  to  him  is  ever  a  thing  created  and  ordained,  the  living  utter- 
ance of  God's  Omnipresence  in  the  works  of  the  world  of  matter. 
Therefore,  the  lyrical  poetry  of  the  Hebrews,  by  reason  of  its  subject, 
is  grand  and  grave  in  its  solemnity." 

11  Stand  fast  by  your  brethren  who  have  accomplished  so  remarkable 
a  course  of  martyrdom  through  centuries  and  now  stand  on  the 
threshold  of  their  liberation ;  devote  all  the  energies  of  yonr  intellect  to 
the  spiritual  labor  wherewith  your  millennial  history  is  instinct;  suc- 
cess cannot,  will  not  fail  you  and  the  rich  results  that  you,  my  young 
friend,  will  obtain  from  the  mines  of  science,  will  calm  and  comfort 
you  in  many  a  sad  experience  in  the  dull  and  cloudy  present,  that 
is  but  the  precursor  of  the  bright  dawn  of  the  day  of  liberty." 

Another  world-famous  scientist,  ALPHONSE  L.  P.  PYR- 
AME  De  CANDOLLE,  in  his  Histoire  des  sciences  et  des 
savants  depuis  deux  siecles,  Geneva,  1873,  makes  the  following 
very  remarkable  observations: 

"  If  Europe  had  been  peopled  by  Jews  only  we  might  have 
witnessed  a  curious  spectacle.  There  would  no  longer  be  any  wars; 
hence  the  moral  sensibility  would  be  violated  much  less  and  millions 
of  people  would  not  be  torn  away  from  useful  occupations.  Public 
debts  and  taxes  would  decrease.  The  cultivation  of  science,  of  litera- 
ture, of  fine  arts,  especially  music,  for  which  the  Jews  have  a  great 
predilection,  would  be  furthered  to  the  highest  extent.  Industry  and 
commerce  would  flourish.  Few  crimes  of  personal  violence  would  be 
committed,  and  those  against  property  would  but  seldom  be  accom- 
panied by  violence.  The  wealth  of  the  community  as  a  whole  and 
of  individuals  would  largely  increase  by  the  effect  of  intelligent  and 
regular  labor,  combined  with  economy.     This  wealth  would  have  a 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  491 

beneiicent  effect.  The  clergy  would  not  come  in  collision  with  the 
State.  Perhaps  there  would  be  less  corruption  among  the  officials  and 
greater  firmness." 

The  above  passage  is  approvingly  quoted  by  another  great 
leader  in  the  world  of  science,  Professor  Carl  Vogt,  in  an 
article  published  in  Westennan's  Monatsheftc,  wherein  ttte 
writer,  treating  of  the  habits  and  qualities  acquired  by 
European  peoples  through  hereditary  transmission,  speaks  of 
the  Jewish  people  as  having  attained  the  highest  civilization 
notwithstanding  their  having  lived  for  ages  under  oppression. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  centennial  anniversary,  in  1891,  of 
the  political  enfanchisement  of  the  French  Jews,  the  celebrated 
leader  of  the  French  Liberal  Catholics,  PERE  HYACINTHE, 
addressed  to  the  Grand  Rabbi  of  Paris  the  following  express- 
ive commtmication : 

"Monsieur  le  Grand  Rabbin:  —  You  will  have  seen  from  the 
papers  that  our  Gallican  Catholic  church  intends  to  commemorate 
the  centenary  of  the  emancipation  of  the  Jews  by  the  Constituent 
Assembly.  The  27th  of  September,  1791,  is  a  date  of  even  greater 
glory  to  France  than  it  is  to  the  Jews.  It  was  a  day  that  witnessed 
the  reparation  of  a  long  and  cruel  injustice;  it  inaugurated  for  the 
whole  world  an  era  of  liberty  and  brotherhood  from  which  no  evil 
disposed  person  has  since  been  able  to  make  us  swerve.  We  are  too 
enlightened  and  too  liberal-minded  to  become  anti-Semites.  Besides, 
we  are  Christians,  and  as  such  we  must  not  forget  that  it  is  from 
Irael's  bosom  that  we  have  sprung.     Israel,  the  grand  old  olive  tree 

from  which  we  have  been  grafted.  For  the  French  Jews  the  inter- 
regnum which  commenced  with  Sedecias  ended  with  Napoleon. 
Napoleon  it  was,  who  boasted  of  being  the  King  of  the  Jews,  and 

the  Jews  accordingly  treated  him  as  their  political  Messiah.     Than 

him  they  could  not  have  had  a  greater. 
"But  Napoleon's  empire,  like  the  kingdom  of  David,  is  no  more, 

and  the  French  Republic  now  has  the  keeping  of  these  two  illustrious 

necropoles,  that  at  Jerusalem  wherein  reposes  the  race  of  David,  that 

at  Paris  wherein  rests  the  hero  who   was  in  himself  his  own  sole 

dynasty. 

"  But  none  the  less,  France  has  remained,  as  Bonaparte  remarked, 

the  new  tribe  of  Judah,  where  Frenchmen  and  Jews  constitute  one 

people. 
"Republicans  by  virture  of  the  Mosaic  legislation,  I  would  almost 

say  socialistic,  in  the  best  sense  of  the  term,  before  they  became 

monarchists  by  Samuel's  dispensation,  the  traditions  of  the  Jews 

comprise  all  the  essentials  for  the  service  of  France. 


492  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

iU  Hear,  Lord,  the  voice  of  Judah  and  bring  him  unto  his  people; 
let  his  hands  be  sufficient  for  him,  and  be  Thou  a  help  to  him  from 
his  enemies.' 

11  These  are  my  wishes,  Monsieur  le  Grand  Rabbin  and  may  the 
God  of  the  Jews,  who  is  also  the  God  of  the  Christians,  cause  them 
to^be  fulfilled  speedily. 
"  Accept,  monsieur,  the  assurance  of  my  fraternal  friendship. 

Hyacinthe  Loyson, 
Priest." 


As  focussing  effectively  the  most  salient  aspects  of  this  gen- 
eral subject,  we  will  here  cite  a  thoughtful  statement  from  a 
strictly  orthodox  Roman  Catholic  source,  the  French  clerical 
journal,  Le  Monde: 

11  The  immortality  of  the  soul  has  been  repudiated  by  the  Academie 
des  Inscriptions  and  Belles-Lettres.  The  Jews  had  to  serve  as  the 
occasion.  The  Old  Testament,  however,  was  vindicated.  But  in  how 
many  feeble  minds  was  not  an  uncertainty  left?  How  many  will 
take  the  trouble  to  read  over  the  Sacred  Books,  when  the  reading  of 
the  daily  papers  absorbs  all  their  time?  Voltaire  knew  well  enough 
that  to  sustain  his  iconoclastic  views  he  had  to  discredit  the  Jewish 
people,  to  falsify  their  history,  and  to  take  up  again  the  pagan  theory 
of  presenting  them  as  the  most  degraded  of  people. 

"Such,  indeed,  was  the  opinion  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  in 
regard  to  the  Jews.  The  Greeks,  given  over  to  all  conceivable  turpi- 
tude and  tyranny,  to  an  anarchy  without  bounds  and  without  end, 
incapable  of  even  simulating  a  defence  against  Rome,  despised  the 
Jewish  people,  and  the  Romans  entertained  the  same  feelings.  They 
despised  them  for  the  same  reason  that  the  economists,  the  capitalists, 
the  modern  free-thinkers,  despise  the  Catholics.  The  Jews  did  not 
worship  idols;  they  alone  did  not  prostrate  themselves  before  nature; 
they  condemned,  despised  that  pantheism,  that  idol- worship,  which 
sanctified  the  vices  and  the  passions  and  which  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  embraced  with  such  ardor.  The  dignity  and  regularity  of 
their  habits  formed  a  striking  contrast  to  pagan  dissipation.  They 
opposed  in  their  individuality,  the  beauty  of  their  rigorous  law  to  the 
impure  teachings  of  paganism.  They  never  presented  a  disgraceful 
spectacle  in  the  time  of  their  prosperity  ;  they  never  participated  in 
the  bloody  games  of  the  ring;  they  held  human  sacrifices  in  horror. 

"  The  Jews  did  not  profess  the  principle  of  equity,  of  which  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  boasted  so  much — themselves  absolute  partisans 
of  Slavery.  They  simply  upheld  the  institution  of  family  hiearchy, 
the  paternal  authority.  Their  habits  and  institutions,  inspired  by 
the  parental  sentiment  —  were  they  not  full  of  kindliness  and  fore- 
sight? Could  they  overlook  the  feeble  and  the  poor?  Amongst  them 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  493 

brothers  could  not  know  contention  and  strife,  because  they  were 
equals  in  reality.     Without  the  parent,  fraternity  would  disappear. 

"  In  order  to  subsist  it  is  necessary  that  children  should  always 
have  before  them  the  image,  the  memory,  the  principle  of  the 
paternity  from  which  they  emanated,  which  formed  the  bonds  of 
their  friendship.  Their  unity  proceeds  from  thence,  a  unity,  sweet, 
lively,  inculcated  in  infancy,  formed  by  the  heart  before  the  mind 
could  grasp  it.  The  law-giver  had  no  occasion,  therefore,  to  enjoin 
fraternity,  but  needed  only  to  submit  it  to  that  law  of  nature  which 
organizes  the  paternal  authority.  The  Jews  were  ignorant  of  those 
social  ideas  that  desolated  the  ancient  cities  and  that  spring  up  again 
iu  modern  times.  The  poor  had  no  demands  to  make  upon  the  rich. 
The  Jews  never  forget,  and  had  they  done  so,  the  law  reminded  them 
that  the  earth  belongs  to  the  Lord  and  that  in  God  they  are  all 
brothers.  The  constitutional  wars  between  the  poor  and  the  rich  in 
Rome  and  Athens  were  caused  by  extortion.  This  question  of  extor- 
tion fills  Roman  history  with  its  pale  shadow;  it  is  at  the  bottom  of 
all  the  troubles,  dissensions,  periodical  massacres  and  revolts.  It  has 
again  taken  possession  of  society  with  the  reform  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century.  Only  in  1789  France  passed  from  under  the  yoke  of  extor- 
tion. The  Jewish  fraternity  condemned  extortion  as  a  principle  of 
tyranny. 

"This  fraternity,  so  powerful  a  principle,  led  the  Jews  to  love 
their  fellow-beings,  to  see  in  them  colleagues  and  brothers  ;  they 
received  the  stranger  willingly,  extended  to  him  their  hospitality, 
even  a  share  in  the  benefits  of  their  law — something  that  was  foreign 
to  all  other  nations.  With  these  other  nations  the  stranger  was 
regarded  simply  as  an  enemy;  "enemy"  and  "stranger"  were 
expressed  by  one  and  the  same  word.  Pantheism,  denying  the 
principle  of  unity,  as  indicated  in  the  Divine  origin,  left  men  in  a 
continual  state  of  war.  And  war  never  ceased;  the  cities  fought  with 
each  other,  until  the  strongest  had  subdued  the  others,  and  in  their 
turn  were  conquered  and  absorbed  by  a  greater.  This  is  the  invari- 
able history  of  Greece  and  Rome.  The  dogma  of  Divine  creation 
exhibited  to  the  Jews  all  men  as  brethren.  They  did  not  treat  the 
stranger  therefore  as  a  barbarian.  They,  the  Israelites,  alone  of  all  the 
nations  of  antiquity,  did  not  carry  on  aggressive  wars;  once  estab- 
lished upon  their  soil,  they  had  no  other  desire  than  to  live  in  peace 
by  living  out  their  laws.  This  is  the  object  of  all  their  institutions. 
They  do  not  make  war  upon  the  stranger,  because  they  had  no  hate 
against  him. 

"  Their  God,  greater  than  the  gods  of  the  Olympus,  neither  flattered 
nor  served  their  passions.  He  was  a  jealous  God,  who  exacted  the 
submission  of  the  heart.  He  chastised  his  rebellious  children.  And 
this  people  purified  by  persecution  and  misfortune,  returned  to  the 
laws  of  their  fathers,  to  the  observance  of  their  precepts.  No  city  in 
ancient,  no  people  in  modern  times  could  have  passed  through  like 


494  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

vicissitudes  and  recovered  again.  It  is  not  through  progress  that 
they  endured  and  were  capable  of  resistance,  but  by  holding  fast  to 
the  past;  by  rallying  around  the  law,  which  they  had  never  abandoned 
and  which  they  never  modified,  hard  as  it  was.  It  often  became 
irksome,  it  never  bargained  with  its  conscience.  What  else  existed, 
before  the  laws  of  Moses,  than  that  paganism  which  legalized  all 
vices?  The  Jews  defended  their  law  with  their  lives;  they  fought 
for  it  against  the  Greek  kings  of  Syria;  they  preferred  to  be  buried 
under  the  ruins  of  Jerusalem  to  making  a  compact  with  Roman  pagan 
ism  The  Greeks  and  Romans  never  had  the  idea  that  one  can  die  for 
one's  religion. 

"  By  their  habits  in  the  government  of  the  State  the  Jews  were 
separated  completely  from  Greece  and  Rome.  They  never  brooked 
the  insults  of  the  ancient  or  modern  mobocracy,  because  they 
respected  the  principle  of  the  family,  the  foundation  of  their  political, 
judicial,  administrative  and  military  organization.  They  alone  in 
antiquity  repudiated  slavery.  They  practiced  a  national  brotherhood 
which  the  Christian  people  are  hardly  capable  of  comprehending;  it 
is  so  sublime,  and  almost  beyond  human  nature.  The  institution  of 
the  jubilee,  of  the  seventh  year,  the  seventh  day,  was  the  perfection 
of  social  order;  but  even  with  Christianity  these  institutions  could 
not  maintain  themselves.  Dispersed,  reduced  to  direst  need  and  to 
the  humiliation  of  exile,  the  Jews  have  never  abandoned  these  first 
principles.  Tacitus  remarked  the  close  ties  of  brotherhood  that  united 
them  in  his  time.  Inter  ipsos  obstinata  fides.  Since  then  and  up  to 
this  time  is  it  not  the  same  sentiment  ?  Are  there  many  dissensions 
amongst  them  ?  This  moral  greatness  of  the  Jewish  people  made 
them  the  target  of  pagan  enmity.  The  policy  of  Rome  was  to  be 
enforced  upon  all  nations.  The  Jews  share  with  the  Christians  the 
honor  of  having  been  singled  out  as  the  victims  of  utter  extermi- 
nation. 

"  The  Jewish  nation  has  survived  all  its  victors;  it  alone,  says  Jean- 
Jaques  Rousseau,  withstood  the  power  of  time,  fortune  and  defeat. 
Greece  and  Rome  were  enveloped  in  a  system  of  superstition  which 
weighed  heavily  upon  the  actions  of  public  and  private  life.  The 
Jews  lived  beyond  the  pale  of  that  ignominy.  The  causes  of  this  intel- 
lectual and  moral  superiorit}7  became  the  subject  of  jealous  deprecia- 
tion generally." 

The  essential  spirit  of  the  Jewish  polity  has  seldom,  if  ever, 
been  more  effectively  portrayed  than  by  Rev.  Dr.  HENRY  M. 
FIEL,D,  in  his  scholarly  work,  0?i  the  Destrt,  published  by 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  New  York,  1883.  It  deals  with  the 
system  of  law  instituted  by  Moses,  which  became  ingrained  in  the 
Jewish  people  through  long  centuries  of  victorious  contention 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  495 

against  barbarism  in  all  its  historic  forms,  and  which  remains 
to-day  the  guiding  principle  of  Jewish  life  in  all  the  relations 
of  man  to  man. 

We  quote  from  Dr.  Field's  work  as  follows: 

Theocracy  and  Democracy. 

11  Perhaps  it  does  not  often  occur  to  readers  of  the  Old  Testament 
that  there  is  much  likeness  between  the  Hebrew  Commonwealth  and 
the  American  Republic.  There  are  more  differences  than  resem- 
blances, at  least  the  differences  are  more  marked.  Governments 
change  with  time  and  place,  with  the  age  and  the  country,  with 
manners  and  customs;  yet  at  the  bottom  there  is  one  radical  prin- 
ciple that  divides  a  republic  from  a  monarchy  or  an  aristocracy;  it  is 
the  natural  equality  of  men— that  "  all  men  are  born  free  and  equal  » 
—which  is  as  fully  recognized  in  the  laws  of  Moses  as  in  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  Indeed  the  principle  is  carried  further  in  the 
Hebrew  Commonwealth  than  in  ours;  for  not  only  was  there  equality 
before  the  laws,  but  the  laws  aimed  to  produce  equality  of  condition 
in  one  point,  and  that  a  vital  one— the  tenure  of  laud— of  which  even 
the  poorest  could  not  be  deprived,  so  that  in  this  respect  the  Hebrew 
Commonwealth  approached  more  nearly  to  a  pure  democracy. 

"  Of  course  the  political  rights  of  the  people  did  not  extend  to  the 
choice  of  a  ruler,  nor  did  it  to  the  making  of  the  laws.  As  there  was 
no  king  but  God,  it  was  the  theory  of  the  State  that  the  laws 
emanated  directly  from  the  Almighty  and  his  commands  could  not 
be  submitted  to  a  vote.  No  clamorous  populace  debated  with  the 
Deity.  The  Israelites  had  only  to  hear  and  to  obey.  In  this  sense 
the  government  was  not  a  popular,  but  an  absolute  one. 

"  But  how  could  absolutism  be  consistent  with  equality?  There  is 
no  contradiction  between  the  two,  and  indeed,  in  some  respects,  no 
form  of  government  is  so  favorable  to  equality  as  a  theocracy. 
Encroachments  upon  popular  liberty  and  the  oppression  of  the  people 
do  not  come  trom  the  head  of  the  State  so  often  as  from  an  aristo- 
cratic class  which  is  arrogant  and  tyrannical.  But  in  a  theocracy  the 
very  exaltation  of  the  Sovereign  places  all  subjects  on  the  same  level. 
God  alone  is  great  and  in  His  presence  there  is  no  place  for  human 
pride.  Divine  Majesty  overawes  human  littleness,  and  instead  of  a 
favored  few  being  lifted  up  above  their  fellows,  there  is  a  general  feel- 
ing of  lowliness  and  humility,  in  the  sight  of  God,  in  which  lies  the 
very  spirit  and  essence  of  equality. 

"  As  the  Hebrew  law  recognized  no  natural  distinctions  among  the 
people,  neither  did  it  create  any  artificial  distinctions.  There  was  no 
hereditary  class  which  had  special  rights;  there  was  no  nobility 
exempted  from  burdens  laid  on  the  poor,  and  from  punishments 
inflicted  on  the  peasantry.     Whatever  political  power  was  permitted 


496  THE  A  MERICAN  JE  W  AS 

to  the  Hebrews  belonged  to  the  people  as  a  whole.  No  man  was 
raised  above  another;  and  if  in  the  making  of  the  laws  the  people 
had  no  voice,  yet  in  the  administration  of  them  they  had  full  power, 
for  they  elected  their  own  rulers. 

11  Moses  found  soon  after  he  left  Egypt  that  he  could  not  administer 
justice  in  person  to  a  whole  nation,  so  he  directed  the  tribes  to  choose 
out  of  their  number  their  wisest  men,  whom  he  would  make  judges 
to  decide  every  common  cause,  reserving  to  himself  only  the  more 
important  questions.  Here  was  a  system  of  popular  elections,  which 
is  one  of  the  first  elements  of  a  republican  or  democratic  state. 

"In  the  administration  of  jusiice  a  Theocracy  is  an  ideal  govern- 
ment, for  it  is  Divinity  enthroned  on  earth  as  in  Heaven,  and  no 
other  form  of  government  enforces  justice  in  a  manner  so  absolute 
and  peremptory.  In  the  eyes  of  the  Hebrew  lawgiver  the  civil 
tribunal  was  as  sacred  as  the  Holy  of  Holies.  The  office  of  the  judge 
was  as  truly  authorized,  and  his  duty  as  solemnly  enjoined,  as  that 
of  the  priest.  The  judgment  is  God's,  said  Moses,  and  he  who  gave 
a  false  judgment  disregarded  the  authority  of  Him  whose  nature  is 
justice  and  truth.  The  judgment  seat  was  a  holy  place,  which  no 
private  malice  might  profane.  Evidence  was  received  with  religious 
care.  Oaths  were  administered  to  give  solemnity  to  the  testimony. 
Then  the  Judge,  standing  in  the  place  of  God,  was  to  pronounce 
equitably,  whatever  might  be  the  rank  of  the  contending  parties.  'Ye 
shall  not  respect  persons  in  judgment,  but  ye  shall  hear  the  small  as 
well  as  the  great;  ye  shall  not  be  afraid  of  the  face  of  man,  for  the 
judgment  is  God's.'  He  recognized  no  distinctions,  all  were  alike  to 
him.  The  judge  was  to  know  no  difference.  He  was  not  to  be  biased 
even  by  sympathy  for  the  poor.  'Neither  shall  thou  countenance  a 
poor  man  in  his  cause.  Thou  shalt  not  respect  the  person  of  the 
poor,  nor  honor  the  person  of  the  mighty;  but  in  righteousness  shalt 
thou  judge  thy  neighbor.'  Magistrates  were  not  allowed  to  accept  a 
gift;  'for  the  gift  blindeth  the  wise,  and  perverteth  the  words  of  the 
righteous.' 

"The  humanity  of  the  Hebrew  code  is  further  seen  in  its  mitigation 
of  slavery.  This  was  a  legal  institution  of  Egypt,  out  of  which  they 
had  just  come.  They  themselves  had  been  slaves.  Their  ancestors, 
the  patriarchs,  had  held  slaves.  Abraham  had  over  three  hundred 
servants  born  in  his  house.  The  relation  of  master  and  slave  they 
still  recognized,  but  by  how  many  limitations  was  this  state  of 
bondage  alleviated!  No  man  could  be  subjected  to  slavery  by 
violence.  Man-stealing  was  punished  with  death.  The  more  com- 
mon causes  of  servitude  was  theft  or  debt.  A  robber  might  be  sold 
to  expiate  his  crime,  or  a  man  overwhelmed  with  debt  might  sell 
himself  to  pay  it;  that  is,  he  might  bind  himself  to  service  for  a  term 
of  years :  still  he  could  hold  property,  and  the  moment  he  acquired 
the  means  might  purchase  back  his  freedom,  or  he  might  be 
redeemed  by  his  nearest  kinsman.     If  his  master  treat  him  with 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  497 

cruelty;  if  he  beat  him  so  as  to  cause  injury  the  servant  recovered  his 
freedom  as  indemnity.  At  the  longest  his  servitude  came  to  an  end 
in  six  years.  He  then  recovered  his  freedom  as  a  natural  gift;  '  If 
thou  buy  a  Hebrew  servant,  six  years  he  shall  serve,  and  in  the 
seventh  he  shall  go  out  free  for  nothing.7  A  Hebrew  slave  was  there- 
fore merely  a  laborer  hired  for  six  years.  Nor  did  the  law  permit  the 
servant  to  go  forth  in  naked  poverty,  and  with  the  abject  feeling  of  a 
slave  still  clinging  to  him.  He  was  to  be  loaded  with  presents  by  his 
late  master  —  sheep,  oil,  fruits,  and  wine —  to  enable  him  to  begin 
housekeeping.  Thus  for  a  Hebrew  there  was  no  such  thing  as  hope- 
less bondage.  The  people  were  not  to  feel  the  degradation  of  being 
slaves.  God  claimed  them  as  his  own,  and  as  such  they  were  not  to 
be  made  bondmen.  Every  fiftieth  year  was  a  jubilee,  a  year  of 
universal  emancipation.  Then  'liberty  was  proclaimed  throughout 
all  the  land  to  all  the  inhabitants  thereof.'  This  was  the  time  of  the 
restitution  of  all  things.  Though  a  man  had  sold  himself  as  a  slave, 
his  right  in  the  land  was  not  alienated.  It  now  returned  to  him  free 
of  encumbrance.  At  the  3Tear  of  jubilee  all  debts  were  extinguished. 
His  native  plot  of  ground,  on  which  he  played  in  childhood,  was 
restored  to  him  in  his  old  age.  Again  he  cultivated  the  paternal 
acres.  He  was  not  only  a  free  man  but  a  holder  of  property.  Says 
Michaelis:  'The  condition  of  slaves  among  the  Hebrews  was  not 
merely  tolerable,  but  often  extremely  comfortable.' 

"  That  the  sympathies  of  the  law  were  with  the  oppressed  appears 
from  the  singular  injunction  that  a  foreign  slave  who  fled  to  a 
Hebrew  for  protection  should  not  be  given  up:  '  Thou  shalt  not 
deliver  unto  his  master  the  servant  which  is  escaped  from  his  master 
unto  thee.7  No  Fugitive  Slave  Law  remanded  the  terror-stricken 
fugitive  to  an  angry  and  infuriated  master  and  to  a  condition  more 
hopeless  than  before. 

Such  was  the  democracy  of  Theocracy  —  a  union  in  which  one 
sprang  out  of  the  other.  Men  were  equal  because  God  was  their 
Kuler — a  Kuler  so  high  that  before  him  there  was  neither  great  nor 
small,  but  all  stood  on  the  same  level.  But  the  Hebrew  Law  did  not 
stop  with  equality;  it  inculcated  fraternity.  A  man  was  not  only 
a  man,  he  was  a  brother.  That  law  contains  some  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful provisions  ever  recorded  in  any  legislation,  not  only  for  the  cold 
administration  of  justice,  but  for  the  exercise  of  humanity.  The  spirit 
of  the  Hebrew  law  was  broader  than  race,  or  country,  or  kindred. 
What  liberality,  for  example,  in  its  treatment  of  foreigners.  Against 
racehatred  Moses  set  up  this  command,  'Thou  shalt  not  oppress  a 
stranger,'  which  he  enforced  upon  the  Israelites  by  the  touching 
remembrance  of  their  own  bitter  experience,  '  for  ye  know  the  heart 
of  a  stranger  seeing  ye  were  strangers  in  the  land  of  Egypt.'  But  not 
only  were  foreigners  to  be  tolerated ;  they  were  to  receive  the  fullest 

82 


498  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

protection.  '  Ye  shall  have  one  manner  of  law  as  well  for  the 
stranger  as  for  one  of  your  own  country.' 

11  In  several  requirements  we  discern  a  pity  for  the  brute  creation. 
Long  before  modern  refinement  of  feeling  organized  societies  for  the 
prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals,  Moses  recognized  dumb  beasts  as 
having  a  claim  to  be  defended  from  injury.  Birds'  nests  were  pro- 
tected from  wanton  destruction. 

"  But  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  provision  of  the  law  was  for  the 
poor. 

11  '  When  ye  reap  the  harvest  of  your  land,  thou  shalt  not  wholly 
reap  the  corners  of  thy  field,  neither  shalt  thou  gather  the  gleanings 
of  thy  harvests.  And  thou  shalt  not  glean  thy  vineyard,  neither 
shalt  thou  gather  every  grape  of  thy  vineyard;  thou  shalt  have  them 
for  the  poor  and  the  stranger.'  If  the  reaper  dropped  a  sheaf  in  the 
field,  he  might  not  return  to  take  it,  Whatever  olives  hung  on  the 
bough,  or  clusters  on  the  vine,  after  the  first  gathering,  were  the 
property  of  the  stranger,  the  fatherless  and  the  widow.  Under  the 
shelter  of  this  law  came  many  a  Ruth,  gleaning  the  handfuls  of 
golden  corn  to  carry  home  to  her  mother,  who  was  thus  saved  from 
utter  destitution.  By  these  means  the  law  kept  the  poor  from  sink- 
ing to  the  extreme  point  of  misery.  At  the  same  time,  by  throwing 
in  their  path  these  wayside  gifts,  it  saved  them  from  theft  or  vaga- 
bondage. As  a  proof  of  its  successful  operation,  it  is  a  curious  fact 
that,  in  the  five  books  of  Moses,  such  a  class  as  beggars  is  not  once 
mentioned.  The  tradition  of  caring  for  those  of  their  own  kindred, 
remains  to  this  day  and  it  is  an  honorable  boast  that  among  the 
swarms  of  beggars  that  throng  the  streets  of  the  Old  World  or  the 
New,  one  almost  never  finds  a  Jew. 

"  The  law  took  also  under  its  care  all  whom  death  had  deprived  of 
their  natural  protectors;  '  Ye  shall  not  afflict  any  widow  or  fatherless 
child.'  They  were  sacred  by  misfortune.  God  would  punish  cruelty 
to  them.  "  If  thou  affict  them  in  any  wise,  and  they  cry  unto  me,  I 
will  surely  hear  their  cry;  '  and  your  wives  shall  be  widows  and  your 
children  fatherless.' 

"  Thus  the  Hebrew  law  took  the  poor  and  the  weak  under  its 
special  protection;  death,  sorrow,  widowhood,  orphanage,  all  threw  a 
shield  of  protection  over  the  desolate  and  the  unhappy.  By  this 
spirit  of  humanity  infused  into  the  relations  of  life,  all  the  members 
of  a  community —  the  rich  and  poor,  the  strong  and  the  weak — were 
united  in  fellowship  and  fraternity.  One  sacred  tie  bound  them  still 
closer;  not  only  were  they  of  the  same  race  and  nation,  but  they  had 
the  same  religious  inheritance;  all  wrere  fellow-citizens  with  the 
saints  and  of  the  household  of  God." 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  499 

As  a  supplement  to  Dr.  Field's  effective  presentation  of  his 
subject  we  add  here  an  extract  from  the  Christian  Union,  on 
"  Moses  and  his  Laws,"  by  HARRIET  BEECHER  STOWE: 

"The  strongest  impulse  in  the  character  of  Moses  appears  to  have 
been  that  of  protective  justice,  more  particularly  with  regard  to  the 
helpless  and  down-trodden  classes.  The  laws  of  Moses,  if  carefully 
examined,  are  a  perfect  phenomenon ;  an  exception  to  the  laws  of 
either  ancient  or  modern  nations  in  the  care  they  exercised  over 
women,  widows,  orphans,  paupers,  foreigners,  servants  and  dumb 
animals.  No  so-called  Christian  nation  but  could  advantageously 
take  a  lesson  in  legislation  from  the  laws  of  Moses.  There  is  a  plaint- 
ive, pathetic  spirit  of  compassion  in  the  very  language  in  which  the 
laws  in  favor  of  the  helpless  and  suffering  are  expressed,  that  it  seems 
must  have  been  learned  only  of  superhuman  tenderness.  Not  the 
gentlest  words  of  Jesus  are  more  compassionate  in  their  spirit  than 
many  of  these  laws  of  Moses.  Delivered  in  the  name  of  Jehovah, 
they  certainly  are  so  unlike  the  wisdom  of  that  barbarous  age  as  to 
justify  of  them  to  Him  who  is  Love." 


Another  woman  of  commanding  authority,  GEORGE 
ELLIOT,  speaks  on  this  topic  as  follows: 

11  Unquestionably  the  Jews,  having  been  more  than  any  other  race 
exposed  to  the  adverse  moral  influences  of  alienism,  must,  both  in 
individuals  and  in  groups,  have  suffered  some  corresponding  moral 
degradation  ;  but  in  fact  they  have  escaped  with  less  abjectness,  and 
less  of  hard  hostility  toward  the  nations  whose  hands  have  been 
against  them,  than  could  have  happened  in  the  case  of  a  people  who 
had  neither  their  adhesion  to  a  separate  religion  founded  on  historic 
memories,  nor  their  characteristic  family  affectionateness.  Tortured, 
flogged,  spit  upon,  the  corpus  vile  on  which  rage  or  wantonness  vented 
themselves  with  impunity,  their  name  flung  at  them  as  an  oppro- 
brium by  superstition,  hatred,  and  contempt,  they  have  remained 
proud  of  their  origin.  Does  any  one  call  this  an  evil  pride  ?  The  pride 
which  identifies  us  with  a  great  historic  body  is  a  humanizing,  elevat- 
ing habit  of  mind,  inspiring  sacrifices  of  individual  comfort,  gain,  or 
other  selfish  ambition,  for  the  sake  of  that  ideal  whole  ;  and  no  man 
swayed  by  such  a  sentiment  can  become  completely  abject.  That  a 
Jew  of  Smyrna,  where  a  whip  is  carried  by  passengers  ready  to  flog 
off  the  too  officious  specimens  of  his  race,  can  still  be  proud  to  say,  ' 1 
am  a  Jew,'  is  surely  a  fact  to  awaken  admiration  in  a  mind  capable 
of  understanding  what  we  may  call  the  ideal  forces  in  human  history. 

"And  again,  a  varied,  impartial  observation  of  the  Jews  in  different 
countries  tends  to  the  impression  that  they  have  a  predominant  kind- 
ness, which  must  have  been  deeply  ingrained  in  the  constitution  of 
their  race  to  have  overlasted  the  ages  of  persecution  aud  oppression. 


500  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

The  concentration  of  their  joys  in  domestic  life  has  kept  up  in  them 
the  capacity  of  tenderness  ;  the  pity  for  the  fatherless  and  the  widow, 
the  care  for  the  women  and  the  little  ones,  blent  intimately  with 
their  religion,  is  a  well  of  mercy,  that  cannot  long  or  widely  be  pent 
up  by  exclusiveness,  and  the  kindness  of  the  Jew  overflows  the  line 
of  division  between  him  and  the  Gentile. 

"On  the  whole,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  phenomena  in  the 
history  of  this  scattered  people,  made  for  ages  '  a  scorn  and  a  hissing,' 
is  that,  after  being  subjected  to  this  process,  which  might  have  been 
expected  to  be  in  every  sense  deteriorating  and  vitiating,  they  have 
come  out  of  it  (in  any  estimate  which  allows  for  numerical  proportion) 
rivaling  the  nations  of  all  European  countries,  in  healthiness  and 
beauty  of  physique,  in  practical  ability,  in  scientific  and  artistic 
aptitude,  and  in  some  forms  of  ethical  value.  A  significant  indication 
of  their  natural  rank  is  seen  in  the  fact,  that  at  this  moment  the 
leader  of  the  Liberal  party  in  Germany  is  a  Jew,  the  leader  of  the 
Republican  party  in  France  is  a  Jew,  and  the  head  of  the  conserva- 
tive ministry  in  England  is  a  Jew. 


THOMAS  BABINGTON  MACAULEY  (afterwards  Lord 
Macauley)  delivered  a  celebrated  oration  in  the  British  House  of 
Commons  on  April  1 7,  1 833,  in  support  of  the  bill  for  the  removal 
of  the  disabilities  of  the  Jews.  After  a  destructive  criticism  of 
the  arguments  and  reasons  which  were  then  being  advanced  by 
the  opponents  of  liberalism,  arguments  which  have  since  then 
been  so  completely  outlived  as  to  be  no  longer,  in  any  Anglo- 
Saxon  community,  deemed  worthy  of  consideration,  the  great 
statesman  concluded  his  masterly  presentation  in  a  lucid  state- 
ment and  eloquent  peroration,  as  follows : 

"  Whatever  the  sect  be  which  it  is  proposed  to  tolerate,  the  peculi- 
arities of  that  sect  will,  for  the  time,  be  pronounced  by  intolerant 
men  to  be  the  most  odious  and  dangerous  that  can  be  conceived.  As 
to  the  Jews,  that  they  are  unsocial  as  respects  religion  is  true;  and  so 
much  the  better;  for  surely,  as  Christians,  we  cannot  wish  that  they 
should  bestir  themselves  to  pervert  us  from  our  own  faith. 

"  But  that  the  Jews  would  be  unsocial  members  of  the  civil  com- 
munity, if  the  civil  community  did  its  duty  by  them,  has  never  been 
proved.  My  right  honorable  friend  who  made  the  motion  which  we 
are  discussing  has  produced  a  great  body  of  evidence  to  show  that 
they  have  been  grossly  misrepresented;  and  that  evidence  has  not 
been  refuted  by  my  honorable  friend,  the  member  for  the  University 
of  Oxford. 

"But  what  if  it  were  true  that  the  Jews  are  unsocial?  What  if  it 
were  true  that  they  do  not  regard  England  as  their  country?    Would 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  501 

not  the  treatment  which  they  have  undergone  explain  and  excuse 
their  antipathy  to  the  society  in  which  they  live?  Has  not  similar 
antipathy  often  been  felt  by  persecuted  Christians  to  the  society 
which  persecuted  them? 

11  While  the  bloody  code  of  Elizabeth  was  enforced  against  the 
English  Roman  Catholics,  what  was  the  patriotism  of  Roman  Catho- 
lics? Oliver  Cromwell  said  that  in  his  time  they  were  Espaniolized. 
At  a  later  period  it  might  have  been  said  that  they  were  Gallicised. 
It  was  the  same  with  the  Calvinists.  What  more  deadly  enemies 
had  France  in  the  day  of  Louis  XIV,  than  the  persecuted  Hugue- 
nots? 

"  But  would  any  rational  man  infer  from  these  facts  that  either  the 
Roman  Catholic  as  such,  or  the  Calvinist  as  such,  is  incapable  of 
loving  the  land  of  his  birth?  If  England  were  now  invaded  by 
Roman  Catholics,  how  many  English  Roman  Catholics  would  go 
over  to  the  invader?  If  France  were  now  attacked  by  a  Protestant 
enemy,  how  many  French  Protestants  would  lend  him  help?  Why 
not  try  what  effect  would  be  produced  on  the  Jews  by  that  tolerant 
policy  which  has  made  the  English  Roman  Catholic  a  good  English- 
man and  the  French  Calvinist  a  good  Frenchman? 

"  Another  charge  has  been  brought  against  the  Jews,  not  by  my 
honorable  friend,  the  member  for  the  University  of  Oxford  —  he  has 
too  much  learning  and  too  much  good  feeling  to  make  such  a  charge 
— but  by  the  honorable  member  for  Oldham,  who  has,  I  am  sorry  to 
see,  quitted  his  place. 

u  The  honorable  member  for  Oldham  tells  us  that  the  Jews  are 
naturally  a  mean  race,  a  money-getting  race;  that  they  are  averse  to 
all  honorable  callings;  that  they  neither  sow  nor  reap;  that  they  have 
neither  flocks  nor  herds;  that  usury  is  the  only  pursuit  for  which 
they  are  fit;  that  they  are  destitute  of  all  elevated  and  amiable  senti- 
ments. 

"Such,  sir,  has  in  every  age  been  the  reasoning  of  bigots.  They 
never  fail  to  plead  in  justification  of  persecution  the  vices  which 
persecution  has  engendered.  England  has  been,  legally,  a  home  to 
the  Jews  less  than  half  a  century,  and  we  revile  them  because  they  do 
not  feel  for  England  more  than  a  half  patriotism. 

"  We  treat  them  as  slaves,  and  wonder  that  they  do  not  regard  us 
as  brethren.  We  drive  them  to  mean  occupations,  and  then  reproach 
them  for  not  embracing  honorable  professions.  We  long  forbade 
them  to  possess  land,  and  we  complain  that  they  chiefly  occupy 
themselves  in  trade.  We  shut  them  out  from  all  the  paths  of 
ambition,  and  then  we  despise  them  for  taking  refuge  in  avarice. 

"  During  many  ages  we  have,  in  all  our  dealings  with  them,  abused 
our  immense  superiority  of  force,  and  then  we  are  disgusted  because 
they  have  recourse  to  that  cunning  which  is  the  natural  and  universal 
deiense  of  the  weak  against  the  violence  of  the  strong.  But  were 
they  always  a  mere  money-changing,  money-getting,  money-hoard- 


502  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

ing  race?  Nobody  knows  better  than  my  honorable  friend,  the 
member  for  the  University  of  Oxford,  that  there  is  nothing  in  their 
national  character  which  unfits  them  for  the  highest  duties  of 
citizens. 

"He  knows  that,  in  the  infancy  of  civilization,  when  our  island 
was  as  savage  as  New  Guinea,  when  letters  and  arts  were  still 
unknown  to  Athens,  when  scarcely  a  thatched  hut  stood  on  what 
was  afterward  the  site  of  Rome,  this  contemned  people  had  their 
fenced  cities  and  cedar  palaces,  their  splendid  temple,  their  fleets  of 
merchant  ships,  their  schools  of  sacred  learning,  their  great  states- 
men and  soldiers,  their  natural  philosophers,  their  historians  and 
their  poets. 

"  What  nation  ever  contended  more  manfully  against  overwhelm- 
ing odds  for  its  independence  and  religion?  What  nation  ever,  in  its 
last  agonies,  gave  such  signal  proofs  of  what  may  be  accomplished  by 
a  brave  despair?  And  if,  in  the  course  of  many  centuries,  the 
depressed  descendants  of  warriors  and  sages  have  degenerated  from 
the  qualities  of  their  fathers,  if,  while  excluded  from  the  blessings  of 
law  and  bowed  down  under  the  yoke  of  slavery,  they  have  contracted 
some  of  the  vices  of  outlaws  and  slaves,  shall  we  consider  this  as 
a  matter  of  reproach  to  them  ? 

"  Shall  we  not  rather  consider  it  as  a  matter  of  shame  and  remorse 
to  ourselves?  Let  us  do  justice  to  them.  Let  us  open  to  them  the 
door  of  the  House  of  Commons.  Let  us  open  to  them  every  career  in 
which  ability  and  energy  can  be  displayed.  Till  we  have  done  this, 
let  us  not  presume  to  say  that  there  is  no  genius  among  the  country- 
men of  Isaiah,  no  heroism  among  the  descendants  of  the  Maccabees. 

"Sir,  in  supporting  the  motion  of  my  honorable  friend,  I  am,  I 
firmly  believe,  supporting  the  honor  and  the  interest  of  the  Christian 
religion.  I  should  think  that  I  insulted  that  religion  if  I  said  that  it 
cannot  stand  unaided  by  intolerant  laws.  Without  such  laws  it  was 
established,  and  without  such  laws  it  may  be  maintained. 

"  It  triumphed  over  the  superstitions  of  the  most  refined  and  of  the 
most  savage  nations,  over  the  graceful  mythology  of  Greece  and  the 
bloody  idolatry  of  the  northern  forests.  It  prevailed  over  the  power 
and  policy  of  the  Roman  Empire.  It  tamed  the  barbarians  by  whom 
that  empire  was  overthrown.  But  all  these  victories  were  gained, 
not  by  the  help  of  intolerance,  but  in  spite  of  the  opposition  of 
intolerance. 

11  The  whole  history  of  Christianity  proves  that  she  has  little 
indeed  to  fear  from  persecution  as  a  foe,  but  much  to  fear  from  perse- 
cution as  an  ally.  May  she  long  continue  to  bless  our  country  with 
her  benignant  influence,  strong  in  her  sublime  philosophy,  strong  in 
her  spotless  morality,  strong  in  those  internal  and  external  evidences 
to  which  the  most  powerful  and  comprehensive  of  human  intellects 
have  yielded  assent,  the  last  solace  of  those  who  have  outlived  every 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  503 

earthly  hope,  the  last  restraint  of  those  who  are  raised  above  every 
earthly  fear ! 

11  But  let  us  not,  mistaking  her  character  and  her  interests,  fight 
the  battle  of  truth  with  the  weapons  of  error,  and  endeavor  to  sup- 
port by  oppression  that  religion  which  first  taught  the  human  race 
the  great  lesson  of  universal  charity." 


Here  is  an  utterance  on  this  subject  by  OTTO  von  BIS- 
MARCK. This  man,  whose  iron  hand  puddled  the  smelt  of 
the  furnace  wherein,  with  fire  and  blood,  the  German  people 
were  fused  into  political  unity,  was — or  rather,  is,  for  he  is  yet 
living,  and  will  long  remain  a  power — this  man  is  no  friend  of 
the  Jews.  His  spirit  crystallized,  and  his  nature  drew  its  inspira- 
tion out  of  the  time  when  "  Polen,Juden  und Franz o sen  "  were 
a  trinity  of  bugbears  for  the  worshippers  of  royal  divinity  in 
Europe.  Bismarck  never  fully  recovered  from  that  nightmare 
of  his  youth  and  early  manhood,  but  he  towered  above  his  fel- 
lows, and  he  had  the  faculty  of  perceiving  the  truth  and  a  habit 
of  telling  it  which,  notwithstanding  his  diplomatic  training,  he 
was  wont  to  indulge.  In  a  notable  debate  in  the  Prussian 
Landtag  during  the  session  of  1 871,  he  expressed  himself  as 
follows: 

"  In  my  position  as  President  of  the  Ministry  I  must  repudiate  any 
obligation  to  fill  the  places  in  the  civil  service  with  Roman  Catholics 
according  to  their  proportionate  number  in  the  population  of  the 
country.  .  .  .  The  existence  of  a  distinctively  religious  body  in 
a  political  assembly  is  in  itself  a  monstrous  phenomenon.  .  .  This 
tends  to  make  religion  the  subject  of  parliamentary  debates.  .  .  I 
adhere  to  the  principle  that  every  religion  should  be  allowed  perfect 
freedom,  without  considering  it,  for  that  reason,  necessary  that  it 
should  be  represented  in  the  executive  departments  in  the  same 
ratio  as  in  the  population.  Every  religious  body  would  have  as  much 
right  as  the  Catholics  to  claim  this;  the  Lutherans  as  well  as  the 
Jews,  and  I  have  found  that  it  is  the  latter  particularly  who  are  most 
distinguished  by  their  special  intelligence  and  capacity  for  admin- 
istrative functions.'1'' 

As  an  estimate  of  Jewish  citizenship  by  a  man  whose  life 
experience  has  afforded  him  a  rare  insight  into  social  and 
political  conditions  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  we  quote  the 
following  expression  by  CARL  SCHURZ,  on  the  occasion  of 


504  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

the  dedication  of  the  Montefiore  Home  for  Chronic  Invalids, 
in  New  York  City: 

11  Honor  to  the  men  and  women  who  have  accomplished  this  and 
who  are  bound  to  accomplish  still  more.  They  do  honor  to  the  com- 
munity which  calls  them  its  own;  for  any  community,  whatever  its 
pretensions,  will  be  honored  by  citizens  who  take  so  high  a  view  of 
their  duties  to  humanity. 

11  And  who  are  these  citizens?  They  are  Jews.  This  is  not  the  only 
monument  the  Jews  of  New  York  have  planted  to  their  benevolence 
and  public  spirit.  There  are  others — some  even  far  exceeding  this  in 
costliness  and  grandeur.  But  none  —  none  of  their  own  and  none 
instituted  by  any  other  class  of  citizens  excells  it,  nay,  perhaps  none 
equals  it  in  beauty  of  sentiment  and  devotion.  And  for  whom  is  this 
done?  Hear  the  noble  words  of  the  President  of  the  Society  as  found 
in  last  year's  report:  '  As  Israelites  we  are  compelled,  both  by 
circumstances  and  inclination,  to  provide  for  the  needy  of  our  own 
faith;  but  this  must  not  induce  us  to  exclude  any  human  being  be- 
cause of  his  religious  belief  from  the  benefit  of  an  institution  charged 
with  the  improvement  of  bodily  ailment.'  Thus  it  is  done  for  the 
brotherhood  of  men.  This  is  the  true  spirit,  worthy  of  him  whose 
name  this  edifice  bears.  It  is  the  spirit,  too,  which  more  than  any 
other,  has  created  the  brightest,  the  most  stainless  glories  of  our  great 
American  Republic  —  the  spirit  which,  without  any  governmental 
action,  out  of  the  spontaneous  initiative  of  the  patriotic  citizen, 
through  private  munificence,  through  individual  solicitude  for  the 
welfare  of  all,  has  covered  this  land  all  over  with  educational  institu- 
tions and  enterprises  of  benevolence.  In  our  school  days  we  read  of 
the  Roman  matron  Cornelia,  who,  when  other  noble  ladies  exhibited  to 
her  their  stores  of  pearls  and  precious  stones,  called  in  her  children, 
and  pointing  to  them,  said:  '  These  are  my  jewels.'  So  when  the  Old 
World  shows  to  us  the  magnificence  of  its  baronial  halls  and  royal 
castles,  the  American  Republic  may  point  to  her  colleges  and  hos- 
pitals and  asylums  founded  by  the  patriotic  generosity  of  simple 
citizens,  and  say,  '  These  are  my  palaces.' 

"  And  to  entitle  the  American  people  to  this  proud  distinction,  the 
Jews  have  done  as  much  as  any  other  class  of  citizens — nay,  I  may 
repeat  in  their  presence  what  I  have  frequently  said  in  the  presence 
of  others  —  the  Jews  have,  in  proportion  to  their  numbers,  done  far 
more.  I  repeat  this  with  all  the  greater  willingness,  as  I  have 
recently  had  occasion  to  observe  the  motive  springs,  the  character 
and  the  aims  of  the  so-called  "anti-Semitic"  movement,  a  move- 
ment whose  dark  spirit  of  fanaticism  and  persecution  insults  the 
humane  enlightenment  of  the  19th  century;  whose  appeals  are 
addressed  to  the  stupidest  prejudice  and  the  blindest  passion,  whose 
injustice  affronts  every  sense  of  fairness  and  decency  and  whose 
cowardice— for  cowardice  is  an  essential  element  in  the  attempt  to 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  505 

suppress  the  competing  energies  of  a  mere  handful  of  people — whose 
cowardice  I  say,  should  provoke  the  contempt  of  every  self-respecting 
man. 

"  In  the  face  of  this  movement,  which  for  years  has  stirred  some 
European  countries,  and  thrown  its  shadows  even  across  the  ocean, 
upon  our  shores,  it  is  most  grateful  to  the  human  heart  to  hear  the 
President  of  the  Montefiore  Home  say,  that  while  this  roof  is  to 
shelter  the  neediest  of  Israel,  no  human  being  because  of  his  religious 
belief  shall  be  excluded  from  its  protection.  He  might  take  the 
clamorous  anti-Semic  by  the  hand,  show  him  the  hospitals,  orphans 
homes,  charity  schools,  founded  and  sustained  by  Jewish  money, 
Jewish  labor,  Jewish  public  spirit,  benevolence  and  devotion  and  say 
to  him:  '  If  you  have  any  sick,  any  aged,  any  children  who  cannot 
find  help  elsewhere,  here  we  shall  have  room  for  them,  and  they  are 
welcome.'  What  has  the  anti-Semite  to  answer?  No,  no,  that  move- 
ment cannot  survive.  It  must  perish  in  shame.  It  will  be  consigued 
to  an  ignominious  grave  by  the  generous  impulses  of  human  nature 
and  the  civilization  of  this  age.  And  what  will  remain  will  be  the 
beneficent  influence  and  the  sweet  memory  of  such  good  actions  as 
yours,  and  the  brotherhood  of  mankind." 


On  the  same  occasion  as  that  noted  above,  the  opening  of  the 
Montefiore  Home  for  Chronic  Invalids,  Hon.  ABRAM  S. 
HEWITT,  Mayor  of  New  York  City,  spoke  as  follows: 

"  No  other  people,  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  no  sect  or  denomination 
or  party  have  done  so  much  as  the  Jews,  to  relieve  distress,  give 
education  and  elevate  the  standard  of  morality  in  our  midst,  and  I 
make  that  statement  after  a  good  deal  of  observation  and  attention, 
particularly  that  part  of  it  concerning  the  subject  of  education. 

"I  have  never  found  the  Jews  lacking  in  public  spirit.  It  is  said 
of  them  that  they  have  the  art  of  getting  wealth.  If  but  a  part  of 
what  is  said  of  them  be  true,  they  understand  well  the  use  of  wealth 
when  once  acquired.  They  are  found  among  the  first  admirers  of  art, 
they  love  music  and  have  since  the  daughters  of  Judah  hung  their 
harps  on  the  willows  by  the  waters  of  Babylon. 

"This  charity  is  unique,  and  it  is  a  link  in  the  chain  of  Jewish 
institutions.  So  long  as  there  are  calls  by  suffering  humanity,  the 
Jews  will  year  by  year  add  new  links  to  their  beautiful  chain  until  it 
embraces  every  need  of  society  regardless  of  race  and  religion. 

"I  have  read  at  the  door  as  I  entered,  that  the  Israelites  erected 
this  building  to  the  chronic  sick  in  honor  of  Moses  Montefiore,  a  Jew, 
who  for  nearly  a  hundred  years  set  an  example  to  other  people  and 
creeds  of  a  broad  charity  that  affects  all  people  and  all  lands. 

"  This  institution  was  one  long  wanted  in  New  York  for  a  class  for 
whom  there  is  no  hope  save  such  offered  by  the  poor-house  or  Black- 


50(5  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

well's  Island.  They  were  here  given  instead  a  home  in  which  love 
reigned  and  religion  presided,  religion  which  opened  the  portals  of  the 
other  world  where  all  must  go,  rich  and  poor,  Jew  and  Christian, 
where  reigns  the  Heavenly  Father  whose  chosen  people  have  proven 
steadfast  amid  all  oppression  and  persecution,  and  who  has  so  long 
preserved  them,  but  who  nevertheless  knows  no  difference  between 
His  children. 

From  a  deeply  thoughtful  address  before  the  Young  Men's 
Hebrew  Association  of  Philadelphia,  by  Judge  F.  CARROLL 
BREWSTER,  on  the  Valley  of  Baca  as  referred  to  in  Psalm 
lxxxiv,  we  quote  the  following  as  the  expression  of  a  Nestor 
among  jurists: 

"Perhaps,  then,  the  very  dreariness  of  this  barren  place  was 
intended  as  a  prophecy  of  the  woes  which  God's  chosen  people  should 
encounter  on  their  march  through  the  history  of  many  ages.  And 
the  water  to  be  found  in  the  midst  of  this  desolation  might  prefigure 
the  refreshing  deliverance  which  the  centuries  were  to  bring.  Of 
bitterness  and  of  persecution,  of  suffering  beyond  man's  power  to 
describe,  of  its  depth,  of  all  that  is  sad  and  sorrowful,  the  history  of 
the  Jewish  nation  bears  tearful  testimony.  The  student  has  two 
marvels,  as  he  turns  these  weary  pages  of  the  very  monotony  of 
cruelty.  He  wonders  how  the  ferocity  of  man  could  ever  enact  this 
horrible  tragedy,  and  then  he  wonders  how  the  race  survived. 

11  It  would  be  a  vain  and  painful  task  to  recite  here  the  thousandth 
part  of  what  history  tells  us,  and  it  is  certain  that  history  does  not,  in 
this  case  as  in  many  others,  falsify  the  facts.  These  narratives  were 
all  written  by  the  actors  who  took  a  horrid  pride  in  recounting  their 
own  infamy.  The  man  who  has  but  a  moderate  installment  of  feel- 
ing in  his  breast  must  cry  out  with  indignation  as  he  reads  of  these 
outrages.  To  the  jurist  they  are  especially  repugnant,  for  they  tell 
not  only  of  the  slaughter  of  human  beings,  but  of  the  murder  of 
justice." 

The  following  is  from  the  pen  of  GEORGE  WILLIAM 
CURTIS,  the  life-long  editor  of  ' '  Harper's  Weekly"  and  « '  Har- 
per's Magazine.  "  As  a  prominent  actor  in  the  stirring  events  of 
his  generation  he  has  left  a  marked  impress  on  our  national  life, 
but  great  as  was  his  influence  in  the  councils  of  the  nation  he 
was  yet  best  known-  to  the  large  mass  of  the  American  people 
as  the  genial,  persuasive  writer  of  the  "Easy  Chair"  in  the 
magazine  which  he  so  ably  edited.  The  extract  which  we  print 
is  from  that  department  of  Harper's  Magazine,  where  it 
appeared  in  July,   1877,  vol.  55,  p.  300. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN  507 

What  We  Owe  to  the  Jews. 

"One  beautiful  June  evening  in  Paris  the  'Easy  Chair'  strolled 
with  a  friend  into  a  cafe  on  the  Boulevard.  They  had  been  to  hear 
'  Robert  le  Diable »  at  the  French  Opera,  and  gaily  humming  and 
gossiping  they  sat  upon  the  broad  walk  that  was  still  thronged  on 
the  still  summer  night.  Presently  a  dark-haired  man  came  quietly 
along  and  seated  himself  at  a  table  near  by.  He  was  alone,  and 
seemed  not  to  care  for  recognition.  He  was  simply  dressed  and  was 
entirely  unhoticeable  except  for  the  strong  Jewish  lines  of  his  intel- 
lectual face.  The  *  Easy  Chair's  '  companion  whispered,  '  That  is  the 
man  to  whom  we  owe  the  delight  of  this  evening;  that  is  Meyerbeer.' 
After  a  little  while  he  added  with  feeling,  '  How  much  we  owe  to  the 
Jews  and  how  mean  Christendom  is  ! ' 

"It  was  remarkable  how  much  of  the  conspicuous  work  and 
influence  on  that  evening  was  due  to  the  genius  of  a  people  whose 
name  is  so  constantly  used  as  a  word  of  reproach.  A  few  months 
before,  Mendelssohn  had  been  buried  in  Leipsic,  and  in  Berlin  the 
1  Easy  Chair '  had  heard  the  memorial  concert  of  his  music  at  the 
Sing-Akademie.  Rossini  was  still  living,  and  Verdi  was  writing 
operas,  but  Mendelssohn  and  Meyerbeer  were  the  recognized  masters 
of  music.  The  evening  before,  the  '  Easy  Chair'  had  seen  the  Jewess 
Rachel  in  '  Phedre  " — the  one  woman  who  contests  the  laurel  with 
Mrs.  Siddons,  and  who  was  then  the  great  living  actress.  Beyond 
the  channel,  Disraeli,  the  child  of  Spanish  Jews,  was  just  about  to 
kiss  hands  as  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  and  to  become  the  politi- 
cal leader  of  the  British  Tories.  In  the  vast  city  in  which  they  were 
sitting,  the  '  Easy  Chair  '  knew  that  the  Jewish  Heine  was  liviug, 
breathing  his  weird  and  melancholy  song,  while  in  Paris  and  London 
and  Frankfort  and  Vienna  the  great  masters  of  the  mainspring  of 
industrial  activity,  the  capitalists,  who  held  peace  and  war  in  their 
hands,  and  by  whose  favor  kings  ruled,  were  Jews.  The  philosophy, 
the  arts,  the  industry,  the  politics  of  Christendom  were  full  of  the 
Jewish  genius,  the  gayety  of  nations,  the  delight  of  scholars,  the 
scepters  of  princes,  the  movements  of  civilization,  hung  in  great 
degree  upon  it.  It  is  as  true  to-day  as  in  that  long  summer  night, 
and  the  words  of  the  '  Easy  Chair's'  friend  are  still  as  shamefully 
true.     '  How  mean  Christendom  is  !' 

"  Recently  in  New  York  an  estimable  and  accomplished  gentleman 
was  rejected  as  a  member  of  the  Bar  Association  '  for  no  other  reason 
that  can  be  conceived,'  indignantly  said  one  of  the  leading  members, 
1  except  that  he  was  a  Jew.'  Doubtless  a  few  votes  would  procure  the 
rejection.  But  the  Association  is  not  a  social  club,  and  presumptively 
a  man  who  is  an  honorable  member  of  the  Bar  is  a  fit  member  of  the 
Association.  The  few  hostile  votes,  however,  represent  the  prejudice. 
It  is  very  old  and  very  universal.  To  the  audience  of  to-day  there  is 
nothing  in  Shakespeare  more  vital  and  intelligible  than  the  fervent 


508  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

appeal  of  '  Shylock '  to  the  common  humanity  of  the  world  around 
him.  The  Jew  is  still  separate,  and  the  prejudice  which  has  pursued 
him  for  generations  is  but  slightly  relaxed.  The  lines  of  demarcation 
are  fine.  They  are  often  almost  invisible.  But  they  are  deep,  and 
apparently  absolute.  It  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  most  tenacious 
of  the  objections  to  "  Daniel  Deronda  "  that  it  deals  with  Jews  and 
Jewish  life  and  character.  The  fact  is  sometimes  almost  resented  as 
an  offence  to  the  mass  of  readers.  Even  in  '  Ivanhoe,'  although  tor- 
rents of  Christian  tears  have  flowed  over  the  closing  pages,  where  the 
noble  and  beautiful  '  Rebecca '  asks  to  see  the  face  of  the  fair 
'Rowena,'  yet  such  is  the  fell  and  weird  outlaw  of  the  Jew  from 
general  sympathy,  that  the  catastrophe  seems  to  be  an  inevitable 
fate.    There  is  no  doubt  that  this  prejudice  is  as  cruel  in  its  effects  as 

it  is  unreasonable  in  its  origin 

"  The  legend  of  the  '  Wandering  Jew  '  has  a  pathos  beyond  the 
usual  interpretation.  The  story  is  told  that  the  Jew,  who  refused  to 
comfort  Christ  as  he  toiled  under  the  weight  of  the  cross,  was  con- 
demned to  tarry  until  he  came,  and  so  wanders  around  the  world 
until  the  second  coming.  But  it  is  the  symbol  also  of  the  restlessness 
of  the  race,  roaming  through  Christendom,  homeless  and  rejected.  It 
is  the  curse,  says  many  a  Christian  heart,  of  the  people  that  crucified 
the  Redeemer.  This  is  the  common  theory  of  the  origin  of  the 
traditional  antipathy  to  the  Jews,  and,  undoubtedly,  this  is  with 
many  persons  a  vague  justification  of  the  feeling  with  which  a  Jew  is 
regarded.  But  should  it  be  nothing  to  such  persons  that  when,  as 
they  believe,  the  Creator  would  incarnate  himself,  He  became  a  Jew? 
Or,  again,  do  they  reflect  that  if  it  was  in  the  eternal  decrees  that  the 
sins  of  men  were  to  be  atoned  and  condoned  by  the  innocent 
sacrifice,  those  who  accomplished  the  sacrifice  were  but  the  agents  of 
the  Divine  will?  Are  all  such  ingenious  speculations  other  than 
devices  to  explain  and  justify  a  mere  prejudice  of  race,  such  as  some 
African  tribes  cherish  against  people  of  white  skins?  Those  who  find 
in  such  prejudice  a  profound  significance  will  continue  to  plead  the 
feeling  as  its  own  sufficient  reason.  But  honorable  men  will  be  care- 
ful how  they  carelessly  use  the  name  of  a  race  to  which  the  religion, 
the  literature,  the  art,  the  civilized  progress  of  humanity,  are  so 
greatly  indebted,  as  a  term  of  utter  derision  and  scorn.7' 

Mr.  Curtis  in  his  reference  to  Shakespeare's  "Shy lock"  truly 
says  that  "there  is  nothing  in  Shakespeare  more  vital  and  in- 
telligible than  the  fervent  appeal  of  Shylock  to  the  common 
humanity  around  him."  Much  has  been  said  and  written  con- 
cerning this  remarkable  creation  of  the  dramatist's  genius,  and 
often  and  again  it  has  been  remarked  that  Shakespeare's  Jew 
was  not  the  real  Jew,  not  even  the  Jew  of  his  own  imagination, 
but   the   Jew   as   mirrored   in  the  distorted   consciousness   of 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  50£ 

mediaeval  Europe.  The  great  pathologist  of  human  feeling 
only  then  failed  in  his  diagnosis  when  he  sought  to  realize  the 
Jew,  the  real  Jew  and  his  attributes  were  beyond  his  ken. 

One  of  the  grandest  and  most  cherished  of  our  poets,  WIL,- 
LIAM  CULLEN  BRYANT,  long  the  editor  of  the  New  York 
Evening  Post,  in  a  trenchant  criticism  of  the  character  of  Shy- 
lock  on  the  occasion  of  a  presentation  of  the  drama  by  Edwin 
Booth,  wrote  as  follows:  * 

"  In  terming  Shylock  'the  Jew  whom  Shakespeare  drew,'  there  is  a 
perfect  logic,  for  Shylock  is,  of  all  Shakespeare's  characters,  the  only 
one  untrue  to  nature.  He  is  not  a  Jew,  but  a  fiend  presented  in  the 
form  of  one;  and  whereas  he  is  made  a  ruling  type,  he  is  but  an  ex- 
ception, if  even  that,  and  the  exception  is  not  to  be  met  with  either 
in  the  Ghettos  of  Venice  or  of  Rome.  Shakespeare  holds  up  the  love 
of  money  that  marks  the  race,  although  he  does  not  show  that  this 
passion  was  but  the  effect  of  that  persecution  which,  by  crowding  the 
Jew  out  of  every  honorable  pursuit,  and  thus  cutting  off  his  nature 
from  every  sympathy  with  the  world  around,  sharpened  and  edged 
the  keen  corners  of  his  brain  for  the  only  pursuit  left  to  him. 

"  It  is  true  that  money-changers  once  spat  on  in  the  Ghetto  are  now 
hugged  in  the  palace.  But  we  fear  that  it  is  not  so  much  that  the 
prejudice  against  the  Jews  has  ceased,  but  that  the  love  of  money 
among  the  Christians  has  increased.  Shakespeare  was  not  true  in 
the  picture  he  has  drawn  of  the  Jew's  cravings  for  revenge,  and  in 
the  contempt  with  which  he  is  treated  by  his  daughter,  lievenge  is 
not  a  characteristic  of  the  Jew.  He  is  subject  to  sudden  fits  of  passion, 
but  that  intellect  which  always  stands  sentinel  over  the  Hebrew  soon 
subdues  the  gust.  However  strong  in  Shylock's  time  might  have 
been  the  hatred  of  the  Jew  towards  the  Christian,  the  lust  of  lucre 
was  more  strong,  and  Shakespeare  might  have  ransacked  every 
Ghetto  in  Christendom  without  finding  a  Jew,  or  a  Christian  either, 
who  would  have  preferred  a  pound  of  flesh  to  a  pound  sterling;  and 
Jews  also  shrink  from  physical  contests.  Their  disposition  is  to  tri- 
umph by  intellect  rather  than  violence.  It  was  this  trait  more  than 
any  other  that  rendered  them,  in  the  Middle  Ages,  so  repulsive  to  the 
masses,  who  were  all  of  the  Morrissey  and  muscular  Christianity 
school.  The  contempt  of  a  daughter  for  her  parent  is  equally  unchar- 
acteristic of  the  Jew.  The  Jews  are  universally  admired  for  the 
affections  which  adorn  their  domestic  life.  The  more  they  have  been 
pushed  from  the  society  of  the  family  of  man  the  greater  has  been  the 
intensity  with  which  they  have  clung  to  the  love  of  their  own  family. 

"No  one  can  ever  have  visited  the  houses  of  the  Jews  without 
having  been  struck  by  ihe  glowing  affection  with  which  the  daughter 
greets  the  father  as  he  returns  from  the  day's  campaign  and  the 

*  See  note,  next  page. 


510  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

slights  and  sneers  his  gaberdine  and  yellow  cap  provoke,  and  with- 
out observing  how  those  small,  restless  eyes  that  sparkle  and  gleam, 
shine  out  in  a  softened,  loving  lustre  as  they  fall  upon  the  face  of 
Rebecca,  or  Jessica,  or  Sarah,  and  how  he  stands  no  longer  with 
crooked  back,  but  erect  and  commanding,  as  he  blesses  his  household 
gods  with  an  exultation  as  vehement  as  the  prejudices  which  during 
the  day  have  galled  and  fretted  his  nature.  To  do  justice  to  the 
grandeurs  of  the  Jewish  race,  and  to  brand  with  infamy  its  infirmities, 
it  is  not  enough  to  produce  a  repulsive  delineation  of  the  latter.  It 
would  only  be  just  to  give  expression  to  the  former,  and  to  exhibit 
that  superiority  of  intellect  which  has  survived  all  persecution,  and 
which,  soaring  above  the  prejudices  of  the  hour,  has  filled  us  with 
reluctant  admiration  on  finding  how  many  of  the  great  events  which 
mark  the  progress  of  the  age  or  minister  to  its  improvements,  or 
elevate  its  tastes,  may  be  traced  to  the  wonderful  workings  of  the  soul 
of  the  Hebrew,  and  the  supremacy  of  that  spiritual  nature  which 
gave  to  mankind  its  noblest  religion,  its  noblest  laws,  and  some  of  its 
noblest  poesy  and  music." 

Treating  the  same  subject  the  great  German  critic,  ROBERT 
BENEDIX,  writes  as  follows:  * 

"  Let  us  look  at  this  Shylock  closer.  Antonio  calls  him  an  usurer; 
the  proof  he  fails  in.  Shylock  takes  high  interest;  so  did  all  the 
merchants  of  Venice.  Shylock  deals  in  money;  to-day  we  call  him  a 
banker.  Why  does  he  deal  in  money  ?  Because  it  is  the  only  trade 
permitted.  He  does  not  carry  on  an  industry,  has  no  agricultural 
pursuits,  no  official  station — only  trade.  If  the  Jews,  under  centuries 
of  restriction,  ostracised  from  social  life,  did  cling  to  money  and  its 
uses,  whose  fault  was  it  ?  No  one  can  say  anything  dishonorable  of 
Shylock.  He  is  penurious;  in  no  law-book  of  the  world  is  that 
denominated  as  a  crime.  What  is  against  this  man  ?  Simply  nothing 
more  than  that  he  is  a  Jew.  But  for  the  poet,  who,  enthroned  on 
Olympian  heights,  there  should  exist  only  the  man,  not  the  Jew. 
Shylock  is  revengeful.  Well,  who  has  instigated  it?  Only  they  who 
have  despised  him.  After  persecuting  and  deriding  him,  they  crown 
their  infamy  by  asking  him  to  turn  Christian.  That  is  the  very  depth 
of  baseness.  What  is  left  to  the  poor  Jew,  whom  you  have  trodden 
under  foot,  when  you  rob  him  of  his  faith?  It  is  the  bond  that  binds 
him  to  his  fathers,  to  his  home.  It  has  been  his  solace  in  persecu- 
tions a  thousand  times  repeated.  To  this  faith  Israel  clings  with 
devoted  love,  and  from  this  faith  shall  Shylock  turn  to  become  a 
Christian?    No  wonder  he  turns  with  abhorrence  from  those  who 

*  These  citations  are  gleaned  from  the  notable  lecture  by  Hon. 
Simon  Wolf,  on  "The  Influence  of  the  Jews  on  the  Progress  of  the 
World,"  delivered  before  the  Schiller  Bund  in  Washington,  April  1st, 

1888. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  511 

torture  him  so  cruelly.  Christians  they  may  be.  Men  they  are  not. 
And  is  there  no  feeling  for  a  father?  To  exalt  a  daughter  who 
absconds  and  robs  him  whom  she  should  honor  ?  Is  that  Jewish  or 
Christian?  The  grand  speech,  'Has  not  a  Jew  eyes,'  etc.,  is  the 
exclamation  of  a  martyr  people  who  for  centuries  had  been  the 
victims  of  debauched,  bigoted  priests. 

"  It  is  impossible  to  acquit  Shakespeare  of  the  prejudice  of  his  age. 
He  has  morally  sinned;  artistically  erred.  Contrast  Lessing;  and  he 
wrote  in  an  age  of  equal  intolerance.  His  '  Nathan  the  Wise '  is  an 
embodiment  of  morality  and  and  sublime  virtues;  his  figures  are 
apostles  of  true  humanity.  Nathan  is  an  evangelist  of  true  worth; 
and  Lessing,  taking  for  his  hero  a  Jew,  made  thereby  the  amende 
honorable  in  the  name  of  humanity." 

As  a  veritable  anti- climax  to  these  utterances  of  poet  and 
critic,  we  may  here  consider  the  views  of  the  representative 
proletary  of  America,  who  deals  with  the  Shylock  theme  from 
an  entirely  different  standpoint.  This  dissertation  is  by  Mr. 
TERRENCB  V.  POWDKRLY,  long  the  leader  of  the  organi- 
zation of  wage-earners  known  as  the  Knights- of  Labor,  and  as 
such  will  command  the  attention  of  the  reader.  Under  the 
caption  of  "  The  Real  Shylock,"  he  writes  in  the  Journal  of 
the  Knights  of  Labor  as  follows  : 

"  Flings  at  the  Jews  are  flying  about  promiscuously  on  every  hand, 
and  it  seems  to  me  that  this  practice  is  neither  just  nor  manly.  Turn 
the  pages  of  history  backward  to  the  dawn  of  Christianity  and  notice 
how  the  Jew  has  been  persecuted  by  those  who  professed  to  be 
actuated  by  Christian  charity.  Notice  how  he  has  been  driven  from 
country  and  home,  how  he  has  been  driven  ahead  of  the  advanced 
guard  of  Christianity,  and  then  pause  for  a  moment  to  ask  if  the 
Christian  is  not  in  some  small  measure  to  blame  for  the  money-lend- 
ing characteristics  of  the  Jew  of  this  day  and  generation.  Driven 
from  all  other  branches  of  trade,  with  a  price  on  his  head,  and  his 
home  at  the  mercy  of  others,  how  could  the  Jew  protect  himself?  It 
is  well  enough  to  single  out  Rothschild  and  to  point  to  him  as  a  fit 
representative  of  an  usury-taking  class,  but  when  he  is  pointed  to  as 
'  Rothschild  the  Jew,'  the  bounds  of  propriety  are  overstepped  and 
common  justice  is  violated. 

"  What  right  has  a  Christian  to  drive  a  man  from  every  walk  in 
life  but  that  of  money-lending  and  then  insult  his  race  and  religion 
because  of  that  fact,  in  sneeringly  calling  him  a  Jew.  It  is  proper  to 
call  a  money-lender  a  'Shylock,'  for  that  is  a  term  that  is  applicable  to 
men  of  all  races  and  religions  if  they  practice  usury,  but  to  single  the 
Jew  out  as  the  only  one  who  should  wear  that  appellation  is  an  out- 
rage.    I  know  Christians,  and  the  reader  knows  them,  who  on  every 


5V2  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Sunday  morning  will  walk  slowly  down  the  middle  aisle  in  the 
Christian  church,  and  with  sanctimonious  mien  bend  the  knee  before 
the  altar  of  God  with  no  more  of  Christianity  in  their  hearts  than 
may  be  found  in  the  stone  steps  leading  up  to  the  church  door.  If  a 
living  representative  of  '  Shylock  >  is  to  be  singled  out,  one  whose 
talon-like  fingers  itch  for  usury  and  stretch  out  toward  your  pocket 
for  the  principal  as  well,  let  us  be  honest  enough  to  admit  that  we 
can  throw  a  stone  into  any  of  our  temples  of  Christianity  and  hit 
such  a  sinner.  Do  not  lay  it  all  to  the  Jew.  I  admit  that  he  knows 
how  to  deal  in  money,  but  who  gave  him  points  in  the  game  of 
usury?  Look  over  the  United  States  to-day.  Contrast  the  acts  of 
pretended  Christians  with  the  principles  of  Christ,  and  then  dare  to 
lay  the  blame  of  all  the  wrong  that  usury  has  wrought,  to  the  door 
of  the  Jew.     Look  at  our  American  Congress  and  tell  us  if  those  who 

obey  the  voice  of  greed  in  that  body  are  all  Jews Are 

all  who  have  cornered  lands,  railroads  and  homes  Jews  ?  Let  the 
reader  whose  home  is  mortgaged  inquire  who  it  is  holds  the  mortgage, 
and  if  he  happens  to  be  a  Christian,  as  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  he  will 
be,  ask  him  to  be  lenient  with  you,  and  you  will  learn  that  he  wants 
his  '  pound  of  flesh,'  and  will  be  anxious  to  go  old  Shylock  one 
better,  by  sucking  the  blood  along  with  it." 


The  Jewish  Question  and  the  Mission  of  the  Jeivs,  published 
by  Harper  and  Brothers,  New  York,  1894,  contributes  a  valu- 
able addition  to  historical  literature.  The  work  ably  elucidates 
its  comprehensive  subject  matter  and  deserves  the  careful 
perusal  of  every  student  of  whatever  creed.  A  few  character- 
istic extracts  are  collated  in  the  following  : — 

u  If  we  turn  to  Europe,  in  which  we  are  chiefly  interested,  we  find 
that  the  Jews  were  settled  there  as  early  as  Roman  times,  and  lived 
on  terms  of  perfect  equality  with  all  their  neighbors,  until  religious 
intolerance  set  itself  to  repress  them  or  directed  and  intensified  the 
jealousy  which  their  success  elicited.  When  the  west  of  Europe  was 
raised  out  of  its  barbarism  by  Charlemagne,  this  great  leader  of 
modern  civilization  also  took  account  of  the  valuable  civilizing  influ- 
ence of  the  Jews,  especially  as  regarded  commerce  and  learning.  He 
granted  them  privileges,  and  even  made  use  of  them  for  diplomatic 
services  ;  and  as  he  transplanted  learned  men  from  Italy  into  France 
and  Germany  in  order  that  their  wisdom  might  be  diffused  among 
those  people,  so  he  also  desired  to  engraft  the  learning  of  the  Jews  in 
these  districts.  He  encouraged  them  to  found  Talmudic  Schools  and 
transplanted  from  Lucca  the  learned  family  Kalonymos  to  Narbornne 
about  the  year  787,  gave  them  a  large  tract  of  land,  where  the  chief  of 
the  family  and  his  successors  were  called  princes,  while  the  part  of 
the  town  where  they  lived  was  called  'The  Court  of  the  King  of  the 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  513 

Jew.'    The  position  which  the  Jew,  Isaac,  held  .in  the  embassy  of 
Charlemange  to  Haroun  al  Rashid  is  a  matter  of  history." 

********  * 

"  As  to  the  pluck  and  courage  of  the  Jews  it  certainly  did  not  die  out 
with  the  Maccabees  and  the  Zealots.  I  will  not  mention  the  spiritual 
courage  it  required  for  the  whole  race  to  survive  at  all  during  the 
persecutions  which  might  have  been  avoided  by  the  simple  act  of 
conversion,  or  of  the  thousands  that  burned  at  the  stake  singing.  I 
should  say,  even  numerically,  more  than  the  whole  Christian  mar- 
tyrology  has  to  show.  The  numbers  who  heroically  during  the 
Spanish  Inquisition,  and  at  other  times  and  places,  preferred  burning 
at  the  stake  to  baptism,  the  perfidy  which  often  met  their  heroic 
resistance,  would  fill  volumes.  In  the  history  of  the  Spanish  Jews 
more  than  in  that  of  any  other  of  their  numerous  communities  do  we 
meet  with  heroism,  courage  and  chivalry.  They  fought  in  the  Span- 
ish battles  as  the  bravest  knights.  Alfonso  X  of  Castile,  rewarded 
them  en  masse  for  their  war-like  assistance  against  Seville  and  gave 
them,  when  the  enemies'  land  was  divided,  a  village  whieh  was  called 
"Aldea  de  los  Judeos."  They  fought  desperately  for  Dom  Pedro, 
even  after  the  Black  Prince  had  forsaken  him,  defended  Burgos  to 
the  last  man,  so  that  even  their  opponent,  Dom  Enrico,  recognized 
publicly  their  valor." 

********  * 

11  Even  in  Germany  during  the  Black  Death  and  the  butchery  of 
Jews,  and  in  Poland,  the  spirit  of  the  Maccabees  and  the  Zealots  had 
not  forsaken  them.  It  very  often  met  with  the  basest  treachery  on 
the  part  of  their  enemies  and  allies.  One  instance  is  a  striking,  if  not 
a  typical  one.  During  the  onslaught  of  the  Cossacks  into  Poland  in 
the  Thirty  Years'  War  the  Jews  were  brave  defenders  of  the  Polish 
territory.  When  a  horde  of  Hadamaks  attacked  the  town  of  Tulczyn, 
six  thousand  Christians  and  about  two  thousand  Jews  retreated  to 
the  fortress.  Nobles  and  Jews  pledged  themselves  by  oath  to  defend 
the  fortress  to  the  last  man.  The  Cossacks  resorted  to  a  stratagem, 
and  assured  the  Nobles  that  they  were  only  fighting  against  their 
real  enemies,  the  Jews.  If  they  were  handed  over  to  them  they 
would  withdraw.  The  nobles  asked  the  Jews  to  give  up  their  arms  ; 
and  when  they  complied,  they  opened  the  gates  to  the  Cossacks. 
When  the  Cossacks  had  plundered  the  Jews,  they  proposed  to  them 
the  alternative  of  death  or  baptism.  Not  one  of  them  accepted  the 
latter,  and  they  were  put  to  the  sword.  But  the  nobles  suffered  the 
same  fate,  as  the  Cossacks  held  that  there  was  no  cause  to  hold  faith 
by  the  faithless." 

#  *  *  *  *     '  *  *  *  * 

"The  late  James  Russell  Lowell  was  wont  to  say  that  a  large 
proportion  of  the  great  families  of  the  English  aristocracy  had  some 
33 


514  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

admixture  of  Jewish  blood,  while  some  of  the  great  names  were  in  a 
direct  line  to  be  traced  back  to  Jewish  ancestors.  So,  for  instance,  he 
believed,  and  he  must  have  had  good  grounds  for  his  belief,  that  the 
families  of  the  Cecils  and  the  Russells  were  originally  Jewish.  Of 
course  such  conversational  statements  must  not  be  taken  literally. 
Many  years  ago  I  met  a  Russian  scholar,  deeply  read  in  literature 
and  science — the  pure  Russian,  without  any  associations  with  Jews — 
who  told  me  he  was  engaged  upon  a  work  which  set  itself  the  task  of 
tracing  the  origin  of  most  of  the  great  men  in  letters  and  science  that 
were  then  living  in  Germany,  and  that  he  was  coming  to  the  conclu- 
sion that,  not  only  were  a  great  many  of  them  actually  Jews,  but 
that  a  large  proportion  of  the  best  known  among  the  Christian  digni- 
taries had  also  some  admixture  of  Jewish  blood." 


Our  symposium  could  not  be  more  effectively  and  fitly 
rounded  out  than  by  a  quotation  of  the  Preface  to  M.  Anatole 
Leroy  Beaulieu's  celebrated  work,  "  Israel  chez  les  nations" 
and  of  the  Preface  written  by  the  author  for  the  English  trans- 
lation by  Mrs.  Theodore  Hellman,  which  has  just  been 
announced  as  soon  to  be  published  by  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Son's,  New  York.  M.  Leroy  Beaulieu,  whose  mastery  of  the 
philosophy  of  history  has  commanded  universal  recognition, 
makes  clear  his  standpoint  in  the  preface  to  the  original  work, 
and  in  the  preface  to  the  English  translation  he  evinces  his 
thorough  insight,  not  only  into  his  general  subject,  but  further- 
more into  its  American  phases  especially. 

We  copy  these  extracts  from  the  columns  of  the  American 
Hebrew,  New  York,  September  13,  1895,  and  from  its  editorial 
reference  to  the  subject  we  gladly  quote  the  concluding  para- 
graph, as  follows: 

"The  publication  of  M.  Leroy  Beaulieu's  work  in  its  English  dress 
will  be  timely  for  two  reasons:  Its  Jewish  readers  will  find  it  an 
eloquent  appeal  for  renewed  devotion  to  the  noble  cause  of  Israel's 
mission;  its  Christian  readers,  recognizing  the  important  part  Juda- 
ism has  played  in  the  production  of  our  present-day  civilization,  will 
recognize  how  baseless  is  the  prejudice  that  reigns  against  the  Jew. 
May  the  book  find  many  readers." 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  515 

ISRAEL  AMONG  THE  NATIONS. 

The  Prefaces  to  M.  Leroy-Beaulieu's  "Israel  chezles  nations.11 

[Copyrighted,  1895,  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.] 

I.    Preface  to  the  Original  Work. 

The  author  of  this  book  is  a  Christian  and  a  Frenchman.  As  a 
Christian,  he  is  one  of  those  who  believe  that  a  spirit  of  intolerance  is 
repugnant  to  Christianity,  and  nothing  appears  to  him  less  consistent 
with  the  Gospel  than  race-hatred.  Be  it  a  war  of  races  or  a  war  of 
classes,  popular  jealousy  can  never  screen  itself  behind  the  robe  of 
Christ.  Be  it  Aryan  or  Semitic,  a  nation  should  never  purchase  its 
salvation  at  the  cost  of  another's  rights. 

As  a  Frenchman,  the  author  is  one  of  those  who  are  convinced 
that  France  ought  to  remain  true  to  her  traditions  of  justice  and 
liberty.  They  are  the  only  glory,  and  the  only  wealth  which  the 
fortunes  of  war  cannot  wrest  from  her.  The  more  severe  the  trials 
that  she  has  undergone,  the  more  menacing  the  dangers  that  await 
her,  the  more  essential  is  it  to  her  honor  that  she  should  remain  her- 
self and  not  belie,  in  the  eyes  of  the  nations,  those  great  ideas  which 
she  was  the  first  to  proclaim.  To  abjure  them  would  be  not  only  an 
act  of  apostasy,  but  a  forfeiture  of  her  place  in  history.  A  France  that 
should  stoop,  more  than  a  century  after  1789,  to  abridge  religious  and 
civil  liberty  and  to  establish  among  her  inhabitants  distinctions 
based  upon  name  or  birth,  would  no  longer  be  the  France  that  the 
world  has  thus  far  known. 

The  inheritance  of  the  Revolution,  which  we  have  come  to  regard 
with  so  much  reverence,  may  possibly  include  rash  postulates  and 
exaggerated  inferences  that  tend  to  intoxicate,  almost  to  madness,  a 
people  infatuated  with  its  title  of  sovereign;  but  surely  neither 
religious  liberty  nor  civil  equality  is  likely  to  produce  such  effects; 
neither  the  one  nor  the  other  can  have  any  tendency  to  turn  the 
people's  heads;  and,  after  having  been  the  first  to  preach  these 
principles  to  Europe,  France  will  not  disavow  them  now,  when, 
thanks,  to  our  propaganda  or  our  example,  they  have  conquered 
almost  all  the  countries  of  both  hemispheres.  On  others  be  the  shame 
of  such  a  recantation  ! 

Anti-Semitism  is  consistent  with  neither  the  principles  nor  the 
genius  of  our  nation.  It  came  to  us  from  the  outside,  from  countries 
which  have  neither  our  spirit  nor  our  traditions.  It  came  to  us  from 
across  the  Rhine,  from  old  Germany,  always  ready  for  religious  quar- 
rels, and  always  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  caste;  from  new  Germany, 
all  inflated  with  race-pride  and  scornful  of  whatever  is  not  Teutonic. 

Anti-Semitism  may  be  traced  also  to  Russia,  to  that  huge  and 
shapeless  Russia,  which,  with  its  steppes  and  forests,  has  remained 
isolated  from  the  great  currents  of  modern  life;  to  holy,  Orthodox 


516  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Russia,  half  Oriental,  half  Asiatic,  which  endeavors  to  find  its 
national  unity  in  its  religious  unity,  and  which  regards  the  Catholic 
and  the  Lutheran  with  little  more  favor  than  the  Israelite;  to  that 
autocratic  Russia,  which  differs  from  us  in  all  its  institutions,  as  well 
as  in  all  its  conditions,  be  they  economic,  political,  religious  or  social. 
Whatever  sympathy  we  may  feel  with  the  Slavonic  mind  or  the 
Russian  spirit,  the  Russians,  who  so  often  emulated  us,  would  be 
greatly  surprised  to  see  us  copying  them;  as  well  might  one  propose 
to  the  Czar  to  model  the  government  of  his  moujiks  and  cossacks  on 
that  of  the  French  Republic. 

Men  of  my  age,  who  have  grown  up  under  the  Second  Empire  and 
in  the  worship  of  liberty  —  it  was  fashionable  then  among  the  young 
— have  witnessed  many  distressing  sights.  How  often  was  the  lie 
given  to  our  youthful  faith  in  right  and  justice  !  How  many  truths 
which  we  thought  established  forever  were  again  called  into  question 
by  the  selfish  passions  or  the  ignorant  claims  of  new  generations  ! 
How  many  of  the  conquests  won  by  reason  and  liberty  were  we  un- 
able to  maintain  against  the  encroachments  of  power  or  the  delusions 
of  political  sophistry  !  Popular  rights  trodden  under  foot  in  the  name 
of  the  principle  of  nationality,  everywhere  heralded  as  a  principle  of 
emancipation;  European  states  transformed,  for  half  a  century,  into 
entrenched  camps  and  separated  once  more  from  each  other  by 
custom-house  barriers  and  ramparts  of  prejudice  almost  as  high  as 
the  Wall  of  China;  freedom  of  thought  and  religious  toleration  cynic- 
ally overridden  or  hypercritically  evaded  by  those  very  political 
parties  that  professed  to  be  their  champions;  laws  passed  to  the  detri- 
ment of  special  persons;  decrees  of  exile  or  confiscation  promulgated 
in  the  name  of  liberty,  within  so-called  free  countries  and  by  self- 
styled  liberals;  appeals  to  secular  power,  demands  for  legal  restric- 
tion, for  paternalism,  addressed  to  the  government  by  all  manner  of 
clashing  interests  and  passions.  And  all  this,  not  only  in  Eastern 
Russia,  buried  neck-deep  in  the  Middle  Ages  or  rather  in  the  ancien 
regime,  but  in  the  West,  in  France,  in  Germany,  among  nations  said 
to  be  the  most  advanced  of  ancient  Europe.  Oh,  how  old  she  is, 
this  ancient  Europe,  and  how  difficult  it  is  for  her  to  slough  her  skin 
and  regain  her  youth !  What  an  effort  it  is  for  her  to  strip  off  her  old 
prejudices  and  practices  and  clothe  herself  in  the  spirit  of  a  new  age  ! 

And  this  new  age,  the  age  that  we  have  so  ardently  invoked,  what 
will  it  bring  us  and  how  will  it  fulfil  its  boasted  promises  ?  To  judge  by 
the  methods  and  the  teachings  extolled  by  those  who  proclaim  them- 
selves its  representatives,  this  new  age  is  in  great  danger  of  reviving 
the  worst  practices  of  the  past.  Men  who  boast  of  being  the  pioneers 
of  the  future  openly  praise  deeds  of  absolutism,  and  smile  sancti- 
moniously at  legal  brutalities  borrowed  from  the  ancien  regime  by 
the  jurists  of  the  Revolution.  Visions  of  the  future  and  mediaeval 
prejudices;  Utopias  conceived  by  dreamers  deluded  with  misty  ideals 
and  belated  memories  of  a  superannuated  past;  unceasing  race-corn- 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  517 

petition  and  ever-recurriDg  class  jealousies,  all  these  have  become 
confused  and  entangled  in  the  minds  of  the  learned  as  well  as  in 
those  of  the  masses.  And  something  of  all  this  is  contained  in  anti- 
Semitism;  something  of  the  old  and  of  the  new,  of  the  far-off  Middle 
Ages  and  of  visionary  socialism,  of  reactionary  instincts  and  of  revo- 
lutionary passions;  and  it  is  because  of  this  that  anti-Semitism  finds 
an  echo  in  such  different  quarters,  from  the  drawing-rooms  of  society 
to  the  grog-shop  of  the  working-man. 

Let  us  confess  it  once  again:  we  have  presumed  too  much  on 
reason,  and  relied  too  confidently  on  civilization.  This  brilliant  civil- 
ization, which  inspires  our  idlers  with  such  ludicrous  pride,  is  often 
shallow  and  unsound,  even  in  the  most  advanced  countries  of  the 
continent.  In  our  proudest  capitals  it  is  barely  thicker  than  a  light 
veneer,  underneath  whose  surface,  if  we  scratch  it  ever  so  little,  we 
shall  find  all  the  ignorance  and  savagery  of  the  ages  that  we  deem 
barbarous.  Thus,  in  Paris,  Vienna  and  Berlin,  the  close  of  our 
century  suffers  the  disgrace  of  seeing  measures  of  proscription  and 
confiscation  advocated  by  people  who  are  really  good-natured  and 
ordinarily  harmless. 

It  must  not  be  inferred  from  what  has  been  said  that  the  com- 
plaints of  the  anti-Semites  are  wholly  imaginary.  By  no  means. 
Whether  they  attack  our  private  or  our  public  morals  and  customs, 
many  of  their  complaints  are  but  too  well  founded.  Abroad,  as  well 
as  at  home,  and  most  especially,  perhaps,  in  our  republic  France, 
they  are  right,  these  noisy  anti-Semites,  in  loudly  denouncing  certain 
governmental  methods,  certain  practices  which  seem  about  to  take 
root  in  the  life  of  modern  nations.  Anti-Semitism  may  have  been, 
in  its  time,  a  protest,  on  the  part  of  public  conscience,  against  culp- 
able concessions  of  men  in  office,  against  the  venality  of  politicians, 
and  the  domination,  at  once  mysterious  and  contemptuous,  of  stock- 
jobbing interlopers.  Despite  its  excesses  and  outrages,  anti-Semitism 
is  within  its  rightful  province  when  it  assails  the  worship  of  money, 
the  scandalous  barter  of  political  influences,  and  the  shameless 
exploitation  of  the  people  by  the  men  whom  they  have  elected;  or, 
again,  when  it  unmasks  the  hypocritical  intolerance  of  inconsistent 
free-thinkers,  who  have  erected  irreligiou  and  corruption  into  a 
method  of  government. 

Modern  society  is  ailing  indeed,  more  ailing  that  the  most  honest 
anti-Semite  imagines.  The  error  of  anti-Semitism  lies  in  its  mis- 
apprehension of  the  origin  and  the  seat  of  the  evil.  It  sees,  or'is  will- 
ing to  see,  but  one  of  the  symptoms,  and  it  calls  this  symptom  the 
cause  of  the  disease.  Anti-Semitism  is  essentially  "simple-minded," 
in  the  literal  sense  of  the  word.  It  fails  to  grasp  the  complexity  of 
social  phenomena.  But  this  failure,  which  should  prove  its  ruin,  is 
largely  the  cause  of  its  success  with  the  masses,  who  in  their 
simplicity  are  always  carried  away  by  that  which  they  deem  simple. 

Even  if  the  Jews  had  all  the  vices  and  all  the  power  which  the 


518  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

hatred  of  their  enemies  sees  fit  to  ascribe  to  them,  it  were  none  the 
less  childish  to  discover  in  a  handful  of  Semites  the  source  of  the 
evils  that  afflict  modern  society. 

It  is  not  true  that,  in  order  to  restore  it  to  health,  we  need  but  to 
eliminate  the  Semite,  as  the  surgeon's  knife  eradicates  a  cyst  or  a 
malignant  excrescence.  The  extent  and  gravity  of  the  evil  are  of  a 
different  nature.  The  evil  is  in  ourselves,  in  our  blood,  in  the  very 
marrow  of  our  bones.  To  cure  us,  it  will  not  be  enough  to  remove  a 
foreign  body  from  our  flesh.  Though  every  Jew  be  banished  from 
French  soil,  though  Israel  be  swept  from  the  face  of  Europe,  France 
would  be  not  one  whit  more  healthy,  nor  Europe  in  any  better  state. 
The  first  condition  of  a  cure  is  a  knowledge  of  the  nature  of  one's 
malady.  Now,  anti-Semitism  deceives  us;  it  blinds  us  to  our  con- 
dition by  trying  to  make  us  believe  that  the  cause  of  the  evil  is 
external,  instead  of  internal.  There  is  no  more  dangerous  error.  We 
are  afflicted  with  an  internal  trouble,  due  to  our  constitution  and  our 
entire  mode  of  living;  and  the  anti-Semites  insist  upon  telling  us, 
over  and  over  again,  that  it  is  but  a  superficial  ailment,  brought  on 
by  chance,  and  foreign  to  our  race  and  blood.  Even  when  they 
boast  of  exposing  our  secret  wounds,  they  misconstrue  their  nature; 
consequently,  instead  of  furnishing  a  cure  for  them,  they  are  in  great 
danger  of  inflaming  them  still  more. 

Such  will  be,  I  doubt  not,  the  feeling  of  every  reader  who  is 
sufficiently  thoughtful  and  independent  to  base  his  opinions  upon 
reflection,  and  not  upon  the  antipathies  of  the  mob.  Anti-Semitism, 
even  when  most  justified  in  its  complaints,  is  mistaken  as  to  the 
source  of  our  evils.  It  would  be  easy  for  me  to  prove  this  conclusively, 
could  I,  in  this  volume,  have  treated  of  finance,  capital,  and  the  ascend- 
ancy of  the  stock-exchange.  Unfortunately,  I  have  been  obliged,  for 
the  present,  to  omit  a  part  of  my  subject  —  that  which  in  these  days 
of  subserviency  to  material  interests  so  completely  engrosses  the 
public  mind — the  money  question.  I  had  intended  at  first  to  devote 
one  or  two  chapters  to  it.  But  this  money-question  has  assumed  so 
prominent  a  place  in  our  democratic  society;  it  so  easily  takes  the 
lead  everywhere,  it  is  so  complex,  and  so  liable  to  give  rise  to  con- 
fusion, that  it  seemed  to  me  worthy  of  separate  treatment.  Therefore 
this  volume  will  be  followed  by  another,  in  which  I  shall  attempt  to 
define  the  role  played  by  money  among  the  nations  of  to-day.  On 
that  occasion  I  shall  take  up  again  some  of  the  views  set  forth  in  my 
book  on  Papacy,  Socialism,  and  Democracy .  There  may,  perhaps, 
seem  to  be  no  connection  between  these  two  subjects.  That  is  a 
mistake,  for  anti-Semitism,  too,  is  a  social  question.  And  as  for 
myself,  in  studying  the  influence  of  the  Jew  and  of  modern  Israel,  as 
well  as  in  examining  the  teachings  of  the  Pope  on  socialism  and 
democracy,  I  have  always  the  same  object  in  view:  religious  liberty 
and  social  peace.  Caritas  et  Pax,  such  is  ever  my  motto;  and,  if  I 
mistake  not,  it  is  a  Christian  motto,  not  unbecoming  a  Frenchman. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  519 


II.    Preface  to  the  English  Version. 

Our  age  will  constitute  a  critical,  a  supreme  epoch  in  the  long 
history  of  Israel.  To-day  the  prophecies  of  the  seers  are  at  last 
approaching  fulfilment,  and  Israel  is  really  being  scattered  to  the 
ends  of  the  earth.  We  are  witnessing  a  new  diaspora,  the  great  and 
final  dispersal. 

The  tree  of  Israel,  the  ancient  vine  of  Judah,  transplanted  to  the 
Sarmatian  plains,  has  again  been  rudely  shaken  by  the  blast  of 
persecution ;  its  branches  have  fallen  and  its  seeds  have  blown  afar, 
over  the  hills  and  across  the  deserts  and  oceans. 

As  in  earlier  times,  the  wrath  of  their  persecutors  is  forcing  Jews 
and  Judaism  into  countries  where  the  Sabbath-lamp  has  never  yet 
been  lighted.  The  spectacle  witnessed  during  the  Renaissance  and 
at  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  in  consequence  of  the  edicts  of 
Isabella  of  Castile— the  exodus  of  a  people  driven  forth,  without 
means  of  existence,  from  the  land  of  its  ancestors  because  it  clung  to 
the  faith  of  its  fathers  —  this  spectacle  disgraces  the  closing  years  of 
our  nineteenth  century,  in  consequence  of  the  ukases  of  a  Russian 
czar. 

What  will  be  the  verdict  of  history  as  to  the  effects  upon  Judaism 
of  the  harsh  policy  of  Alexander  III  ?  Possibly  in  years  to  come, 
when  the  tears  of  her  exiles  and  their  present  sufferings  shall  be 
forgotten,  the  historians  of  Israel  may  affirm  that  the  Russian 
autocrat  contributed,  more  than  any  other  man,  to  the  expansion 
and  renovation  of  Judaism. 

The  Jews  who  are  driven  from  Slavic  soil  by  the  law  or  by  their 
own  poverty,  are  forced  to  begin  a  new  life  under  kindlier  skies  and 
in  freer  lands.  They  are  torn  from  the  old  Jewries  where,  closely 
herded  together,  they  had  barely  air  enough  to  breathe;  and  this 
painful  expatriation  may  well  prove  of  equal  benefit  to  their  souls 
and  their  bodies. 

The  majority  of  these  exiles  have  gone  to  America,  and  especially 
to  the  United  States.  To  their  brethren  already  established  between 
the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  this  sudden  influx  of  a  whole  people,  in 
the  main  poor  and  ignorant,  who  demand  from  them  shelter  and 
support,  must  indeed  prove  a  very  heavy  burden.  The  Jews  of  the 
United  States  have  been  confronted  here  with  an  enormous  task,  to 
which,  however,  they  have  shown  themselves  equal.  Fortunately, 
the  most  trying  years  seem  to  be  over.  The  accession  of  the  young 
emperor,  Nicholas  II,  to  the  throne  of  Russia  gives  rise  to  the  hope 
of  some  mitigation  of  those  antiquated  laws  which,  under  Alexander 
III,  had  furnished  official  intolerance  with  the  means  of  hypocritical 
persecution.  The  stream  of  emigration,  whose  volume  is  already 
lessening,  will  probably  slacken.  It  will  not  wholly  cease,  for  free 
America  will  long  continue  to  attract  the  victims  of  persecution. 


520  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

I,  for  one,  do  not  believe  that  the  United  States  ought  to  view  this 
Jewish  immigration  with  any  disquietude;  I  cannot  see  what  there 
is  to  fear  from  it.  Among  all  the  races  and  nations  that  have 
furnished  the  United  States  with  colonists  and  have  thus  helped  to 
advance  its  marvelous  growth,  I  can  find  none  more  intelligent  or 
more  industrious;  nor  can  I  find  any  that  is  more  capable  of  assimi- 
lating American  civilization  and  of  introducing  into  it  a  useful  com- 
petition. 

I  am  told  that  one  of  the  charges  brought  against  the  Jews  of 
America  is  that  they  frequently  manifest  leanings  toward  socialism; 
or  rather  toward  anarchism.  This  may  be  the  case  with  many 
Russian  and  Roumanian  Jews — we  have  some  in  Paris  who  show 
such  tendencies — but  the  fact  is  due  less  to  the  racial  character  of  the 
Jews  than  to  the  conditions  under  which  they  have  long  been  forced 
to  live  in  Europe,  and  to  which  they  are  still  subjected  in  Russia  and 
Roumania.  If  Lassalle  and  Karl  Marx  were  the  prophets  of  German 
socialism,  one  of  the  causes  of  their  revolt  against  the  old  social  order 
lay  in  the  sort  of  life  which  that  order  imposed  upon  the  sons  of 
Israel,  even  in  Germany.  This  is  still  more  evident  in  the  case  of 
the  Jews  who  have  been  infected  in  Russia  by  the  germs  of  nihilism 
and  anarchy.  The  Jew  of  the  old  secluded  Jewry  is — as  I  have  shown 
in  this  book — essentially  conservative.  If,  in  the  past  twenty  or 
twenty-five  years,  a  certain  number  of  young  Jews  and  Jewesses  have 
joined  the  ranks  of  the  nihilists,  if  some  of  them  have  been  concerned 
in  the  conspiracies  against  the  person  or  the  authority  of  Alexander 
II  and  of  Alexander  III,  this  is  due  to  the  social  conditions  imposed 
on  the  Jews  by  the  Russian  laws.  This  I  think  I  have  conclusively 
proved,  both  in  my  present  volume  and  in  my  larger  work:  "The 
Empire  of  ihe  Tsars. ' ' 

Only  the  most  systematic  vexations  and  humiliations  could  have 
aroused  the  children  of  Abraham  to  this  spirit  of  revolt,  to  these 
political  conspiracies,  so  opposed  to  Jewish  ideas  and  traditions.  A 
further  proof  of  this,  which  ought  to  appeal  to  the  most  furious  anti- 
Semites,  is  that  in  Russia  conspiracy  can  lead  to  nothing,  as  yet,  but 
transportation  or  the  gallows. 

Moreover,  I  have  often  noticed  that  all  the  Israelites  implicated  in 
political  trials  were  what  I  call  "  de-Judaized  "  Jews — that  is  to  say, 
Jews  who  have  renounced  the  beliefs  and  practices  of  Judaism.  It 
was  Christian  contagion  that  gave  the  Jews  their  revolutionary  ideas. 
Some  of  the  Jewish  emigrants  from  Russia  and  other  parts  of  Europe 
have  been  obviously  degraded  and  corrupted  by  centuries  of 
oppression.  Many  years  —  perhaps  one  or  two  generations  —  will  be 
needed  to  raise  their  moral  plane,  to  imbue  them  with  a  sense  of 
honor  and  dignity.  It  is  a  great  mistake  to  believe  that  this  moral 
uplifting  can  be  facilitated  by  detaching  them  from  their  religion. 
On  the  contrary,  the  least  praise-worthy  Jews  that  I  have  met  have 
generally  been  "  de-Judaized  "  Jews,  those  who  had  ceased  to  observe 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  521 

the  Mosaic  law.  The  Jew— such,  at  least,  is  my  opinion  —  stands  in 
even  greater  need  of  religious  support  than  the  Christian;  and,  as  a 
rule,  he  can  find  that  support  only  in  the  faith  of  his  fathers.  There 
are  indeed,  Israelites  who  become  converts  to  Christianity.  But,  in 
order  to  be  morally  efficacious,  such  conversion  should  be  genuine 
and  disinterested.  Its  object  should  be  to  find  favor,  not  in  the  eyes 
of  society  or  of  man,  but  of  God.  Now,  it  is  well  known  that  such 
true  conversions  are  rare,  and  this  accounts  for  the  fact  that  the 
baptized  Jews  are  often  the  least  commendable. 

I  must  confess  that,  in  many  cases,  the  Christian  missionaries  are 
to  blame.  They  are  too  often  satisfied  with  purely  external,  nominal 
conversions,  and,  for  the  winning  of  souls,  they  too  often  employ 
means  that  are  neither  holy  nor  honest.  I  have  been  told  that  there 
are  missionaries  —  mainly  of  the  Protestant  faith  —  in  London,  New 
York,  and  the  East,  who  angle  for  Jewish  souls  with  the  coarse  bait 
of  worldly  benefits,  taking  unfair  advantage  of  the  poverty,  abandon- 
ment, and  loneliness  of  immigrants  driven  out  of  their  country  by 
want  or  persecution,  to  lead  them  to  the  Christian  font.  These  con- 
versions by  seduction,  if  I  may  venture  so  to  call  them,  are  not  a 
whit  less  odious  than  conversions  by  force.  Such  proselytizing  is 
unworthy  of  the  Christian  ministry  and  is  a  disgrace  to  the  churches 
that  encourage  it.  It  can  result  only  in  making  bad  Christians  and 
in  educating  bad  citizens. 

I  need  say  little,  in  addressing  my  English-speaking  readers,  of  the 
fear  entertained  by  some  persons,  that  the  Jewish  newcomers  are 
likely  to  monopolize  the  national  wealth.  Although  these  appre- 
hensions are  quite  common  among  the  simple  souls  of  the  old  world, 
I  do  not  imagine  that  they  have  crossed  the  Channel  or  the  Atlantic. 
Englishmen  and  Americans  have  too  much  faith  in  themselves  to 
share  such  visionary  fears.  However  great  may  be  the  commercial 
talents  of  the  Jews,  the  Anglo-Saxons  feel  themselves  by  no  means 
inferior  to  them;  and  when  it  comes  to  "making  money,"  the  Yankee 
does  not  fear  the  competition  of  the  Semite. 

Nor  do  I  believe  that,  in  extending  hospitality  to  the  sons  of  Israel, 
the  United  States,  or  Australia,  or  even  old  England  herself,  has 
reason  to  apprehend  what  German  anti-Semites  call  the  "judaizing  " 
of  modern  society. 

This  expression  is  often  used  in  Europe  to  indicate  the  growing 
ascendancy  of  material  interests  and  the  encroachment  of  the  mer- 
cantile spirit.  I  do  not  think  that  the  Jew  can  be  held  responsible 
for  this  tendency,  and  I  shall  attempt  to  show  this  in  my  forthcoming 
work:  "  Le  Regne  de  V Argent."  What  the  anti-Semites  call  the 
"judaizing  »  of  society  might,  as  I  have  taken  the  liberty  of  asserting, 
be  more  correctly  called  the  "Americanizing  »  of  morals.  I  trust  that 
this  remark  will  not  bring  down  the  resentment  of  my  American 
readers.  That  would  be  unfair,  for  I  am,  in  many  respects,  a  sincere 
admirer  of  their  great  Republic.     If  I  have  ventured  to  speak  of  the 


522  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

"Americanizing"  of  modern  society,  it  is  simply  because  the  typical 
characteristics  of  democratic  industrial  society  were  first  revealed  in 
the  United  States,  and  have  there  been  developed  on  a  larger  scale 
than  in  any  other  country.  This  form  of  social  organization,  new  to 
history,  is  gradually  becoming  dominant  in  all  parts  of  the  old  world, 
as  well  as  the  new.  If  it  has  its  advantages,  it  has  also  its  faults, 
which  we  are  all  in  duty  bound  to  correct.  The  ascendancy  of 
material  interests,  the  greed  for  money,  the  frantic  race  for  wealth, 
are  the  most  deplorable  characteristics  of  our  modern  industrial  and 
democratic  society.  These  are  not  social  characteristics;  they  are 
peculiar  neither  to  the  Yankee  nor  to  the  Jew,  although  they  some- 
times seem  to  be  most  pronounced  in  the  Jew  and  the  Yankee.  They 
are  the  result  of  our  social  conditions,  and  it  is  not  by  proscribing  any 
particular  race  or  any  faith,  but  only  by  appealing  to  moral  forces  and 
by  bringing  all  such  forces  to  their  highest  development  that  our 
modern  democracies  can  escape  from  the  practical  materialism  that 
threatens  to  engulf  them. 

Paris,  April,  1893. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN  523 


RUSSIA'S     CRIME    AGAINST    THE    JEWS    AND 
CIVILIZATION. 


The  closing  citation  in  the  symposium  of  general  opinion 
which  we  have  presented  under  our  preceding  rubric,  the  pre- 
face to  the  English  translation  of  Leroy  Beaulieu's  work  on 
11  Israel  among  the  Nations, ' '  may  serve  almost  without  further 
comment  as  an  effective  introduction  to  our  present  subject.  It 
deals  directly  with  the  great  wrong  committed  by  the  govern- 
ment of  Russia  against  Israel  and  Humanity,  and  it  deals  with 
it  from  the  vantage  ground  of  an  impartial  authority. 

The  proscriptive  policy  adopted  by  Russia  against  the  Jewish 
people,  a  policy  whose  animus  appears  to  be  a  mixture  of 
political  and  religious  fanaticism,  has  erected  the  provinces 
along  the  Western  frontier  of  the  Empire,  on  the  German  and 
Austrian  borders,  into  a  "  Pale  of  Jewish  Settlement"  and  thus 
created  a  Ghetto- country,  into  which  the  Jews  of  the  interior 
provinces  have  been  driven,  to  live  as  best  they  may.  Even  in 
these  confines  they  are  forbidden  to  apply  themselves  to  agri- 
culture and  forced  into  various  towns  and  cities,  there  to 
huddle  and  if  need  be  to  starve. 

It  has  been  held  that  this  seemingly  inexplicable  policy  has 
been  deliberately  directed  to  the  end  and  with  the  purpose  of 
crowding  a  mass  of  helpless  and  impoverished  population  on 
the  Western  borders  of  the  Empire,  to  be  utilized  as  an  abattis 
against  a  foreign  foe  or  as  a  cushion  against  foreign  invasion, 
but  it  seems  incredible  that  Russian  fanaticism,  shortsighted 
and  ruthless  as  it  is,  should  reach  such  a  degree  of  turpitude 
and  folly.  It  would  seem,  on  the  contrary,  to  be  persisted  in 
notwithstanding  the  manifest  political  and  military  dangers 
which  the  unreasonable  procedure  harbors  and  which,  since 
its  inception  in  1879-80  has  not  ceased  to  bring  about  wide- 


524  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

spread  economic  and  social  disorganization,  not  to  speak  of  the 
political  disturbance  of  the  Empire.  The  '  'russification"  of  the 
Empire,  the  retaining  of  "Russia  for  the  Russians"  (as  though 
the  Jews  who  are  conscripted  in  disproportionate  numbers  into 
the  army,  who  fought  valiantly  for  their  native  land  in  the 
Crimea  and  on  the  Balkans,  were  not  to  be  regarded  as  Russians), 
is  the  ostensible  purpose  of  the  proscription.  With  this  purpose 
the  ruling  power  of  Russia  continues  to  drive  out  its  Jewish 
subjects;  the  historic  tragedy  wrought  out  by  Spanish  bigotry 
and  fatuousness  400  years  ago  is  being  re-enacted  by  Russia  at 
the  present  day,  and  the  political  and  economic  lessons  taught 
by  that  example,  not  to  mention  the  admonitions  of  humanity 
and  the  protests  of  an  outraged  civilization  remain  unheeded. 
The  end  of  this  wicked  folly  is  apparently  still  afar,  and  seems 
likely  to  be  brought  nearer  iri  point  of  time  only  by  a  political 
explosion.  It  were  difficult  to  arrive  at  a  conclusion  as  to 
which  prospect  is  the  worst. 

The  facts  concerning  the  persecution  of  the  Russian  Jews 
have  constantly  been  belied  by  the  Russian  authorities,  in  con- 
formity with  the  historic  methods  of  Russian  diplomacy,  but 
have  for  some  years  past  been  placed  beyond  question  through 
the  efforts  of  our  own  government.  In  view  of  the  positive 
contradictions  between  the  Russian  official  statements  and 
the  constantly  reported  and  seemingly  well-established  facts,  it 
was  deemed  expedient  by  the  administration  of  President  Har- 
rison, in  1 89 1,  to  send  an  official  American  Commission  to  in- 
vestigate the  condition  of  affairs  in  Russia,  and  the  report  of 
this  Commission,  referred  to  below  by  Ambassador  White,  gave 
official  confirmation  to  the  previously  published  details  of  the 
relentless  and  heartrending  cruelties  practiced  by  the  Russian 
officials  in  the  name  of  the  Czar.  Into  these  details  we  will  not 
here  enter.  The  Commissioners'  Report  has  been  widely  pub- 
lished and  has  become  historic* 

*  This  Commission  was  appointed,  under  direction  of  the  President, 
by  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  Charles  Foster,  by  virtue  of  authority  of 
the  act  of  Congress  (Sundry  Civil  Appropriation  Bill)  of  March  3, 1891, 
and  its  Report  was  transmitted  by  the  Secretary  to  Congress,  Febru- 
ary 25, 1892.  The  Commission  consisted  of  Hon.  John  B.  Weber,  Com- 
missioner of  Immigration  at  the  port  of  New  York,  Chairman,  and 
the    following    named    special    immigrant    inspectors :    Judson   N. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  525 

A  statement  of  the  general  subject  has,  however,  been  form- 
ulated in  another  official  report,  made  subsequently  to  that  noted 
above,  by  our  Ambassador  at  St.  Petersburg,  Hon.  Andrew  D. 
White,  in  a  despatch  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  late  Walter 
Q.  Gresham.  In  this  document  Mr.  White  summarizes  the 
conditions  relating  to  the  persecution  of  the  Russian  Jews  in  a 
manner  so  concise  and  lucid,  and  in  a  spirit  so  entirely  dis- 
passionate, that  it  may  properly  be  cited  here  as  a  statement 
whose  authority  is  entirely  beyond  question.* 

Cross,  of  Minnesota  ;  Walter  Kempster,  M.  D.,  of  Wisconsin  ;  Joseph 
Powderly,  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Herman  J.  Schultheis,  of  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  The  investigations  with  which  the  Commission  was 
charged  were  made  in  the  various  countries  of  Europe  by  the  Com- 
missioners in  severalty,  those  relating  to  Russia  and  the  persecution 
of  its  Jewish  subjects  being  made  by  the  Chairman,  Col.  Weber,  with 
the  assistance  of  Dr.  Kempster. 

Col.  Weber's  report  on  the  condition  of  affairs  in  Russia  affords  the 
most  detailed  and  exhaustive  statement  of  the  subject  that  has  been 
given  to  the  world.  It  followed  closely  upon  the  publication  in  the 
New  York  Times,  (Sept-Dec,  1891,)  of  the  masterly  review  of  Russian 
affairs  generally,  by  Harold  Frederic,  in  a  series  of  articles  entitled 
"An  Indictment  of  Russia,"  and  these  two  publications  finally  dis- 
posed of  the  glossing  with  which  Russian  diplomacy  had  attempted 
to  hide  the  facts. 


*This  subject  had  on  frequent  occasions  previously  received  the 
attention  of  our  State  Department.  In  a  despatch  under  date  of  July 
29,  1881,  Secretary  of  State  Jas.  G.  Blaine  directs  our  minister  at  St. 
Petersburg.  Mr.  John  W .  Foster,  to  demand  of  the  Russian  Government 
the  due  rights  of  American  Jewish  citizens  travelling  or  temporarily 
sojourning  in  Russia,  in  compliance  with  treaty  obligations.  From 
this  document  we  quote  the  following  salient  paragraphs: 

"  From  a  careful  examination  of  the  causes  of  grievances  heretofore 
reported  by  your  legation,  it  appears  that  the  action  of  the  Russian 
authorities  toward  American  citizens,  alleged  to  be  Israelites,  and 
visiting  Russia,  has  been  of  two  kinds: 

11  First.  Absolute  prohibition  of  residence  in  St.  Petersburg  and  in 
other  cities  of  the  Empire,  on  the  ground  that  the  Russian  law  permits 
no  native  Jews  to  reside  there,  and  that  the  treaty  between  Russia 
and  the  United  States  gives  to  our  citizens  in  Russian  jurisdiction  no 
other  rights  or  privileges  than  those  accorded  to  native  Russians.  The 
case  of  Henry  Pinkos  may  be  taken  as  a  type  of  this  class. 

11  Second.     Permission  of  residence  and  commerce,  conditionally  on 


526  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

belonging  to  the  first  guild  of  Russian  merchants  and  taking  out  a 
license.    The  case  of  Rosenstrauss  is  in  point. 

"The  apparent  contradiction  between  these  two  classes  of  actions 
becomes  more  and  more  evident  as  the  question  is  traced  backward. 
The  Department  has  rarely  had  presented  to  it  any  subject  of  inquiry 
in  which  a  connected  understanding  of  the  facts  has  proved  more 
difficult.  For  every  allegation,  on  the  one  hand,  that  native  laws,  in 
force  at  the  time  the  treaty  of  1832  was  signed,  prohibited  or  limited 
the  sojourn  of  foreign  Jews  in  the  cities  of  Russia,  I  find,  on  the  other 
hand,  specific  invitation  to  alien  Hebrews  of  good  repute  to  domicile 
themselves  in  Russia,  to  pursue  their  business  calling  under  appro- 
priate license,  to  establish  factories  there,  and  to  purchase  or  lease 
real  estate.  Moreover,  going  back  beyond  1832,  the  date  of  our  treaty, 
I  observe  that  the  imperial  ukases  concerning  the  admission  of  for- 
eigners into  Russia  are  silent  on  all  questions  of  faith;  proper  pass- 
ports, duly  vised  being  the  essential  requisite.  And,  further  back 
still,  in  the  time  of  Empress  Catharine,  I  discover  explicit  tolerance  of 
all  foreign  religions  laid  down  as  a  fundamental  policy  of  the  empire. 
"  It  would  be,  in  the  judgment  of  this  government,  absolutely 
inadmissible  that  a  domestic  law  restraining  native  Hebrews  from 
residence  in  certain  parts  of  the  empire  might  operate  to  hinder  an 
American  citizen,  whether  alleged  or  known  to  profess  the  Hebrew 
faith,  from  disposing  of  his  property  or  taking  possession  thereof  for 
himself  (subject  only  to  the  laws  of  alien  inheritance)  or  being  heard 
in  person  by  the  courts  which,  under  Russian  law,  may  be  called  upon 
to  decide  matters  to  which  he  is  necessarily  a  party.  The  case  would 
clearly  be  one  in  which  the  obligation  of  a  treaty  is  supreme,  and 
where  the  local  law  must  yield.  These  questions  of  the  conflict  of 
local  law  and  international  treaty  stipulations  are  among  the  most 
common  which  have  engaged  the  attention  of  publicists,  and  it  is 
their  concurrent  judgment  that  where  a  treaty  creates  a  privilege  for 
aliens  in  express  terms,  it  cannot  be  limited  by  the  operation  of 
domestic  law  without  a  serious  breach  of  the  good  faith  which  governs 
the  intercourse  of  nations.  So  long  as  such  a  conventional  engage- 
ment in  favor  of  the  citizens  of  another  state  exists,  the  law  governing 
natives  in  like  cases  is  manifestly  inapplicable. 

"  I  need  hardly  enlarge  upon  the  point  that  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  concludes  its  treaties  with  foreign  states  for  the  equal 
protection  of  all  classes  of  American  citizens.  It  can  make  absolutely 
no  discrimination  between  them,  whatever  be  their  origin  or  creed. 
So  that  they  abide  by  the  laws,  at  home  or  abroad,  it  must  give  them 
due  protection  and  expect  like  protection  for  them.  Any  unfriendly 
or  discriminatory  act  against  them  on  the  part  of  a  foreign  power 
with  which  we  are  at  peace  would  call  for  our  earnest  remonstrance 
whether  a  treaty  existed  or  not.  The  friendliness  of  our  relations  with 
foreign  nations  is  emphasized  by  the  treaties  we  have  concluded  with 
them.    We  have  been  moved  to  enter  into  such  international  compacts 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  527 

by  considerations  of  mutual  benefit  and  reciprocity,  by  the  same  con- 
siderations, in  short,  which  have  animated  the  Russian  Government 
from  the  time  of  the  noble  and  tolerant  declarations  of  the  Empress 
Catharine  in  1784  to  those  of  the  ukase  of  1860.  We  have  looked  to 
the  spirit  rather  than  to  the  letter  of  these  engagements,  and  believed 
that  they  should  be  interpreted  in  the  broadest  way  ;  it  is,  therefore, 
a  source  of  unfeigned  regret  to  us  when  a  government,  to  which  we 
are  allied  by  so  many  historical  ties  as  to  that  of  Russia,  shows  a 
disposition  in  its  dealing  with  us  to  take  advantage  of  technicalities, 
to  appeal  to  the  rigid  letter  and  not  the  reciprocal  motive  of  its  inter- 
national engagements,  in  justification  of  the  expulsion  from  its  terri- 
tories of  peaceable  American  citizens  resorting  thither  under  the  good 
faith  of  treaties  and  accused  of  no  wrong-doing  or  of  no  violation  of 
the  commercial  code  of  the  land,  but  of  simple  adherence  to  the  faith 
of  their  fathers." 


OFFICIAL  DISPATCH  OF  AMBASSADOR  WHITE  TO 
SECRETARY  OF  STATE  GRESHAM. 


Legation  of  the  United  States, 
St.  Peters  burgh,  July  6,  1893. 
(Received  July  27.) 

Sir:  — Your  telegram,  presumably  of  May  17,  was  received 
on  the  morning  of  May  18,  and  answered  at  once. 

Since  telegraphing  you  I  have  made  additional  inquiries  with 
reference  to  your  question,  and  am  persuaded  that  there  has 
been  no  new  edict  banishing  Israelites  from  Poland,  as  was 
stated  in  some  of  the  papers  of  Western  Europe;  but  for  some 
time  past  the  old  edicts  and  regulations  against  them  have 
been  enforced  in  various  parts  of  the  Empire  with  more  and 
more  severity. 

Soon  after  my  arrival  at  this  post  it  was  rumored  that  there 
was  to  be  some  mitigation  in  the  treatment  of  them,  but  the 
hopes  based  on  this  rumor  have  grown  less  and  less,  and  it  is 
now  clear  that  the  tendency  is  all  in  the  direction  not  only  of 
excluding  Israelites  more  rigorously  than  ever  from  parts  of 
the  Empire  where  they  were  formerly  allowed  on  sufferance, 
but  to  make  life  more  and  more  difficult  for  them  in  those  parts 
of  the  Empire  where  they  have  been  aHowed  to  live  for  many 
generations. 

As  you  are  doubtless  aware,  there  are  about  5,000,000  Israel- 
ites in  Russia,  forming,  it  is  claimed,  more  than  half  of  the 
entire  Jewish  race,  and  these  are  packed  together  in  the  cities 
and  villages  of  what  was  formerly  Poland  and  adjacent  govern- 


528  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

ments,  in  a  belt  extending  along  the  western  borders  from 
northwest  to  southeast,  but  which  for  some  years  past  has  been 
drawn  back  from  the  frontier  about  forty  miles,  under  the 
necessity,  as  it  is  claimed,  imposed  by  the  tendency  of  the 
Israelites  in  that  region  to  conduct  smuggling  operations.  In 
other  parts  of  the  Empire  they  have  only  been  allowed  to  reside 
as  a  matter  of  exceptional  favor.  This  alleged  favor,  under  the 
more  kindly  reign  of  Alexander  II,  was  largely  developed  and 
matured  into  a  sort  of  quasi  right  in  the  case  of  certain  classes,, 
such  as  Israelites  who  have  been  admitted  to  the  learned  pro- 
fessions, or  have  taken  a  university  degree,  or  have  received 
the  rights  of  merchants  of  the  first  or  second  guild,  paying  the 
heavy  fees  required  in  such  cases.  Certain  skilled  artisans 
have  also  been  allowed  to  reside  in  certain  towns  outside  the 
Jewish  pale,  but  their  privileges  are  very  uncertain,  liable  to 
revocation  at  any  time,  and  have  in  recent  years  been  greatly 
diminished.  Besides  this,  certain  Israelites  are  allowed  by 
special  permits  to  reside  as  clerks  in  sundry  establishments,  but 
under  the  most  uncertain  tenure.  This  tenure  can  be  under- 
stood by  a  case  which  occurred  here  about  a  month  since. 

At  that  time  died  an  eminent  Israelite  of  St.  Petersburg,  a 

Mr. ,   who  had  distinguished  himself  by  rescuing 

certain  great  companies  from  ruin  by  his  integrity  and  skill  in 
various  large  operations,  and  by  the  fact  that,  while  he  made 
large  and  constant  gains  for  those  interested  in  these  companies 
and  operations,  he .  laid  up  for  himself  only  a  moderate  com- 
petence. He  had  in  his  employ  a  large  number  of  Jewish 
clerks,  and  it  is  now  regarded  here  as  a  matter  of  fact  that  at 
the  expiration  of  their  passes,  say  in  a  few  months,  all  of  them 
must  leave  St.  Petersburg. 

The  treatment  of  the  Israelites,  whether  good  or  evil  is  not 
based  entirely  upon  any  one  ukase  or  statute;  there  are  said  to 
be  in  the  vast  jungle  of  the  laws  of  this  Empire  more  than  one 
thousand  decrees  and  statutes  relating  to  them,  beside  innumer- 
able circulars,  open  or  secret,  regulations,  restrictions,  exten- 
sions, and  temporary  arrangements,  general,  special,  and  local, 
forming  such  a  tangled  growth  that  probably  no  human  being 
can  say  what  the  law  as  a  whole  is  —  least  of  all  can  a  Jew  in 
any  province  have  any  certain  knowledge  of  his  rights. 

From  time  to  time,  and  especially  during  the  reign  of  Alex- 
ander II,  who  showed  himself  more  kind  to  them  than  any 
other  sovereign  had  ever  been,  many  of  them  were  allowed  to 
leave  this  overcrowded  territory,  and,  at  least,  were  not 
hindered  from  coming  into  territory  and  towns  which,  strictly 
speaking,  they  were  not  considered  as  entitled  to  enter;  but  for 
some  time  past  this  residence  on  sufferance  has  been  rendered 
more  and  more  difficult.     Details  of  the  treatment  to  which 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  529 

they  have  been  subjected  may  be  found  in  the  report  made  by 
Mr.  J.  B.  Weber  and  his  associate  commissioners  entitled, 
"Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  Immigration  upon  the  Causes 
which  incite  Immigration  to  the  United  States, ' '  Government 
Printing  Office.  I  must  confess  that  when  I  first  read  this 
report  its  statements  seemed  to  me  exaggerated,  or  at  least, 
over-colored,  but  it  is  with  very  great  regret  that  I  say  that 
this  is  no  longer  my  opinion.  Not  only  is  great  severity  exer- 
cised as  regards  the  main  body  of  Israelites  here,  but  it  is  from 
time  to  time  brought  to  bear  with  especial  force  on  those 
returning  to  Russia  from  abroad.  The  case  was  recently 
brought  to  my  notice  of  a  Jewish  woman  who,  having  gone 
abroad,  was  stopped  on  her  return  at  a  frontier  station,  and,  at 
last  accounts,  had  been  there  three  days,  hoping  that  some 
members  of  her  family  in  Russia  might  be  able  to  do  something 
to  enable  her  to  rejoin  them. 

Israelites  of  the  humbler  classes  find  it  more  and  more 
difficult  to  re-enter  Russia,  and  this  fact  will  explain  the  case 
of  Mrs.  Minnie  Levin,  referred  to  in  Mr.  Wharton's  dispatch 
No.  60  as  being  refused  a  visa  at  the  Russian  Consulate- 
General  in  New  York,  and  it  will  also  throw  light  on  various 
cases  we  have  had  in  which  the  legation  has  been  able  to 
secure  mitigation  of  the  application  of  the  rules. 

On  this  latter  point  we  have  been  successful  in  obtaining 
such  mitigation  in  cases  of  many  Israelites  who  have  been  sub- 
jected to  annoyance  by  over-zealous  local  authorities. 

It  may  appear  strange  that  any  nation  should  wish  to  expel 
a  people  who,  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  have  amassed  so 
much  wealth.  The  fact  is  that  but  a  very  small  fraction  of 
them  in  Russia  are  wealthy;  but  few  even  in  comfortable 
circumstances.  The  vast  majority  of  them  are  in  poverty,  and 
a  very  considerable  part  in  misery  —  just  on  the  border  of 
starvation. 

Nearly  forty  years  ago,  when,  as  an  attache  of  this  legation, 
I  was  for  seven  days  and  nights  on  the  outside  of  a  post  coach 
between  St.  Petersburgh  and  Warsaw  —  there  being  then  no 
railway  to  the  frontier — I  had  an  ample  opportunity  to  see 
something  of  these  Israelites  and  of  the  region  in  which  they 
live.  They  exist  for  the  most  part  in  squalor,  obliged  to  resort 
to  almost  anything  that  offers,  in  order  to  keep  body  and  soul 
together.  Even  the  best  of  them  were  then  treated  with  con- 
tempt by  the  lowest  of  the  pure  Russians.  I  myself  saw  two 
Israelites,  evidently  of  the  wealthier  class  and  richly  clad,  who 
had  ventured  into  the  enclosure  in  front  of  the  posthouse  to 
look  at  the  coach  in  which  I  was,  lashed  with  a  coach  whip  and 
84 


530  THE  AMEBIC  AN  JE  W  AIS 

driven  out  of  the  enclosure  with  blows  by  one  of  the  postilions 
— evidently  a  serf. 

A  very  few  millionaire  Israelites  are  to  be  found  among  the 
merchants  of  the  first  guild  in  some  of  the  larger  cities,  but 
there  is  no  such  proportion  of  wealthy  men  among  them  as  in 
the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Germany.  In  the 
smaller  towns,  in  some  of  which  they  form  the  majority  of  the 
residents,  their  poverty  is  so  abject  that  they  drag  each  other 
down,  making  frequently  a  ruinous  competition  with  each 
other  in  such  branches  of  business  as  they  are  allowed  to 
pursue.  This  is  now  even  more  the  case  than  ever  before, 
since  recent  regulations  have  swept  the  Israelites  living  in 
many  rural  districts  into  the  towns. 

A  case  was  a  few  days  since  mentioned  to  me  in  which  a 
small  town  of  8000  or  10,000  inhabitants  had  recently  received 
into  its  population  nearly  6000  Israelites  from  the  surrounding 
country. 

The  restrictions  are  by  no  means  confined  to  residence;  they 
extend  into  every  field  of  activity.  Kven  in  the  parts  of  the 
Empire  where  the  Israelites  are  most  free  they  are  not  allowed 
to  hold  property  in  land,  or  to  take  a  mortgage  on  land,  or  to 
farm  land,  and  of  late  they  have  even  been,  to  a  large  extent, 
prevented  from  living  on  farms,  and  have  been  thrown  back 
into  the  cities  and  villages. 

As  to  other  occupations,  Jewish  manufacturers  have  at  times, 
even  under  the  present  reign,  been  crippled  by  laws  or  regula- 
tions forbidding  them  to  employ  Christian  workmen,  but  these 
are  understood  to  be  not  now  in  force.  They  are  relics  of  the 
old  legislation  which,  in  the  interest  of  the  servant's  soul,  for- 
bade a  Jew  to  employ  a  Christian  servant  under  pain  of  death, 
and  which,  in  a  mitigated  form,  remained  on  the  statute  book 
until  1865,  when  it  was  abolished  by  Alexander  II. 

There  are  also  many  restrictions  upon  the  professions  con- 
sidered more  honorable.  A  few  Israelites  are  allowed  to 
become  engineers,  and  they  are  allowed  to  hold  5  per  cent  of 
the  positions  of  army  surgeons,  but  no  more;  and  this  in  spite 
of  the  fact  that  from  the  Middle  Ages  until  now  their  race  has 
been  recognized  as  having  a  peculiar  aptitude  for  medicine  and 
surgery.  As  a  rule,  also,  they  are  debarred  from  discharging 
any  public  functions  of  importance,  and  even  as  to  lesser 
functions,  a  Jew  can  not  be  elected  mayor  of  a  village  or  even 
member  of  its  council. 

Not  more  than  one  man  in  ten  of  those  summoned  to  do  jury 
duty  can  be  a  Jew,  and  even  in  the  cities  within  the  pale, 
where  the  Jews  form  the  great  majority  of  the  population,  they 
can  not  hold  more  than  one-third  of  the  places  on  a  municipal 
council. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  531 

Perhaps  the  most  painful  of  the  restrictions  upon  them  is  in 
regard  to  the  education  of  their  children.  The  world  over,  as 
is  well  known,  Israelites  will  make  sacrifices  to  educate  their 
sons  and  daughters,  such  as  are  not  made,  save  in  exceptional 
cases,  by  any  other  people.  They  are,  as  is  universally  recog- 
nized, a  very  gifted  race,  but  no  matter  how  gifted  a  young 
Israelite  may  be,  his  chances  of  receiving  an  education  are 
small. 

In  regions  where  they  are  most  numerous,  only  10  per  cent 
of  the  scholars  in  high  schools  and  universities  are  allowed  to 
be  Jews,  but  in  many  cases  the  number  allowed  them  is  but  5 
per  cent,  and  in  St.  Petersburgh  and  Moscow  only  3  per  cent. 
Out  of  the  seventy-five  young  Israelites  who  applied  for 
admission  to  the  University  of  Dorpat  in  1887  only  seven  were 
allowed  to  enter.  A  few  days  since  the  case  was  brought  to 
my  notice  of  a  well-to-do  Israelite  who  wished  to  educate  his 
son,  whom  he  considered  especially  gifted,  but  who  could  not 
obtain  permission  to  educate  him  in  St.  Petersburg,  and  was 
obliged  to  be  satisfied  with  the  permission  to  enter  him  at  one 
of  the  small  provincial  universities  remote  from  the  capital. 

To  account  for  this  particular  restriction  it  is  urged  that  if 
freely  allowed  to  receive  an  advanced  education  they  would 
swarm  in  the  high  schools,  universities,  and  learned  profes- 
sions; and,  as  a  proof  of  this,  the  fact  is  mentioned  that  some 
time  since,  in  the  absence  of  restrictions,  at  Odessa  from  50  to 
70  per  cent  of  the  scholars  in  sundry  Russian  colleges  were 
Jews. 

As  to  religious  restrictions,  the  general  policy  pursued  seems 
to  an  unprejudiced  observer  from  any  other  country  so  illogical 
as  to  be  incomprehensible.  On  the  one  hand  great  powers  are 
given  to  the  Jewish  rabbis  and  religious  authorities.  They  are 
allowed  in  the  districts  where  the  Israelites  mainly  live  to  form 
a  sort  of  state  within  the  state,  with  power  to  impose  taxes 
upon  their  co-religionists  and  to  give  their  regulations  virtually 
the  force  of  law.  On  the  other  hand,  efforts  of  zealous 
orthodox  Christians  to  proselyte  Israelites,  which  must  provoke 
much  bitterness,  are  allowed  and  even  favored.  The  prose- 
lytes, once  brought  within  the  orthodox  Russian  fold,  no 
matter  by  what  means,  any  resumption  of  the  old  religion  by 
them  is  treated  as  a  crime. 

Recent  cases  have  occurred  where  Jews  who  have  been  thus 
converted  and  who  have  afterwards  attended  the  synagogue 
have  been  brought  before  the  courts. 

So,  too,  in  regard  to  religious  instruction  it  would  seem  to 
an  unprejudiced  observer,  wishing  well  both  to  Russia  and  to 
the  Israelites,  that  the  first  thing  to  do  would  be  to  substitute 
instruction   in   science,    general    literature,    and   in   technical 


532  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

branches  for  that  which  is  so  strongly  complained  of  by 
Russians  generally  —  the  instructon  in  the  Talmud  and  Jewish 
theology.  But  this  is  just  what  is  not  done,  and  indeed,  as 
above  stated  not  allowed. 

The  whole  system  at  present  in  vogue  is  calculated  to  make 
Talmudic  and  theological  schools  —  which  are  so  constantly 
complained  of  as  the  nurseries  and  hotbeds  of  anti-  Russian  and 
anti- Christian  fanaticism  —  the  only  schools  accessible  to  the 
great  majority  of  gifted  young  Israelites. 

As  to  the  recent  interferences  of  which  accounts  have  been 
published  in  the  English  newspapers  and  especially  as  to  a 
statement  that  a  very  large  number  of  Jewish  children  were, 
early  during  the  present  year,  taken  from  their  parents  in  one 
of  the  southern  governments  of  Russia  and  put  into  monastic 
schools  under  the  charge  of  orthodox  priests,  this  statement 
having  been  brought  to  my  notice  especially  by  letters 
addressed  to  me  as  the  representative  of  the  United  States,  I 
communicated  with  our  consuls  in  the  regions  referred  to  and 
also  obtained  information  from  other  trustworthy  sources,  and 
the  conclusion  at  which  I  arrived  was  that  the  statement 
was  untrue;  it  probably  had  its  origin  in  the  fact  that  much 
anxiety  has  recently  been  shown  by  certain  high  officials,  and 
especially  ecclesiastics,  to  promote  education  in  which  orthodox 
religious  instruction  holds  a  very  important  part. 

In  justification  of  all  these  restrictions  various  claims  are 
made.  First  of  all  it  is  claimed  that  the  Jews  lend  money  to 
peasants  and  others  at  enormous  rates  of  interest.  But  it  is 
pointed  out,  in  answer  to  this,  that  sundry  bankers  and  indi- 
viduals in  parts  of  Russia  where  no  Jews  are  permitted  have 
made  loans  at  a  much  higher  rate  than  Jews  have  ever  ventured 
to  do;  while  it  is  allowed  that  ioo  per  cent  a  year  has  not 
unfrequently  been  taken  by  the  Israelites,  there  seems  to  be 
no  doubt  of  the  fact  that  from  300  to  800  per  cent,  and  even 
more  sometimes,  has  been  taken  by  Christians. 

This  statement  seems  incredible,  but  it  is  unimpeachable. 
In  a  general  way  it  is  supported  by  the  recent  report  of  a 
Russian  official  to  Mr.  Sagonof ;  and  a  leading  journal  of  St. 
Petersburg,  published  under  strict  censorship,  has  recently 
given  cases  with  names  and  dates  where  a  rate  higher  than  the 
highest  above  named  was  paid  by  Russian  peasants  to  Christian 
money  lenders. 

Those  inclined  to  lenity  towards  the  Jews  point  to  the  fact 
that  none  of  them  would  dare  take  any  such  rates  of  interest 
as  Christians  may  freely  demand;  that  to  do  so  would  raise 
against  the  Israelites  in  their  neighborhood  storms  which  they 
could  not  resist,  and  it  is  argued  that,  as  their  desire  for  gain 
is  restricted  in  this  way,  their  presence  in  any  part  of  Russia 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  533 

tends  to  diminish  the  rate  of  interest  rather  than  to  increase  it. 
On  the  other  hand  it  is  claimed  that  they  will  not  work  at 
agriculture  and,  indeed,  that  they  will  do  no  sort  of  manual 
labor  which  they  can  avoid. 

0  As  to  the  first  of  these  charges,  the  fact  is  dwelt  upon,  which 
has  so  impressed  Mr.  Mackenzie  Wallace  and  other  travelers, 
that  the  Jewish  agricultural  colonies  founded  by  Alexander  I, 
in  1810,  and  by  Nicholas  I,  in  1840,  have  not  done  well. 

But  in  answer  it  may  be  stated  as  a  simple  matter  of  history 
that,  having  been  originally  an  agricultural  people  they  have 
been  made  what  they  are  by  ages  of  persecutions  which  have 
driven  them  into  the  occupations  to  which  they  are  now  so 
generally  devoted;  that  in  Russia  they  have  for  generations 
been  incapacitated  for  agricultural  work  by  such  restrictions  as 
those  above  referred  to;  that  even  if  they  are  allowed  here  and 
there  to  till  the  land,  they  are  not  allowed,  in  the  part  of  the 
Empire  which  they  most  inhabit,  to  buy  it  or  even  to  farm  it, 
and  that  thus  the  greatest  incentive  to  labor  is  taken  away. 

As  to  other  branches  of  manual  labor,  simply  as  a  matter  of 
fact,  there  are  very  large  bodies  of  Jewish  artisans  in  Poland, 
numbering  in  the  aggregate  about  one-half  the  entire  adult 
male  Israelite  population.  Almost  every  branch  of  manual 
labor  is  represented  among  them,  and  well  represented.  As 
stone  masons  they  have  an  especially  high  reputation,  and  it  is 
generally  conceded  that  in  sobriety,  capacity,  and  attention  to 
work  they  fully  equal  their  Christian  rivals. 

Complaint  is  also  made  that  they,  as  far  as  possible,  avoid 
military  service.  This  is  doubtless  true,  but  the  reasons  for  it 
are  evident.  For  the  Jewish  soldier  there  is  no  chance  of  pro- 
motion, and  when  he  retires  after  service,  he  is,  as  a  rule, 
subject  to  the  same  restrictions  as  others  of  his  race.  In  spite 
of  this  fact  the  number  of  them  in  the  conscription  of  1886  was 
over  40,000. 

I  find  everywhere  in  discussing  this  subject,  a  complaint 
that  the  Israelites,  wherever  they  are  allowed  to  exist,  get  the 
better  of  the  Russian  peasant.  The  difficulty  is  that  the  life  of 
the  Israelite  is  marked  by  sobriety,  self-denial  and  foresight; 
and,  whatever  may  be  the  kindly  qualities  ascribed  to  the 
Russian  peasant,  these  qualities  are  rarely,  if  ever,  mentioned 
among  them. 

It  is  also  urged  against  the  Israelites  in  Russia  that  they  are 
not  patriotic,  but  in  view  of  the  policy  pursued  regarding  them 
the  wonder  is  that  any  human  being  should  expect  them  to  be 
patriotic. 

There  is  also  frequent  complaint  against  Jewish  fanaticism, 
and  recently  collections  of  extracts  from  the  Talmud  have  been 
published  here  as  in  western  Europe,  and  even  in  the  United 


534  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

States,  to  show  that  Israelites  are  educated  in  bitter  and  undy- 
ing hate  of  Christians,  and  taught  not  only  to  despise  but  to 
despoil  them;  and  it  is  insisted  that  the  vast  majority  of  the 
Israelites  in  Russia  have,  by  ages  of  this  kind  of  instruction 
and  by  the  simple  laws  of  heredity,  been  made  beasts  of  prey 
with  claws  and  teeth  especially  sharp,  and  that  the  peasant 
must  be  protected  from  them. 

Irately  this  charge  has  been  strongly  reiterated,  a  book 
having  appeared  here  in  which  the  original  Hebrew  of  the  worst 
Talmudic  passages,  with  translations  of  them,  are  placed  in 
parallel  columns.  It  seems  to  be  forgotten  that  the  Israelites 
would  be  more  than  human  if  such  passages  did  not  occur  in 
their  sacred  writings.  While  some  of  these  passages  antedate 
the  establishment  of  Christianity,  most  of  them  have  been  the 
result  of  fervor  under  oppression  and  of  the  appeal  to  the 
vengeance  of  Jehovah  in  times  of  persecution;  and  it  would  be 
but  just  to  set  against  them  the  more  kindly  passages,  especially 
the  broadly  and  beautifully  humane  teachings  which  are  so 
frequent  in  the  same  writings. 

An  eminently  practical  course  would  be  to  consider  the 
development  of  Judaism  in  the  United  States,  Great  Britain, 
and  other  countries  where  undeniably  those  darker  features  of 
of  the  Talmud  have  been  more  and  more  blotted  out  from  Jew- 
ish teaching,  and  the  unfortunate  side  of  Talmudic  influence 
more  and  more  weakened. 

But  this  charge  of  Talmudic  fanaticism  is  constantly  made, 
and  Russians,  to  show  that  there  is  no  hatred  of  Israelites,  as 
such,  point  to  the  fact  that  the  Karaites,  who  are  non-Talmudic, 
have  always  been  treated  with  especial  kindness. 

To  this  the  answer  would  seem  to  be  that  the  Karaites  are 
free  from  fanaticism  because  they  have  been  so  long  kindly 
treated,  and  that  this  same  freedom  and  kindness  which  has 
made  them  unobjectionable  to  Russian  patriotism  would,  in 
time,  probably  render  the  great  mass  of  Israelites  equally  so. 

There  is  no  need  of  argument,  either  in  the  light  of  history 
or  of  common  sense,  to  prove  that  these  millions  of  Israelites  in 
Russia  are  not  to  be  rendered  less  fanatical  bj^  the  treatment  to 
which  they  are  subjected. 

To  prove  that  the  more  bitter  utterances  in  the  Talmud  com- 
plained of  do  not  necessarily  lead  Israelites  to  hate  Christians, 
and  indeed  to  show  that  the  teachings  which  the  Israelites 
receive  in  countries  where  they  have  more  freedom  lead  to  a 
broad  philanthropy  of  the  highest  type,  I  have  been  accustomed, 
in  discussing  the  subject  with  Russians,  to  point  to  such 
examples  of  the  truest  love  for  human  kind  as  those  shown  by 
Judah  Touro  in  the  United  States,  Sir  Moses  Montefiore  in 
England,  Nathan   de  Rothschild  in  Austria,  James  de  Roths- 


PATRIOT; SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  535 

child  and  Baron  Hirsch  in  France,  and  multitudes  of  other 
cases,  citing  especially  the  fact  of  the  extensive  charities  carried 
on  by  Israelites  in  all  countries,  and  the  significant  circum- 
stance that  the  first  considerable  contribution  from  the  United 
States  to  the  Russian  famine  fund  came  from  a  Jewish  syna- 
gogue in  California,  with  the  request  that  in  the  use  of  it  no 
discrimination  should  be  made  between  Jews  and  Christians. 
Cases  like  these  would  seem  to  do  away  effectually  with  the 
idea  that  Jewish  teachings  necessarily  inculcate  hostility  to 
people  of  other  religious  beliefs. 

There  is  also  a  charge  closely  connected  wtth  the  foregoing 
which  undoubtedly  has  much  to  do  with  the  present  severe 
reaction.  It  is  constantly  repeated  that,  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  the  late  Emperor  Alexander  II  had  shown  himself  more 
kindly  toward  the  Israelites  than  had  any  of  his  predecessors — 
relaxing  the  old  rules  as  to  residence,  occupation,  education, 
and  the  like,  and  was  sure,  had  he  lived,  to  go  much  farther  in 
the  same  direction,  probably  as  far  as  breaking  down  a  mass  of 
the  existing  barriers,  and  throwing  open  vast  regions  never 
before  accessible  to  them — the  proportion  of  Israelites  implicated 
in  the  various  movements  against  him,  especially  in  the  Nihil- 
istic movement,  and  in  the  final  plot  which  led  to  his  assassina- 
tion, was  far  beyond  the  numerical  proportion  of  their  race  in 
Russia  to  the  entire  population.  This  feeling  was  certainly  at 
the  bottom  of  the  cruel  persecutions  of  the  Israelites  by  the 
peasants  just  after  the  death  of  the  late  Emperor,  and  has  no 
less  certainly  much  to  do  with  the  prejudices  of  various  person- 
ages of  high  influence  as  well  as  of  the  vast  mass  of  the  people 
wrhich  still  exist. 

The  remarkable  reaction  now  dominant  in  Russia  is  undoubt- 
edly in  great  measure,  if  not  entirely,  the  result  of  the  assassi- 
nation of  Alexander  II;  it  is  a  mere  truism  to  say  that  this 
event  was  the  most  unfortunate  in  its  effects  on  well-ordered 
progress  that  has  occurred  in  this  Empire;  but,  so  far  as  the 
Israelites  are  concerned,  the  facts  at  the  bottom  of  this  charge 
against  them  can  be  accounted  for,  without  imputing  anything 
to  the  race  at  large,  by  the  mass  of  bitterness  stored  up  during 
ages  of  oppression,  not  only  in  Russia,  but  elsewhere.  The 
matter  complained  of  must  certainly  be  considered  as  except- 
ional, for  it  cannot  hide  the  greater  fact  that  the  Jews  have 
always  shown  themselves  especially  grateful  to  such  rulers  as 
have  mitigated  their  condition  or  even  shown  a  kindly  regard 
for  them. 

I  was  myself,  as  minister  at  Berlin,  cognizant  of  innumerable 
evidences  of  gratitude  and  love  shown  by  the  entire  Jewish 
population  toward  the  Crown  Prince,  afterwards  the  Emperor 
Frederick  III,   who,   when  Jew-baiting  was  in  fashion,    and 


536  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

patronized  by  many  persons  in  high  positions,  set  himself 
quietly  but  firmly  against  it.  And  this  reminiscence  leads  me 
to  another  in  regard  to  the  oft-repeated  charge  that  the  Israelite 
is  incapable  of  patriotism,  is  a  mere  beast  of  prey,  and  makes 
common  cause  with  those  of  his  race  engaged  in  sucking  out 
the  substance  of  the  nation  where  he  happens  to  be.  It  was  my 
good  fortune  to  know  personally  several  Israelites  at  Berlin, 
who  as  members  of  the  Imperial  Parliament  showed  their 
patriotism  by  casting  away  all  hopes  of  political  advancement 
and  resisting  certain  financial  claims  in  which  some  of  their 
coreligionists,  as  well  as  some  leading  and  very  influential 
Christians,  were  deeply  engaged.  There  is  nothing  nobler  in 
recent  parliamentary  history  than  the. career  of  such  Israelites 
as  Iyasker  and  Bamberger  during  that  period,  and  at  this 
moment  no  sane  man  in  Germany  hesitates  to  ascribe  to  the 
Israelite  Simson  all  the  higher  qualities  required  in  his  great 
office,  that  of  chief  justice  in  the  highest  court  of  the  German 
Empire. 

The  same  broad  and  humane  characteristics  have  been  shown 
among  the  vast  majority  of  Israelites  eminent  in  science,  phil- 
osophy, literature  and  the  arts.  Long  before  the  Israelite 
Spinoza  wrought  his  own  ideal  life  into  the  history  of  philosophy, 
this  was  noted,  and  it  has  continued  to  be  noted  in  Russia. 
During  my  former  residence  here  there  were  two  eminent 
representatives  of  the  proscribed  race  in  the  highest  scientific 
circles,  and  they  were  especially  patriotic  and  broad  in  their 
sympathies;  and  to-day  the  greatest  of  Russian  sculptors,  Antok- 
olski,  an  Israelite,  has  thrown  into  his  work  not  only  more 
genius,  but  also  more  of  profound  patriotic  Russian  feeling,  than 
has  any  other  sculptor  of  this  period.  He  has  revived  more 
evidently  than  has  any  other  sculptor  the  devotion  of 
Russians  to  their  greatest  men  in  times  past,  and  when- 
ever the  project  of  erecting  at  St.  Petersburg  a  worthy  monu- 
ment to  the  late  Emperor  shall  be  carried  out,  there  is  no 
competent  judge  who  will  not  acknowledge  that  he  is  the  man 
in  all  Russia  to  embody  in  marble  or  bronze  the  gratitude  of  the 
nation.  This  is  no  mere  personal  opinion  of  my  own,  for  when 
recently  a  critic  based  an  article  against  Antokolski's  works, 
evidently  upon  grounds  of  race  antipathy,  a  brilliant  young 
author,  of  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  thoroughly  Russian 
families  in  the  Empire,  Prince  Sergius  Wolkonsky,  wrote  a 
most  cogent  refutation  of  the  attack.  It  is  also  charged  that  in 
Russia,  and,  indeed,  throughout  Europe,  an  undue  proportion 
of  Jews  have  been  prominent  in  movements  generally  known 
as  '  'socialistic, ' '  and  such  men  as  Ferdinand  Lasalle  and  Karl 
Marx  are  referred  to. 

When  this  statement  has  been  made  in  my  hearing  I  have 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  537 

met  it  by  the  counter  statement  of  a  fact  that  seems  to  me  to 
result  from  the  freedom  allowed  in  the  United  States,  namely, 
the  fact  that  at  a  meeting  of  the  American  Social  Science 
Association  in  1891,  in  which  a  discussion  took  place  involving 
the  very  basis  of  the  existing  social  system,  and  in  which  the 
leading  representatives  of  both  sides  in  the  United  States  were 
most  fully  represented,  the  argument  which  was  generally 
agreed  to  be  the  most  effective  against  the  revolutionary  and 
anti-social  forces  was  made  by  a  young  Israelite,  Prof.  Seligman, 
of  Columbia  University,  in  the  city  of  New  York.  Here,  again, 
results  are  mistaken  for  causes  ;  the  attitude  complained  of  in 
the  Israelites  is  clearly  the  result  of  the  oppression  of  their  race. 

But  there  is  one  charge  which  it  is  perhaps  my  duty  to  say 
that  I  have  never  heard  made  against  Israelites  even  by  Russians 
most  opposed  to  them — the  charge  that  they  are  to  be  found  in 
undue  or  even  in  any  considerable  proportion  among  inebriates 
or  criminals.  The  simplest  reason  for  this  exception  in  their  favor 
is  found  in  the  official  statistics  which  show  that  in  the  Govern- 
ments where  they  are  most  numerous  diseases  and  crimes  re- 
sulting from  the  consumption  of  alcoholic  drinks  are  least 
numerous,  and  that  where  tne  number  of  Israelites  is  greatest 
the  consumption  of  spirits  is  least.  It  is  also  well  known,  as  a 
matter  of  general  observation,  that  the  Russian  Israelites  are, 
as  a  rule,  sober,  and  that  crimes  among  them  are  comparatively 
infrequent. 

Yet,  if  in  any  country  we  might  expect  alcoholism  to  be 
greatly  developed  among  them  it  would  be  in  this  Empire, 
where  their  misery  is  so  great  and  the  temptation  to  drown  it  in 
intoxicating  beverages  so  constant ;  and  if  we  might  expect 
crime  to  be  developed  largely  among  them  it  would  be  in  this 
Empire,  where,  crowded  together  as  they  are,  the  struggle  for 
existence  is  so  bitter.  Their  survival  under  it  can  only  be 
accounted  for  by  their  superior  thrift  and  sobriety. 

It  would  be  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  religious  hatred  or  even 
deeply  religious  feeling  is  a  main  factor  in  this  question.  The 
average  Russian  believes  that  all  outside  the  orthodox  Greek 
Church  are  lost;  but  he  does  not  hate  them  on  that  account, 
and  though  there  has  been  of  late  years,  during  the  present 
reaction,  an  increase  of  pressure  upon  various  Christian  organi- 
zations outside  the  established  church,  this  has  been  undeniably 
from  political  rather  than  religious  reasons  ;  it  has  been  part  of 
the  ' '  Russifying  process, ' '  which  is  at  present  the  temporary 
fashion.  The  rule  in  Russia  has  always  been  toleration,  though 
limited  by  an  arrangement  which  seems  to  a  stranger  very 
peculiar.  In  St.  Petersburg,  for  example,  there  are  churches 
for  nearly  all  the  recognized  forms  of  Christian  belief,  as  well 
as  synagogues  for  Hebrews,  and  at  least  one   Mohammedan 


538  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

mosque;  but  the  only  proselytism  allowed  is  that  between  them- 
selves and  from  them  to  the  established  church;  in  other  words, 
the  Greek  church  may  proselyte  from  any  of  them,  and,  within 
certain  limits,  each  one  may  proselyte  from  its  orthodox  neigh- 
bors, but  none  of  them  can  make  converts  from  the  Greek 
Church. 

This  regulation  seems  rather  the  result,  on  the  whole,  of 
organized  indifference  than  of  zeal,  its  main  purpose  being  un- 
doubtedly to  keep  down  any  troublesome  religious  fervor.  The 
great  body  of  the  Russian  peasantry,  when  left  to  themselves, 
seem  to  be  remarkably  free  from  any  spirit  of  fanatical  hostility 
toward  religious  systems  differing  from  their  own,  and  even 
from  the  desire  to  make  proselytes.  Mr.  Mackenzie  Wallace, 
in  his  admirable  book,  after  showing  that  the  orthodox  Russian 
and  the  Mahommedan  Tartar  live  in  various  communities  in 
perfect  peace  with  each  other,  details  a  conversation  with  a 
Russian  peasant,  in  which  the  latter  told  him  that  just  as  God 
gave  the  Tartar  a  darker  skin,  so  he  gave  him  a  different  re- 
ligion ;  and  this  feeling  of  indifference,  when  the  peasants  are 
not  excited  by  zealots  on  one  side  or  the  other,  seems  to  prevail 
toward  the  Roman  Catholics  in  Poland  and  the  Protestants  in 
the  Baltic  provinces  and  Finland.  While  some  priests  have 
undoubtedly  done  much  to  create  a  more  zealous  feeling,  it 
was  especially  noted  during  the  fierce  persecution  of  the  Jews 
early  in  the  present  reign  that  in  several  cases  the  orthodox 
village  priests  not  only  gave  shelter  to  Israelites  seeking  to 
escape  harm,  but  exerted  themselves  to  put  an  end  to  the 
persecutions.  So,  too,  during  the  past  few  days  the  papers 
have  contained  a  statement  that  a  priest  very  widely  known 
and  highly  esteemed,  to  whom  miraculous  powers  are  quite 
generally  attributed,  Father  John,  of  Cronstadt,  has  sent  some 
of  the  charity  money,  of  which  he  is  almoner,  to  certain  Jewish 
orphanages  under  the  control  of  Israelities. 

The  whole  present  condition  of  things  is  rather  the  outcome 
of  a  great  complicated  mass  of  causes,  involving  racial  anti- 
pathies, remembrances  of  financial  servitude,  vague  inherited 
prejudices,  with  myths  and  legends  like  those  of  the  Middle 
Ages. 

But,  whatever  may  be  the  origin  of  the  feeling  toward  the 
Israelites  the  practical  fact  remains  that  the  present  policy 
regarding  them  is  driving  them  out  of  the  country  in  great 
masses.  The  German  papers  speak  of  large  numbers  as  seek- 
ing the  United  States  and  the  Argentine  Republic — but  especi- 
ally the  former — through  the  northern  ports  of  that  Empire, 
and,  as  I  write,  the  Russian  papers  state  that  eight  steamers 
loaded  with  them  are  just  about  leaving  IJbau  for  America. 

It  is,  of  course,  said  in  regard  to  these  emigrants  that  they 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN  539 

have  not  been  ordered  out  of  the  country,  that  they  can  stay 
in  Russia  if  they  like,  and  that  Russia  has  simply  exercised  her 
right  to  manage  her  own  internal  affairs  in  her  own  way ;  but 
it  is  none  the  less  true  that  the  increasing  severity  in  the  en- 
forcement of  the  regulations  regarding  the  Israelites  is  the 
main,  if  not  the  only,  cause  of  this  exodus.  In  order  that  this 
question  may  be  understood  in  its  relations  to  the  present  con- 
dition of  political  opinion  in  the  Empire,  there  is  need  to  make 
some  additional  statement. 

There  has  never  been  a  time,  probably,  when  such  a  feeling 
of  isolation  from  the  rest  of  the  world,  and  aversion  to  foreign 
influence  of  every  sort,  have  prevailed  in  Russia  as  at  present; 
it  is  shared  by  the  great  majority  from  the  highest  to  the 
lowest,  and  it  is  echoed  in  the  press.  Russia  has  been,  during 
the  last  ten  years,  in  a  great  reactionary  period,  which  now 
seems  to  be  culminating  in  the  attempted  "  Russification"  of 
the  Empire,  involving  such  measures  as  increasing  pressure 
upon  Poland,  increasing  interference  with  the  Baltic  provinces 
and  the  German  colonies,  in  the  talk  of  constitutional  changes 
in  Finland,  in  the  substitution  of  Russian  for  German  names  of 
various  western  towns,  in  the  steadily  increasing  provisions  for 
strengthening  the  orthodox  Russian  Church  against  all  other 
religious  organizations,  in  the  outcry  made  by  various  papers 
in  favor  of  such  proposals  as  that  for  transferring  the  university 
at  Dorpat  into  the  Muscovite  regions  of  the  interior,  for  chang- 
ing the  name  of  St.  Petersburg,  and  for  every  sort  of  Russify- 
ing process  which  the  most  imaginative  can  devise. 

In  this  present  reaction,  connected  as  it  is  with  bitter  dis- 
appointment over  the  defeat  of  Russian  aspirations  in  the 
Berlin  treaty  and  since,  reforms  which  were  formerly  uni- 
versally considered  honorable  and  desirable  for  Russia  are  now 
regarded  with  aversion  ;  the  controlling  feeling  is  for  ' '  Russi- 
fication." 

Peter  the  Great  is  now  very  largely  regarded  by  Russians  as 
having  taken  a  wrong  road,  and,  while  monuments  are  erected 
to  Alexander  II,  his  services  as  emancipator  of  the  serfs  are 
rarely  alluded  to,  and  the  day  formerly  observed  in.  remem- 
brance of  the  emancipation  has  ceased  to  be  publicly  noticed. 
This  reaction  shows  itself  in  general  literature,  in  paintings,  in 
sculpture,  in  architecture,  in  everything.  Any  discussion  re- 
garding a  change  in  the  present  condition  of  things  is  met  by 
the  reply  that  strangers  do  not  understand  Russian  questions, 
and  that  these  questions  are  complicated  historically,  politically, 
economically  and  socially  to  such  a  degree  that  none  but  those 
having  personal  experience  can  understand  them.  If  the 
matter  is  still  further  pressed  and  the  good  effects  of  a  different 
policy  in  the  United  States,  Great  Britian,  and  elsewhere  are 


540  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

referred  to,  it  is  answered  that  in  those  countries  a  totally  dif- 
ferent state  of  things  exists,  and  that  no  arguments  can  be 
made  from  them  to  Russia.  Any  continuance  of  the  discussion  is 
generally  met  by  the  statement  that  Russian  questions  are 
largely  misrepresented  by  the  press  of  western  Europe;  that 
there  is  a  systematic  propaganda  against  Russia  in  England, 
Germany,  Austria,  and  Italy;  that  England  does  or  allows  worse 
things  in  her  Irish  evictions  and  in  her  opium  traffic,  and  the 
United  States  in  lynch  law  proceedings  and  treatment  of  the 
Chinese,  than  any  done  or  allowed  in  Russia;  that,  in  short, 
Russia  is  competent  to  take  charge  of  her  own  internal  policy, 
and  that  other  powers  will  do  well  to  mind  their  own  business. 
This  feeling  is  closely  akin  to  that  which  was  shown  sometimes 
in  the  United  States  before  the  civil  war  toward  foreign  com- 
ments upon  our  own  "peculiar  institution,"  when  representa- 
tations  by  such  philanthropists  as  the  Duchess  of  Sutherland, 
George  Thompson,  M.  P. ,  and  others  were  indignantly  repelled. 
This  condition  of  opinion  and  the  actions  resulting  from  it 
are  so  extreme  that  it  naturally  occurs  to  one  who  has  observed 
Russian  history  that  a  reaction  cannot  be  long  deferred. 

The  progress  of  Russia  thus  far  has  been  mainly  by  a  series 
of  reactions.  These  have  sometimes  come  with  surprising 
suddenness.  In  view  of  that  which  took  place  when  the 
transition  was  made  from  the  policy  of  restriction  followed  by 
the  Emperor  Nicholas  to  the  broadly  liberal  policy  adopted  by 
Alexander  II,  of  which,  being  connected  with  this  legation  at 
that  time,  I  was  a  witness,  a  reaction  at  present  seems  by  no 
means  impossible  or  even  improbable.  It  is  by  no  means 
necessary  that  a  change  of  reign  should  take  place.  A  transi- 
tion might  be  occasioned  as  others  have  been,  by  the  rise  of 
some  strong  personality  bringing  to  bear  upon  the  dominant 
opinion  the  undoubted  fact  that  the  present  system  of  repression 
toward  the  Israelite  is  from  every  point  of  view  a  failure,  and 
that  it  is  doing  incalculable  harm  to  Russia. 

This  dispatch  ought  not,  perhaps,  to  close  without  an  apology 
for  its  length;  the  subject  is  one  of  great  importance,  and  it 
has  seemed  to  me  a  duty  to  furnish  the  Department,  in  answer 
to  the  Secretary's  question,  with  a  full  report  regarding  the 
present  stage  in  the  evolution  of  the  matter  concerned  as  my 
opportunities  have  enabled  me  to  make. 

I  am,  etc., 

Andrkw  D.  White. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  541 

Note: — The  attitude  of  our  Government  with  regard  to  the 
general  question  here  involved  has  respeatedly  been  manifested 
through  our  State  Department.  On  the  occasion  of  the 
Mohammedan  outrages  against  the  Jews  in  1840,  and  under 
date  of  August  19th  of  that  year,  Secretary  of  State  John 
Forsyth  addressed  to  our  Minister  to  Turkey,  David  Porter,  a 
dispatch  as  follows: 

Sir:  In  common  with  the  people  of  the  United  States,  the  President 
has  learned  with  profound  feelings  of  surprise  and  pain,  the  atrocious 
cruelties  which  have  been  practised  upon  the  Jews  of  Damascus  and 
Rhodes  in  consequence  of  charges,  extravagant  and  strikingly  similar 
to  those,  which  in  less  enlightened  ages,  were  made  pretexts  for  the 
persecution  and  spoliation  of  these  unfortunate  people.  As  the  scenes 
of  these  barbarities  are  in  the  Mohammedan  dominions,  and  as  such 
inhuman  practises  are  not  of  infrequent  occurrence  in  the  East,  the 
President  has  directed  me  to  instruct  you  to  do  everything  in  your 
power  with  the  Government  of  his  Imperial  Highness,  the  Sultan,  to 
whom  you  are  accredited,  consistent  with  discretion  and  your 
diplomatic  character,  to  prevent  or  mitigate  these  horrors,  the  bare 
recital  of  which  has  caused  a  shudder  throughout  the  civilized  world, 
and  in  an  especial  manner  to  direct  your  philanthropic  efforts  against 
the  employment  of  torture  in  order  to  compel  the  confession  of  imputed 
guilt.  The  President  is  of  opinion  that  from  no  one  can  such  generous 
endeavors  proceed  with  so  much  propriety  and  effect  as  from  the 
Representative  of  a  friendly  power  whose  institutions,  political  and 
civil,  place  upon  the  same  footing  the  worshipers  of  God,  of  every 
faith  and  form,  acknowledging  no  distinction  between  the  Moham- 
medan, the  Jew  and  the  Christian.  Should  you  in  carrying  out  these 
instructions  find  it  necessary  or  proper  to  address  yourself  to  any  of 
the  Turkish  authorities,  you  will  refer  to  this  distinctive  characteristic 
of  our  government,  as  investing  with  a  peculiar  propriety  and  right 
the  interposition  of  your  good  offices  in  behalf  of  an  oppressed  and 
persecuted  race  among  whose  kindred  are  found  some  of  the  most 
worthy  and  patriotic  of  our  citizens.  In  communicating  to  you  the 
wishes  of  the  President  I  do  not  think  it  advisable  to  give  you  more 
expicit  and  minute  instructions,  but  earnestly  commend  to  your  zeal 
and  discretion  a  subject  which  appeals  so  strongly  to  the  universal 
sentiments  of  justice  and  humanity. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

J.  Forsyth. 

In  1870,  when  the  persecution  of  the  Roumanian  Jews,, 
which  had  been  started  in  1868,  was  growing  from  bad  to  worse, 
our  government,  at  the  instance  of  the  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith, 
(as  noted  on  page  428),   established  a  diplomatic  agency   at 


542  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Bucharest.    On  this  occasion  President  Grant  furnished  Consul- 
General  Peixotto  with  a  special  authorization,  as  follows: 

Executive  Mansion,  Washington,  D.  C, 
December  8th,  1870. 
The  bearer   of  this  letter,   Mr.   Benjamin   F.   Peixotto,   who  has 
accepted  the  important,  though  unremunerative,  position  of  United 
States  Consul  to  Roumania,  is  commended  to  the  good  offices  of  all 
representatives  of  this  Government  abroad. 

Mr.  Peixotto  has  undertaken  the  duties  of  his  present  office  more 
as  a  missionary  work  for  the  benefit  of  the  people  he  represents  than 
for  any  benefit  to  accrue  to  himself  —  a  work  in  which  all  citizens 
will  wish  him  the  greatest  success.  The  United  States,  knowing  no 
distinction  of  her  own  citizens  on  account  of  religion  or  nativity, 
naturally  believes  in  a  civilization,  the  world  over,  which  will  secure 
the  same  universal  views. 

U.  S.  Grant. 

President  Grant's  interest  in  the  subject  was  furthermore 
evinced  when,  in  1871,  at  the  earnest  request  of  Hon.  Simon 
Wolf,  he  called  a  special  Cabinet  meeting  to  consider  the 
reported  expulsion  of  the  Jews  of  Russian  Bessarabia.  This 
meeting  resulted  in  the  sending  of  a  cable  dispatch  to  Minister 
Andrew  G.  Curtin  at  St.  Petersburg,  protesting  against  the 
ukase  of  banishment.  The  protest  was  heeded  by  the  Czar 
and  the  ukase  was  rescinded. 

As  a  further  indication  of  the  position  taken  by  our  Govern- 
ment in  regard  to  the  matter,  we  quote  the  following  dispatch 
from  Secretary  of  State  Hamilton  Fish  to  Consul  General 
Peixotto: 

Department  of  State, 

Washington,  D.  C,  April  10,  1872. 
Sir: — Among  the  large  number  of  Israelites  in  this  country  there 
are  probably  few  whose  sympathies  have  not  been  intensely  excited 
by  the  recent  intelligence  of  the  grievous  persecutions  of  their 
co-religionists  in  Roumania.  This  feeling  has  naturally  been  aug- 
mented by  the  contrast  presented  by  the  position  of  members  of  that 
persuasion  here,  who  are  equals  with  all  others  before  the  law,  which 
sternly  forbids  any  oppresion  on  account  of  religion.  Indeed,  it  may 
be  said  that  the  people  of  this  country  universally  abhor  persecution 
anywhere  for  that  cause,  and  deprecate  the  trials  of  which,  according 
to  your  dispatches,  the  Israelites  of  Roumania  have  been  victims. 

This  Government  heartily  sympathizes  with  the  popular  instinct 
upon  the  subject,  and  while  it  has  no  disposition  or  intention  to  give 
offence  by  interfering  in  the  internal  affairs  of  Roumania,  it  is  deemed 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  543 

to  be  due  to  humanity  to  remonstrate  against  any  license  or  impunity 
which  may  have  attended  the  outrages  in  that  country. 

You  are  consequently  authorized  to  address  a  note  to  the  Minister 
of  Foreign  Affairs  of  the  Principality  in  which  you  will  embody  the 
views  herein  expressed,  and  you  will  also  do  anything  which  you  can 
do  discreetly,  with  a  reasonable  prospect  of  success,  toward  preventing 
a  recurrence  or  continuance  of  the  persecutions  adverted  to. 

I  am,  Sir,  etc.,  etc., 

Hamilton  Fish. 

As  a  plain  and  unmistakable  summary  of  the  attitude  of  the 
American  people  with  regard  to  the  brutalities  deliberately 
perpetrated  by  Russia,  we  close  these  citations  with  that  of  the 
Resolution  of  Congress,  introduced  by  Representative  Amos 
J.  Cummings  of  New  York,  December  19th,  1890,  and 
adopted  unanimously  by  the  House. 

Resolved,  etc.:  "That  the  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
of  the  United  States  have  heard  with  profound  sorrow  and  feelings  akin 
to  horror  the  reports  of  the  persecutions  of  the  Jews  in  Russia,  reflect- 
ing the  barbarism  of  past  ages,  disgracing  humanity  and  impeding 
the  progress  of  civilization  ;  that  our  sorrow  is  intensified  by  the  fact 
that  such  occurrences  should  happen  in  a  country  which  has  been, 
and  is  now,  the  firm  friend  of  the  United  States,  and  in  a  nation  that 
clothed  itself  with  glory,  not  long  since,  by  the  emancipation  of  its 
serfs  and  by  its  defence  of  helpless  Christians  from  the  oppression  of 
the  Turks;  that  a  copy  of  this  resolution  be  forwarded  to  the  Secretary 
of  State  with  a  request  that  he  send  it  to  the  American  Minister  at 
St.  Petersburg  and  that  said  Minister  be  directed  to  present  the  same 
to  His  Imperial  Majesty  Alexander  III,  Czar  of  all  the  Russias." 


544  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 


THE  RUSSIAN  JEWISH  REFUGEES  IN  AMERICA. 


CONSIDERED  IN  CONNECTION  WITH  THE  GENERAL 
SUBJECT  OF  IMMIGRATION  IN  ITS  HISTORICAL 
AND  ECONOMIC  ASPECTS. 

(Note. — In  the  preparation  of  the  following  article  the  editor  has 
utilized  the  contents  of  a  paper  read  by  him  before  the  Board  of  Presi- 
dents of  the  National  Societies  of  Philadelphia,  as  a  member  of  that 
body,  December  12th,  1891). 

A  review  of  the  subject  of  American  Jewish  citizenship 
necessarily  involves  a  consideration  of  the  recent  accretions  to 
the  Jewish  population  in  this  country  through  the  immigration 
of  those  of  the  expatriated  Russian  Jews  who  have  found  and 
are  yet  finding  their  way  to  our  shores.  The  influx  and  settle- 
ment here  of  this  practically  new  element  of  the  population  has 
attracted  a  large  measure  of  public  attention,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  it  comprises  an  average  of  not  over  8  per  cent,  of 
the  total  immigration.  This  has  been  due  not  only  to  the 
extraordinary  causes  of  the  influx,  but  also  to  the  fact  that  the 
settlement  of  a  large  number  of  the  newcomers  in  the  seabord 
cities  has  caused  some  disturbances  in  the  labor  market  at  those 
points. 

The  influence  of  this  movement  on  the  future  development 
of  American  Judaism  is  beyond  our  immediate  purview,  and  its- 
present  bearing  on  the  Jewish  community  need  be  considered 
but  incidentally.  In  view,  however,  of  the  repeated  changes 
in  our  immigration  laws  since  1882,  when  the  immigration  of 
the  Russian  Jews  began  to  reach  its  present  marked  proportions 
by  reason  of  their  expulsion  from  their  homes,  and  of  the  agita- 
tion for  such  further  legislation  as  will  result  in  a  practically 
complete  disbarment  of  these  and  other  unfortunate  victims  of 
European  oppression,  we  may  here  properly  proceed  to  a  brief 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  545 

consideration  of  the  social,  political  and  economic  aspects  of  the 
question,  both  as  regards  the  Russian  Jewish  immigrants  and 
immigration  in  general. 

The  earliest  immigration  movement  of  which  a  record  has 
come  down  to  our  day  is  that  which  carried  the  Hebrew  Abram 
from  '  'Ur  of  the  Chaldees' '  westward  to  the  plains  of  Canaan.  It 
carried  with  it  the  latent  energy  whose  force  has  been  the  most 
potent  in  the  world's  affairs;  which  has  become  the  moving 
spirit  of  the  Caucasian  race,  and  which  afforded  the  vehicle  of 
development  for  Judaism,  Christianity  and  Islam.  The  far- 
reaching  consequences  of  that  first  of  recorded  immigrations 
need  not  be  dwelt  upon;  it  forms  the  prologue  to  the  history  of 
civilization,  a  history  whose  epilogue  is  yet  to  be  enacted,  and 
whose  processes  are  not  only  still  a  living  reality  in  the  present, 
but  are  proceeding  towards  an  infinitely  greater  compass  in  the 
future. 

The  migration  of  Abraham  is  to  be  regarded,  not  only  from 
the  historic  standpoint,  but  in  the  most  abstract  scientific  sense, 
as  a  force,  resulting  as  all  forces  must,  from  some  cause  of  equal 
or  greater  potentiality,  and  moving,  as  all  forces  do,  along  the 
lines  of  least  resistance.  The  movement  proceeded,  as  we 
know,  from  the  East,  away  from,  if  not  out  of,  the  cradle  of  the 
Caucasian  race;  from  where  expansion  was  hemmed  and  devel- 
opment was  hampered,  towards  the  West  and  South  where  the 
possibilities  of  both  were  greater  and  the  requisite  conditions 
more  favorable.  This  was  forty  centuries  ago;  from  that  time 
to  the  present  the  movement  has  still  been  westward  and  south- 
ward, and  by  virtue  of  the  same  natural  law  that  operated  in 
the  early  dawn  of  history,  its  course  is  manifestly  destined  to 
trend  in  the  same  direction  for  some  time  longer. 

In  the  meantime,  throughout  all  the  course  of  the  historic 
past,  migration  after  migration  has  successively  marked  the 
greatest  epochs  in  the  annals  of  mankind.  The  migration  of 
Abraham  was  followed  by  many  others,  none  indeed  of  more 
far-reaching  significance,  but  all  or  nearly  all  of  greater  magni- 
tude, and  not  a  few  of  them  of  vast  importance  as  factors  in  the 
history  of  man.     Some   centuries   after   Abraham's  time  the 

35 


546  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

migration  of  the  Canaanite  Cadmus  westward  to  the  Isles  of 
Greece,  or  perhaps  the  migration  of  the  Pelasgic  tribes  west- 
ward from  Asia  Minor,  opened  the  first  chapter  in  the  history  of 
Europe.  Still  later,  through  the  great  migrations  at  the  close 
of  the  Roman  period,  and  in  the  early  Middle  Ages,  the  bar- 
barians of  Europe  became  imbued  with  the  leaven  of  Jewish 
ideals  in  the  form  of  Christianity,  and  further  still  in  the  course 
of  time  the  migrations  of  the  hunted  Jews  from  Germany  to 
Poland,  and  from  Spain  to  Holland  and  to  England,  influenced 
permanently  the  current  of  the  world's  affairs.  Subsequently, 
the  migration  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  to  North  America  left  an 
indelible  impress  in  our  modern  civilization,  and  finally  the 
migrations  of  yesterday  and  to-day,  trending  still  westward 
to  the  Pacific,  and  the  offshoots  of  the  current  to  Australia,  to 
New  Zealand  and  to  South  America,  have  opened  in  the  history 
of  mankind  a  chapter  which  the  Twentieth  Century  will  not 
complete. 

It  is  remarkable  that  of  all  these  notable  migrations,  that  of 
Abraham  may  be  considered  as  not  only  first  in  point  of  time, 
but  also  as  altogether  normal  in  its  character.  In  all  the  later 
historic  movements  of  this  kind,  the  element  of  force  is  more  or 
less  definitely  manifest,  but  Abraham's  migration  was  a  peaceful 
one,  and  when  he  took  up  the  sword  at  all,  it  was  only  to 
benefit  the  people  among  whom  he  dwelt.  We  find  him 
earnestly  pleading  the  cause  of  his  adopted  countrymen,  not- 
withstanding their  great  wickedness;  he  bought  and  paid  for 
even  his  last  resting  place  rather  than  accept  it  as  a  gift,  and  in 
general  he  figures  on  the  historic  horizon  as  in  all  respects  not 
only  a  typical  but  a  model  immigrant. 

Had  the  great  migrations  of  later  times  been  as  peaceful  as 
that  of  Abraham,  the  annals  of  humanity  would  have  been  less 
troubled  than  we  find  them.  But  the  subsequent  movements  of 
population  were  migrations  of  masses  of  people,  forced  from  their 
native  soil  by  extraneous  pressure  or  lured  away  by  the  incite- 
ments of  conquest,  or  by  both  agencies  combined,  and  such 
movements  must  in  their  very  nature,  be  violent  and  sanguinary. 
The  earliest  peoples  required  for  their  sustenance  far  more 
space  than  do  equal  numbers  in  a  more  civilized  state.  They 
had  no  developed  means  of  subsistence;   the  most   primitive 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  547 

inhabitants  relied  solely  on  the  products  of  unaided  nature,  and 
these  they  found  mainly  in  the  chase.  As  this  became  more 
difficult,  or  its  produce  scarcer,  they  betook  themselves  to  herd- 
ing, a  culture  in  itself,  the  first  step  in  civilization,  and  the 
first  expedient  to  support  an  increasing  population.  In  this 
respect  the  inhabitants  of  the  Eastern  plains  were  far  in  advance 
of  their  Western  contemporaries;  the  Asiastic  herdsman  was 
more  favorably  situated  than  the  huntsman  in  the  forests  of 
primeval  Europe,  and  hence  we  find  both  culture  and  population 
first  evolved  in  the  East  and  flowing  thence  by  natural  sequence 
towards  the  West.  Culture,  the  outgrowth  of  population,  was 
first  planted  in  the  East;  there  it  rooted  and  there  it  blossomed, 
and  there  humanity  gathered  its  first  fruits,  but  its  ripened 
products  have  fructified  upon  its  Western  grafts.  Westward 
indeed  the  star  of  Empire  has  made  its  way,  and  here  on  our 
Western  Continent,  under  the  aegis  of  our  great  Republic,  under 
the  influence  of  American  liberty  and  freedom,  it  seems  destined 
to  reach  its  ascendant. 

In  the  upbuilding  of  this  Republic  the  decendants  of  the  first 
great  emigrant  have  taken,  as  we  have  recorded  in  the  preceed- 
ing  pages,  an  ample  share,  and  among  these  descendants  the 
compatriots  of  the  present  victims  of  Russian  barbarity  were  by 
no  means  wanting.  The  emigration  of  the  Slavic  Jews  to 
America  had  been  going  on  in  a  normal  manner,  and  therefore 
to  a  limited  extent,  for  a  long  time  before  the  present  exodus, 
and  in  fact,  so  to  speak,  from  the  beginning.  After  each  of 
the  successive  uprisings  of  Poland  against  the  barbarous  tyranny 
of  its  Russian  oppressors,  from  the  time  of  Pulaski,  who  after 
leading  his  countrymen  vainly  against  the  Russian  hordes  in 
1768,  came  to  America  to  die  in  the  struggle  for  liberty  here; 
from  the  time  of  Kosciuszko,  who  came  here  to  fight  success- 
fully for  the  independence  of  our  country  and  then  returned  to 
fight  vainly  for  the  independence  of  his  own,  there  have  been 
Polish  emigrants  to  America  and  among  them  were  many 
Jews.  Haym  Solomon,  who  afforded  one  of  the  noblest  ex- 
amples of  devotion  to  American  liberty  that  is  recorded  in  our 
annals,  was  as  we  have  seen*  a  Polish  Jew  and  an  intimate  of 
the  two  patriots  named  above,  and  on  Pulaski's  staff  was  a 
*Page  15. 


548  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Jewish  officer*  and  others  of  his  Jewish  countrymen  were  doubt- 
less serving  in  his  command. 

Down  to  the  bloody  outbreak  of  Russian  fanaticism  in  1879- 
1880,  followed  by  the  officially  decreed  expulsions  of  the  suc- 
ceeding years  the  influx  of  the  Slavic  Jews,  was,  as  we  have 
noted,  a  normal  tide,  like  that  which  brought  to  these  shores 
millions  of  immigrants  from  every  European  country.  Nor- 
mally, without  being  forced,  and  of  their  own  volition  they 
had  come,  as  had  the  Sephardic  Jews  from  England  and 
Holland  during  our  Colonial  period  and  in  the  early  decades  of 
our  independence,  and  as  the  German  Jews  came  with  the 
stream  of  German  immigration  after  the  beginning  of  steam 
navigation  and  the  Revolution  of  1848.  The  English  Sephardim 
ceased  to  emigrate  after  their  enfranchisement  in  1850;  the 
German  Jews  have  ceased  to  emigrate  since  their  enfranchise- 
ment in  187 1,  and  the  Polish  and  Russian  Jews  would  come  in 
fewer  numbers  if  they  were  not  driven  from  their  homes,  and 
would  scarcely  come  at  all  if  but  the  boon  of  unhampered  domi- 
cile, not  to  mention  political  liberty,  were  accorded  to  them 
there. 

The  calamitous  condition  of  general  suffering  into  which  the 
Russian  Jews  were  plunged  by  the  proscriptive  policy  of  their 
government,  appears  to  have  passed  its  acute  stage.  While  the 
expulsion  of  the  Jews  from  the  interior  of  the  Empire  and  their 
settlement,  permanent  or  temporary,  in  the  "Pale"  of  the 
Western  Russian  provinces,  including  Poland,  was  in  the 
height  of  its  progress  a  few  years  ago,  the  number  of  those 
who  were  eventually  forced  to  emigrate  was  very  large, 
aggregating,  it  is  estimated,  nearly  two  hundred  thousand  in  a 
single  year.  The  newcomers  in  the  Pale,  nearly  all  of  them 
utterly  impoverished  through  pillage  by  the  low  element  of  the 
populace  and  by  the  extortion  of  the  officials,  disorganized  the 
economic  condition  of  the  older  settlers  in  the  district  and 
caused  a  most  excessive  competition  for  the  means  of  liveli- 
hood. The  emigration  of  some  of  the  surplus  population  and 
the  gradual  reorganization  of  the  remainder,  has  tended  to 
render  the  general  condition  less  acute,  and  while  a  considerable 

*  See  page  51. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  549 

emigration  from  the  Pale  must,  in  the  nature  of  things,  be 
looked  for  until  the  existent  conditions  are  fully  ameliorated, 
the  great  exodus  that  marked  the  years  189 1-2  is  not  likely  to 
be  repeated  unless  further  measures  of  oppression  and  repression 
are  adopted  by  the  Russian  government. 

Meanwhile  the  world  looks  on  while  the  Jews  of  Western 
Europe  and  America  are  laboring  to  help  those  of  their  Russian 
brethren  who,  unable  to  gain  a  foothold  in  the  Pale,  are  forced 
out  from  their  wretched  surroundings.  The  world  looks  on 
while  the  philanthropist  Maurice  de  Hirsch,  emulating  the 
spirit  of  Montefiore,  is  devoting  his  wealth  to  the  succor  of  his 
co-religionists  and  striving  to  found  an  asylum  for  them  on  the 
plains  of  Argentina.  It  looks  on  while  the  Alliance  Israelite 
Universelle,  from  its  headquarters  in  Paris,  is  establishing  and 
maintaining  primary  schools  for  the  Jews  throughout  the 
Orient,  and  agricultural  schools  for  the  Russian  refugees  in 
Palestine;  while  this  educational  work  is  being  seconded  by  both 
the  American  and  European  branches  of  the  Order  of  B'nai 
B'rith,  and  while  Edmond  de  Rothschild  is  fostering  agricul- 
tural colonies  near  Jaffa  and  Jerusalem  and  aiding  Russian 
Jews  to  gain  a  foothold  in  the  land  of  their  forefathers. 

In  our  own  country  agricultural  colonies  of  Russian  Jews 
have  been  founded,  educational  institutions  built  up,  distribu- 
tion of  the  refugees  effected,  through  the  efforts  of  Jewish  com- 
munal organizations  or  by  means  of  the  funds  devoted  for  the 
purpose  by  Baron  de  Hirsch,  or  by  both  in  unison.  The  de 
Hirsch  Trust  dispenses  in  this  manner  the  income  of  $2,500,000 
donated  for  this  purpose  by  the  great-hearted  and  open-handed 
philanthropist,  supplementing  to  this  large  extent  the  charit- 
able efforts  of  the  American  Jews  in  their  work  of  succor. 
That  work  is  carried  on  by  independent  local  organizations 
both  in  Europe  and  America,  ramifying  from  the  Vistula 
westward  to  the  Golden  Gate ;  centering  in  Konigsberg, 
Memel,  Lemberg  and  Brody,  in  Berlin  and  Vienna,  Hamburg 
and  Bremen,  in  Paris,  London  and  Liverpool,  in  New  York, 
Philadelphia,  Boston  and  Baltimore,  in  Chicago,  San  Francisco 
and  Portland,  and  at  other  intervening  points.  These  organiza- 
tions are  apart  from  the  great  movement  organized  by  Baron 
de  Hirsch  and  chartered  in  England  under  the  title  of  ' '  The 


550  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

Jewish  Colonization  Association."  That  institution,  which 
the  Baron  has  endowed  with  the  sum  of  $10,000,000,  has  its 
headquarters  in  St.  Petersburg  and  affiliated  centers  through- 
out the  Jewish  Pale,  and  is  devoted  exclusively  to  furthering 
the  Jewish  emigration  to  the  Argentine  Republic.  The  Rus- 
sian Jewish  emigrants  to  other  lands  proceed  wholly  by  dint 
of  their  own  means  or  those  of  their  relatives  already  in  the 
haven  of  rest,  and  these  wayfarers  are  frequently  impoverished 
and  always  in  need  of  protection  and  counsel.  Onerous  as  has 
been  the  burden  which  the  wickedness  of  Russian  folly  has 
imposed  on  the  Jewish  people  at  large,  they  have  thus  far  coped 
with  a  reasonable  degree  of  success  against  the  almost  over- 
whelming difficulties  of  the  situation.* 

During  the  progress  of  this  movement  a  hue  and  cry  has  re- 
peatedly been  raised  all  along  the  roads  which  the  Russian 
refugees  have  taken  in  escaping  from  their  oppressors  and  in 
seeking  an  asylum  and  resting  place.  Here  in  our  country, 
where  many  of  our  State  governments  have  made  organized 
efforts  to  induce  immigration  into  their  borders,  where  numer- 
ous towns  and  hamlets  in  the  interior  are  organizing  "  booms" 
to  increase  their  population,  here,  where  the  single  State  of 
Texas,  with  less  than  two  and  a  half  millions  of  population, 
extends  over  an  area  greater  than  Germany  and  England  to- 
gether, where  a  state  like  Montana,  larger  than  England,  Scot- 
land, Wales,  and  Ireland  combined,  has  a  population  of  but 
132,000,  only  half  as  many  as  the  single  English  town  of  Leeds, 
here  there  have  not  been  wanting  those  who  have  constantly 
urged  in  Congress  and  in  the  press,  that  European  immigration 
should  be  not  only  regulated,  but  largely  restricted  and  even 
entirely  debarred.  All  this  because  in  the  metropolitan  centres 
and  at  times  at  other  points,  a  surplus  of  wage  workers  in  one 
or  two  industries  was  causing  friction  and  disturbance. 

This  agitation,  by  reason  of  its  obvious  causes,  may  well 
claim  our  attention  in  connection  with  our  present  subject. 

The  effort  towards  better  material  conditions  which  has 
formed  the  main  impulse  of  all  emigration  movements,  has,  as 
we  learn  from  history,  been  always  fraught  with  suffering  and 

*  See  note,  p.  559. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN  551 

misery  for  the  populations  first  effected,  and  frequently  for 
several  of  the  succeeding  generations,  but,  in  the  end,  improve- 
ment has  resulted  to  the  greater  number  at  least.  Even  when 
the  natural  surroundings  of  a  migrated  population  are  not  more 
favorable  than  those  of  their  previous  experience,  the  mere 
change  of  environment  has  generally  furthered  an  improve- 
ment of  their  social  arrangements.  The  change  of  their  loca- 
tion may  disappoint  an  immigrant  people  in  their  hopes  of 
material  betterment,  but  they  never  fail  to  take  advantage  of 
their  new  beginnings  to  eliminate  from  their  new  organization 
such  conditions  as  their  previous  experience  had  proved  objec- 
tionable. Migrations,  whether  peaceful  or  otherwise,  and  for 
that  matter  sudden  changes  of  material  conditions  generally, 
inevitably  consume  a  large  part  of  the  existing  powers  of  those 
effected,  but  where  those  powers  are  not  totally  exhausted  and 
destroyed,  where  enough  energy  remains  to  form  a  nucleus  of 
recuperative  force,  and  especially  where  the  new  material  sur- 
roundings are  more  favorable  than  those  which  were  left  be- 
hind, there  a  marked  improvement  of  all  the  conditions  of  life, 
physical  and  intellectual,  material  and  social,  becomes  developed. 
It  would  be  superflous  to  cite  the  proofs  of  this  proposition  ;  the 
history  of  civilization  is  a  record  of  its  examples,  and  its  latest 
annals  are  but  statements  of  this  fact. 

Palpable  as  is  this  fact,  and  nowhere  is  it  more  so  than  on 
this  Western  Continent,  and  especially  in  our  own  country,  there 
are  yet  many  who  regard  an  immigrant  with  the  narrow  preju- 
dice of  mediaeval  ignorance,  and  to  whom  a  stranger  is  still,  as 
to  the  barbarians  of  old,  an  enemy.  Over  and  over  again  in 
the  course  of  the  great  new  departure  which  the  establishment 
and  growth  of  these  United  States  has  made  in  the  world's 
history,  over  and  over  again  in  the  course  of  our  development, 
has  the  debarment  of  immigrants  been  proposed  and  advocated. 
At  times  the  opposition  to  the  new  comers  has  been  born  of  Old 
World  animosities,  at  other  times  of  religious  prejudice,  and 
latterly  we  hear  most  frequently  of  restrictions  proposed  on 
political  and  economic  grounds. 

That  political  reasons  may  justify  a  restriction',  or  even 
dictate  the  entire  debarment  of  certain  defined  classes  of  immi- 
grants,   is  to   be  admitted.     Thus   the   exclusion  of  Chinese 


552  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

immigrants  may  be  defended  on  the  grounds  of  a  broad  public 
policy,  with  reasons  which  cannot  logically  be  adduced  with 
regard  to  any  branch  of  the  Caucasian  race.  The  most  cogent 
of  these  reasons,  and  the  one  that  has  afforded  the  only  rational 
basis  for  the  policy  adopted,  is  not  the  economic  element  of  the 
subject,  not  that  the  Chinese  live  cheaply  and  work  cheaply, 
but  that  their  assimilation  with  the  rest  of  the  population  is 
practically  impossible.  To  what  extent  the  theoretical  possi- 
bility of  their  being  merged  in  the  general  population  could  be 
realized,  to  what  extent  its  realization  would  be  desirable  or 
the  contrary,  to  what  extent  a  mixture  of  the  Caucasian  and 
Mongolian  races  would  enhance  or  deteriorate  their  respective 
qualities,  physical  and  psychical,  we  need  not  here  stop  to  in- 
quire. Suffice  it  to  re-state  the  fact  that  political,  or  per- 
haps ultimately  ethnological  reasons  may  here  be  considered  as 
prompting  a  course  which  could  not  reasonably  be  adopted  en 
any  other  ground.  But  in  the  case  of  immigrants  of  the  Cau- 
casian race,  such  opposition  as  has  been  made  from  time  to 
time,  though  frequently  insisted  upon  as  a  political  necessity, 
can  only,  in  the  absence  of  any  broad  ethnological  basis,  be 
argued  on  economic  grounds. 

The  discussions  engendered  by  propositions  to  restrict  immi- 
gration have  recurred  at  various  periods  of  our  history  and 
have  been  factors  in  our  politics  from  the  beginning  of  our  insti- 
tutions. There  was  indeed  already  in  the  old  Colonial  times 
an  anti-immigration  or  Nativist  Party,  almost  before  there  were 
any  natives  to  make  it  np.  In  fact,  the  subject  has  cropped 
out  whenever  some  slight  occasion  offered,  and  particularly 
whenever  politicians  on  the  in-  or  the  outside  needed  a  new  string 
to  harp  upon.  Some  of  us  are  old  enough  to  remember  some- 
thing of  the  native  American  agitation  which  began  as  far  back 
as  1835,  and  which  took  shape  in  the  so-called  "  American  " 
party,  afterwards  generally  known  as  the  "Know-Nothings," 
about  1844.  In  that  year  the  Know-Nothing  Party  carried  the 
city  of  New  York  on  a  mayoralty  election  by  a  large  majority, 
and  for  a  time  the  movement  spread  widely  throughout  the 
country.  It  developed  strong  religious  prejudices,  and  was 
marked  by  the  memorable  anti-Catholic  riots  in   Philadelphia. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN. 


553 


The  odium  which  those  disgraceful  outrages  brought  on  the 
'  ■  American  "  party  was  attempted  to  be  overcome  by  making  it 
a  secret  organization,  and  in  the  political  confusion  resulting 
from  the  breaking  up  of  the  old  Whig  party,  the  former  grew  to 
such  proportions  that  in  1855  it  carried  no  less  than  nine  state 
elections.  That  the  movement  then  had  no  vital  force,  but  was 
only  a  political  stalking-horse  for  partisan  purposes,  became 
manifest  in  the  Presidential  election  of  1856,  when  the  Know 
Nothing  candidates  carried  only  the  State  of  Maryland,  and 
that  only  by  aid  of  the  remnant  of  the  Whig  party  and  the 
bludgeons  of  the  ' '  Plug-Uglies. ' '  The  outcome  of  the  whole 
movement,  politically  considered,  was  the  complete  extinction 
of  the  party  organization  which  had  fostered,  and  the  perma- 
nent discredit  of  the  party  leaders  who  had  promoted  it. 

But  the  lessons  of  the  past,  the  arguments  and  considerations 
which  have  repeatedly  led  to  the  rejection  of  a  proscriptive 
policy,  have  now  to  be  gone  over  again  in  this  later  generation, 
and  the  reason  for  this  is  plain  enough .     The  economic  aspect  of 
the   question   is   more   permanent  than  the  political,  and  the 
economic  argument  more  plausible  than  the  other.     The  objec- 
tionable features  inseparable  from  a  considerable  influx  of  new- 
comers into  a  community,  large  or  small,  are  palpable  and  on 
the  surface,  while  the  inestimable  value  of  these  newcomers, 
by  virtue  of  the  added  material  and  social  forces  with  which 
they  endow  the  community,  becomes  perceptible  only  upon  a 
closer  investigation  of  the  subject.     It  thus  happens  that  when 
an  unusually  large  number  of  new  arrivals  disturbs  for  a  time 
some  existing  economic  condition,  the  community  is  startled 
by  those  immediately  affected  with  an  outcry  against  the  intrud- 
ing force,  and  it  is  then  only  on  investigation  that  it  becomes 
apparent  that  while  indeed  a  comparatively  few  individuals  suf- 
fer, and  even  they  but  temporarily,  the  new  element  is  of  far- 
reaching  benefit  to  the  community  at  large. 

A  quite  parallel  instance,  as  far  as  it  goes,  is  the  effect  of  the 
introduction  of  machinery  in  substitution  of  hand  labor.  The 
history  of  inventions  is  burdened  with  the  details  of  opposition 
which  gathered  at  every  step  of  the  process  through  which  Man 
has  brought  to  his  service  the  forces  of  Nature.  So  too,  the 
practical  aid  of  immigration  in  subduing  the  domain  of  Nature 


554  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

on  this  Western  Continent  has  often  been  decried  as  inimical  to 
the  interests  of  those  native  to  the  soil,  notwithstanding  that 
even  a  cursory  analysis  of  the  question  proves  clearly  the  fact 
that  the  immigrant  not  only  does  not  travail  against  the  native's 
interest,  but  on  the  contrary,  aids  and  enhances  that  interest 
beyond  all  computation.  Just  as  the  throng  of  new  inventions 
temporarily  disarranges  existent  conditions  of  commerce  and  of 
industry,  with  the  immediate  result  of  causing  economic  dis- 
tress to  some  groups  of  individuals,  so  the  tide  of  immigration 
temporarily  affects  existent  conditions  in  the  centers  of  popula- 
tion, but  the  eventual  benefit  of  the  new  force  is  as  certain  to 
be  felt  in  the  latter  case  as  in  the  former. 

Let  us  for  a  momemt  consider  the  character  and  extent  of  the 
impulses  which  the  influx  of  the  newcomers  imparts  to  the 
social  organism.  The  nature  of  these  impulses  is  two-fold  ; 
the  increase  of  numbers  adds  power  to  the  community,  and  the 
diversity  of  interests  which  is  an  inevitable  concomitant  of  in- 
creased population,  brings  wealth,  culture,  and  all  the  higher 
gains  of  human  effort. 

To  elucidate  these  propositions  we  cannot  do  better  than 
here  quote  the  carefully  considered  statements  of  the  foremost 
of  American  publicists,  Henry  C.  Carey,  himself  an  American 
of  Americans,  and  the  great  expounder  of  the  protective  system 
of  political  economy.  As  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  In- 
dustrial Interests  and  Labor,  in  its  report  to  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  Pennsylvania  in  1873,  referring  to  the  Immigra- 
tion question,  he  writes  as  follows: 

"  Closing  their  eyes  to  the  important  facts  which  have  been  thus  pre- 
sented, very  many  of  our  working  men  look  with  jealous  eyes  at  every 
measure  tending  toward  bringing  those  of  other  countries  to  take  a 
place  side  by  side  with  them,  believing,  as  they  do,  that  the  more  the 
supply  of  labor  the  lower  must  certainly  become  the  price.  Neverthe- 
less, could  they  but  be  pursuaded  to  study  carefully  the  facts  of  even 
the  last  twenty  years  the}'  could  not  fail  to  become  impressed  with  the 
fact,  that  growth  of  wages  has  always  kept  even  pace  with  growth  of 
immigration  ;  the  reward  of  labor  on  the  contrary  declining  as  immi- 
gration has  been  arrested  or  destroyed.  At  no  previous  period  had  the 
demand  for  labor,  or  its  reward,  grown  so  rapidly  as  in  the  early  years 
of  the  great  California  one,  say  from  1850  to  1854,  when  immigration 
grew  to  400,000.  At  none,  has  labor  been  more  in  excess  of  the  de- 
mand than  in  the  years  that  followed  the  great  crisis  of  1857,  when 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  555 

immigration  declined  to  figures  scarcely  greater  than  had  been  attained 
20  years  before;  and  when,  as  in  1860-61,  not  one  out  of*  five  of  the 
skilled  workmen  of  the  country  was  steadly  employed.  Here,  in 
Philadelphia,  when  it  was  desired  to  build  a  street  railroad  they  ad- 
vertised for  two  hundred  and  fifty  hands  at  but  sixty  cents  a  day, 
and  had  more  than  five  thousand  offered,  a  majority  of  whom  were 
skilled  artisans  who  were  wholly  out  of  work.  In  the  neighborhood 
of  one  great  establishment,  a  rolling  mill,  the  number  of  unemployed 
men  was  so  great  that  the  county  authorities,  to  save  its  skilled  work- 
men from  open  pauperism,  determined  to  build  a  turnpike,  employ- 
ing experienced  hands  at  breaking  stone,  for  fifty  cents  a  day,  rather 
than  supporting  them  as  paupers.  At  no  period  of  our  history  has 
the  reward  of  labor  grown  so  rapidly  as  in  the  last  ten  years,  when 
the  exodus  of  European  working  men  has  so  rapidly  increased  that 
the  states  of  Central  and  Western  Europe  now  find  themselves  forced 
to  consideration  of  the  measures  required  for  retaining  their  country- 
men at  home  ;  and  when  the  highest  German  authorities  admit  that 
the  pecuniary  loss  resulting  from  training  and  educating  men  for  ex- 
port to  this  country  has  now  already  more  than  counterbalanced  the 
French  indemnity  of  $1,200,000,000.  To  all  appearance  the  immigra- 
tion of  the  present  year  will  closely  approach  to  half  a  million  ;  and 
yet  it  is  at  this  moment,  in  face  of  so  wonderful  an  addition  to  our 
stock  of  working  men  and  women,  that  we  have  a  determined  agita- 
tion for  bringing  about  a  reduction  of  time  and  increase  of  wages. 
In  the  years  prior  to  the  rebellion,  when  immigration  so  largely  de- 
clined, the  agitation  was  for  employment  at  almost  any  price.  Why 
is  this  ?  Why  is  it  that,  contrary  to  the  rule  elsewhere  observed,  de- 
mand for  labor  goes  ahead  of  supply  when  this  latter  is  great,  and 
falls  behind  it  when  the  supply  is  small  ?  To  this  the  answer  is,  that 
the  power  to  compel  nature  to  labor  in  man's  service  increases  almost 
geometrically  as  numbers  increase  arithmetically  ;  as  employment 
becomes  diversified  ;  and  as  men  are  more  enabled  to  combine  their 
efforts  for  attainment  of  that  object." 

*  *  *  *  *  *  #  '      *  *  *  tt 

"Asa  consequence  of  the  great  increase  in  the  power  of  combina- 
tion that  has  thus  been  brought  about,  we  find  the  manufacturing 
product  of  the  country  to  have  grown  in  the  period  1860  to  1872,  from 
1800  to  5000  millions,  the  mere  increase  having  been  almost  twice  the 
total  amount  to  which  the  country  had  attained  in  the  centuries  that 
had  preceded  the  war  of  the  rebellion.  Adding  to  the  figures  the 
foreign  manufactures  consumed,  we  obtain  for  the  first — a  period 
when  immigration  was  rapidly  declining — a  total  consumption  of 
about  $65  per  head  ;  whereas  in  the  period  which  since  has  passed, 
and  in  which  immigration  has  so  greatly  gown,  it  has  risen  to  more 
than  $130  per  head.  So  far,  therefore,  is  the  working  man  from 
having  occasion  to  dread  the  competition  of  the  immigrant,  that  he 
needs,  night  and  morning,  to  pray  for  maintenance  of  that  policy 


556  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

which  is  now  making  demand  on  Europe  for  so  much  of  its  half  fed 
and  half  clothed  population,  thereby  compelling  both  landed  and 
manufacturing  capitalists  to  the  adoption  of  measures  tending  so  to 
improve  the  condition  of  them  who  are  left  behind  as  to  induce  them 
to  forego  the  idea  of  abandoning  their  native  land.  Never  in  the 
world's  history  has  there  been  furnished  such  conclusive  evidence  of 
the  fact,  that  measures  tending  to  benefit  the  working  man  any- 
where tend  toward  raising  his  condition  everywhere  ;  and  that,  there- 
fore, there  is  a  perfect  harmony  in  the  real  and  permanent  interests 
of  mankind  at  large." 

As  still  more  directly  bearing  on  this  subject,  I  quote  from 
the  same  report  as  follows: 

"Less  than  a  dozen  years  since,  our  working  men  looked  jealously 
upon  the  negro,  believing  that  any  measure  tending  toward  his 
emancipation  would  certainly  be  followed  by  such  an  influx  of  cheap 
labor  as  must  seriously  affect  themselves.  Directly  the  reverse,  the 
negro  migrates  to  Texas  and  there  becomes  a  customer  for  manu- 
factured products  of  a  class  greatly  higher  than  that  of  those  which 
his  master  had  been  accustomed  to  purchase  for  his  slave." 

Carey  here  reaches  the  very  pith  of  the  question.  Every 
newcomer  becomes  a  customer  for  those  already  on  the  ground, 
for  all  that  he  needs  for  his  maintenance,  just  as  the  new  born 
babe  furnishes  a  new  customer  for  the  dry  goods  store,  the  milk 
man,  not  to  mention  the  doctor  and  sometimes  the  lawyer. 
The  baby,  it  is  true,  does  not,  as  the  phrase  goes,  "  enter  into 
competition' '  for  a  living,  while  the  immigrant  does,  but  in 
this  respect  the  latter  is  the  more  valuable  acquisition,  for  un- 
less the  immigrant  is  supported  by  charity,  he  has  to  produce 
at  least  as  much  as  he  consumes,  and  thus  the  community  is 
an  inevitable  gainer  by  his  presence.  Inasmuch  as  a  very  large 
proportion  of  the  immigrants  produce  more  than  they  consume, 
in  other  words,  save  something  of  their  earnings,  it  is  mani- 
fest that  the  community  gains  doubly  by  their  presence.  It 
gains  through  the  increase  by  the  immigrant  of  the  general 
social  force,  in  his  contribution  to  the  total  of  the  community's 
traffic  and  exchange,  and  also  gains  through  the  newcomer's 
addition  to  the  general  capital  stock. 

But,  it  is  urged  on  the  other  hand,  this  may  all  be  true  of 
some  kinds  of  immigrants,  and  not  be  true  of  others  who  are 
low  in  the  scale  of  moral  worth  and  of  physical  and  intellectual 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  557 

capacity,  and  it  is  these  whose  coming  should  be  restricted. 
Be  it  so;  we  may  safely  admit  this  proposition,  and  proceed 
thence  to  the  sole  remaining  problem  of  drawing  the  line. 

Where  shall  this  line  be  drawn  ?  The  native  American  agita- 
tion proceeded  on  the  very  ground  we  have  postulated,  and 
grew  to  the  proportions  of  carrying  a  majority  in  no  less  than 
nine  states.  It  grew  to  these  proportions  as  the  result  of  an 
agitation  that  arose  from  the  influx  of  impoverished  Irishmen 
after  the  famine  of  1847,  and  of  their  followers  from  Scotland 
and  England  in  the  succeeding  decade.  Has  the  agitation  been 
justified  by  time?  Have  the  prophecies  of  the  Know  Nothings 
that  our  people  could  not  possibly  assimilate  the  great  mass  of 
foreigners  who  were  then  thronging  hither,  whose  proportion 
to  the  native  population  was  even  greater  than  it  is  now,  who 
were  alien  to  our  institutions  and  our  laws,  in  habits  and  in  re- 
ligion at  variance  with  the  great  majority  of  the  citizens,  been 
fullfilled  ?  Of  course  not ;  the  facts  have  but  developed  what 
the  common  sense  of  the  people  soon  perceived  to  be  true. 
These  immigrants  have  all  been  assimilated.  Those  of  them 
that  survive,  and  their  children  assuredly,  have  become  thor- 
oughly Americanized  and  effectually  welded  into  the  com- 
monalty of  our  republic. 

How  was  it  with  the  Germans  who  came  hither  in  such 
swarms  under  the  allurements  of  the  great  gold  finds  in  the 
West,  and  the  growth  of  steam  navigation  on  the  ocean  after 
1850?  They  too  have  been  assimilated,  notwithstanding  that 
through  their  variance  in  language  they  were  even  more  differ- 
entiated from  the  native  inhabitants  than  the  immigrants  from 
the  British  Isles.  How  about  the  Scandinavians  and  the  Hol- 
land Dutch,  the  French  and  Italians  ?  Has  the  grafting  of 
these  scions  on  the  rooted  stem  degenerated  the  stock  ?  We 
have  ample  evidence  to  the  contrary,  sufficiently  palpable  to 
need  no  citation  in  detail. 

Where  then  shall  we  draw  the  line  ?  We  have  seen  that  the 
immigrant,  though  he  arrives  penniless  as  tens  of  thousands  of 
them  have  done  and  do,  does  certainly  not  impoverish  the  com- 
munity. We  have  seen,  on  the  contrary,  that  though  he  ar- 
rives penniless,  he  enhances  the  wealth  of  the  community  by 
bringing  with  him  the  germ  of  all  commodities,  Labor.     Where 


558  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

then  shall  we  draw  the  line?  Shall  we  exclude  the  poor 
Roman  Catholic  Pole,  who  is  driven  from  his  home  by  the 
vindictive  policy  of  his  barbarous  conquerer  ?  Does  he  not 
bring  energy  and  labor  ?  Shall  we  exclude  the  Russian  Jew, 
who  is  driven  from  his  native  soil  by  the  stupid  villany  of  the 
same  Tartar  barbarism  ?  Is  his  thrift  and  industry  likely  to 
impoverish  our  community  ?  The  pious  fools  who,  four  hun- 
dred years  ago,  drove  three  hundred  thousand  of  such  people 
from  the  Iberian  Peninsula  had  a  bigger  majority  than  the 
Know  Nothings  of  later  date  who  wanted  to  do  as  much  for 
the  Roman  Catholics  fifty  years  ago,  and  they  had  their  way. 
They  diminished  the  population  according  to  their  wish,  but 
they  wrought  the  ruin  of  the  then  richest  nation  of  Europe,  a 
ruin  from  which  it  has  even  to  this  day  not  yet  arisen. 

No  ;  let  the  immigrants  come,  as  they  have  come.  Let  us 
but  guard  ourselves  against  the  preventable  evils  which  are 
likely  to  attend  their  coming,  by  the  careful  enforcement  of  the 
laws  that  are  enacted  to  that  end.  Let  us  draw  the  line  so  as 
to  exclude  the  habitual  paupers,  the  habitual  criminals,  the  in- 
curably insane ;  the  rest  will  take  care  of  themselves  and  add 
to  our  well  being  and  our  wealth  by  filling  up  the  waste  stretches 
of  the  great  expanse  behind  us  ;  they  will  but  follow  in  the 
way  trodden  by  the  immigrants  who  landed  two  hundred  and 
seventy  years  ago  at  Plymouth  Rock,  and  will  work  out  their 
salvation  as  did  their  predecessors  by  making  the  desert  to 
blossom  as  the  rose. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  559 

Note: — Various  movements  for  the  relief  of  the  Russian 
refugees  have  been  organized  independently  from  1882  on  by  the 
Jewish  communities  throughout  the  country  and  especially  in 
the  seabord  cities.  The  renewed  severity  of  the  Russian  perse- 
cutions in  1890  called  forth  a  general  movement  for  the  relief  of 
the  sufferers  which  was  focused  at  a  convention  held  in  Phila- 
delphia, February  16,  1891,  and  which  resulted  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  ' '  Jewish  Alliance  of  America. ' ' 1  This  organization 
was  composed  in  the  main  of  Russian  Jews  already  settled  in 
this  country,  but  the  increasing  demand  on  the  Jewish  people 
by  the  extraordinarily  large  influx  of  the  refugees  during  1891 
necessitated  a  more  general  organization  of  the  measures  for 
their  relief.  To  that  end  the  Trustees  of  the  Baron  de  Hirsch 
Fund  issued  a  call1'  for  a  general  convention  of  representatives 
of  the  Jewish  organizations  throughout  the  country,  which 
accordingly  met  in  New  York  City  on  September  23,  1891. 
This  convention3  resolved  itself  into  ' '  The  American  Committee 
for  Ameliorating  the   Condition  of    Russian  Refugees,"  and 

1  The  officers  of  this  organization  were  as  follows: 
President:  Simon  Muhr,  Philadelphia. 

Vice  Presidents:  Hon.  Ferdinand  Levy,  New  York;  Rev.  Dr.  H.  W. 
Schneeberger,  Baltimore;  Dr.  Chas.  D.  Spivak,  Philadelphia. 

Secretary:  Bernard  Harris,  Philadelphia. 

Treasurer:  Hon.  Simon  Wolf,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Board  of  Directors— Philadelphia :  Louis  E.  Levy,  Chas.  Hoffman, 
Dr.  Solomon  Solis-Cohen  ;  Baltimore :  Jacob  J.  H.  Mitnick,  Joseph 
Eisner,  8.  L.  Auerbach  ;  New  York :  Daniel  P.  Hays,  Dr.  Henry  M. 
Leipziger  ;  Chicago  :  Dr.  A.  P.  Kadison,  A.  Bernstein  ;  Boston  :  David 
Blaustein;  Pittsburg,  Par.  Wm.  Hoffman;  Albany,  N.  Y:  Louis 
Aronowitch  ;  Troy,  N.  Y.:  H.  Kuschevsky  ;  Omaha,  Neb.:  B.  Kohn. 

2  The  call  was  signed  by  the  officers  of  the  Baron  de  Hirsch  Fund  as 
follows: 

President:  Myer  S.  Isaacs. 

Vice  President:  Jacob  H.  Schiff. 

Treasurer:  Jesse  Seligman. 

Honorary  Secretary:  Julius  Goldman. 

Trustees:  Oscar  S.  Straus,  Henry  Rice,  and  James  H.  Hoffman,  of 
New  York;  Mayer  Sulzberger,  and  Win.  B.  Hackenburg,  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

General  Agent:  Adolphus  S.  Solomons,  Washington,  D.  C. 

3  The  convention  was  organized  with  the  following  named  officers: 
President:  Lewis Seasongood,  Cincinnati;  Vice  Presidents:  Lazarus 

Silverman,  Chicago,  Joseph  Fox,  New  York;  Secretaries:  Adolphus 
S.  Solomon,  Washington,  and  Bernard  Harris,  Philadelphia. 


560  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

elected  an  Executive  Committee1  to  carry  out  its  plans.  With 
this  organization  the  Jewish  Alliance  of  America  was  merged 
in  February,  1892,  but  with  the  diminution  of  the  influx  in  the 
course  of  that  year  the  united  organization  devolved  its 
functions  on  a  "  Central  Committee  ' '  composed  of  members  of 
the  American  Committee,  the  Baron  de  Hirsch  Trust  and  the 
United  Hebrew  Charities  of  New  York. 


The  several  organized  movements  above  noted  elicited  earnest 
expressions  of  sympathy  from  many  leading  men  in  our  com- 
munity. A  number  of  these  are  so  pointed  and  revelant  to  our 
present  subject  matter  as  to  dictate  their  citation  in  this 
connection. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  movement  for  the  formation  of  the 
Jewish  Alliance,  CARDINAL  GIBBONS  wrote  as  follows, 
under  date  of  Baltimore,  Dec.  15th,  1890. 

"Every  friend  of  humanity  must  deplore  the  systematic  persecution 
of  the  Jews  in  Russia. 

"For  my  part,  I  cannot  well  conceive  how  Christians  can  entertain 
other  than  kind  sentiments  towards  the  Hebrew  race,  when  I  consider 
how  much  we  are  indebted  to  them.  We  have  from  them  the  in- 
spired volume  of  the  Old  Testament,  which  has  been  a  consolation 
in  all  ages  to  devout  souls.  Christ,  our  Lord,  the  Founder  of  our 
religion,  His  blessed  mother,  as  well  as  the  Apostles,  were  all  Jews 


1  The  Executive  Committee  thus  elected,  in  addition  to  the  general 
officers,  was  composed  of  representatives  of  various  organizations  in 
different  sections  of  the  country,  as  follows: 

New  York:  Henry  Rice,  Julius  Bien,  Jacob  H.  Schiff,  Morris 
Tuska,  Ferdinand  Levy,  Isaac  Hamburger,  M.  Warley  Platzek; 
Philadelphia :  Simon  Muhr,  Louis  E.  Levy ;  Baltimore :  Aaron 
Friedenwald;  Boston:  Jacob  Hecht;  Cincinnati:  Julius  Freiburg; 
Chicago:  Adolph  Loeb,  Julius  Rosenthal;  Peoria,  III.:  Samuel 
Woolner;  Washington,  D.  C:  Simon  Wolf;  Milwaukee:  Bernard 
Gross;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  Marcus  Bernheimer;  Portland,  Or.:  David 
Solis-Cohen;  Detroit,  Mich.:  Martin  Butzel;  Minneapolis,  Minn.: 
Emanuel  Cohen;  Atlanta,  Oa.:  Aaron  Haas;  Galveston,  Tex.: 
Leo.  N.  Levi;  Memphis,  Tenn.:  Elias  Loewenstein;  Ex-Officio,  Myer 
S.  Isaacs,  New  York. 

The  Committee  organized  by  electing  as  Chairman,  M.  Warley 
Platzek,  of  New  York,  and  as  Vice  Chairman,  Julius  Freiburg,  of 
Cincinnati,  the  Secretaries  of  the  General  Committee  acting  in  the 
same  capacity  on  the  Executive  Committee. 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  561 

according  to  the  flesh.    These  facts  attach  me  strongly  to  the  Jewish 
race  " 

The  call  for  the  convention  which  resulted  in  the  organization 
of  the  American  Committee  for  Ameliorating  the  Condition  of 
Russian  Refugees,  elicited  the  following  letter  from  Judge 
DILLON  to  Mr.  Seligman  : 

Dear  Sir:  Coming  to  this  place  (Saratoga)  on  the  train  from  New 
York,  I  saw  in  the  Evening  Post  a  statement  that  prominent  Hebrews 
in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  have  been  invited  by  the  Trustees  of 
the  Baron  de  Hirsh  fund  to  meet  in  this  city  on  Wednesday,  Septem- 
ber 23rd  in  the  building  of  the  Hebrew  Educational  Alliance  at  East 
Broadway  and  Jefferson  streets,  for  the  purpose  of  co-operating  in  the 
formation  of  an  American  Relief  Committee  to  make  the  best  possible 
disposition  of  the  exiled  Russian  Jews  coming  to  this  country. 

The  persecution  of  your  people  with  mediaeval  cruelty,  whereby 
they  are  exiled  without  cause,  suddenly  and  en  masse,  with  all  the 
multiplied  and  nameless  hardships  and  sufferings  which  must 
necessarily  attend  such  an  exodus,  from  a  country  in  which  they  had 
lived  for  generations  and  had  the  right  to  peacefully  remain,  has 
awakened  among  all  right-thinking  persons  sympathy  for  the  victims 
and  indignation  against  their  oppressors.  This  is  not  a  matter  that 
appeals  alone  to  the  people  of  your  race.  It  appeals  to  every  man 
with  a  heart  of  flesh  in  his  bosom.  There  remains  no  longer  any  place 
for  prejudice  or  selfishness.  Reports  are  made  that  some  Jewish 
refugees  have  already  been  sent  back  from  this  country  for  fear  that 
they  may  become  a  public  charge.  This  must  not  be.  Without 
shame  wre  cannot  remain  idle  and  cold  spectators  and  see  this  done 
under  our  very  eyes.  Ever  since  the  establishment  of  our  nation,  it 
has  been  its  just  boast  that  it  was  the  asylum  of  the  toiling  and 
oppressed  people  of  all  other  countries,  who  in  good  faith  sought  our 
shores  with  a  view  of  permanent  residence  and  citizenship.  I  am  not 
criticising  necessary  or  provident  defensive  modification  of  this 
policy,  but  the  former  considerations  have  a  rightful  application  to 
your  fugitive  people,  who  in  their  necessity  come  from  preference  to 
this  land  of  freedom  to  find  and  make  themselves  homes. 

I  would  as  soon  shut  my  door  against  a  benighted  wanderer  seeking 
refuge  from  the  merciless  blizzard  as  to  shut  our  national  ports  against 
those  of  your  people,  who,  stricken  like  wild  beasts,  are  driven  here 
in  the  stress  of  the  raging  storm  which  threatens  their  destruction. 
Let  us  receive  them  with  welcome  and  hospitality.  Let  us  show  to 
the  nations  of  the  world  that  there  is  one  spot  on  God's  earth  where 
these  unfortunate  exiles  may  rest  their  tired  feet,  set  up  again  their 
household  goods,  reconstruct  their  ruined  homes  and  worship  in  peace 
the  God  of  their  fathers. 

I  notice  in  the  article  referred  to  that  it  is  proposed  "to  appeal  to 

36 


562  THE  AMERICAN  JEW  AS 

the  Jews  of  the  United  States  to  unite  in  a  co-operative  plan  to  rind 
homes  and  employment  for  Russian  immigrants."  I  beg  to  suggest 
that  this  concerns  not  your  people  alone.  It  quite  as  deeply  concerns 
the  good  name  of  the  American  people  to  see  that  no  refugee  shall  be 
returned  for  poverty,  or  for  any  cause,  save  for  crime,  or  shall  be 
allowed  to  suffer  until  he  can  find  work. 

I  do  not  rest  these  sentiments  upon  the  unfeigned  respect  I  feel  for 
the  immemorial  traditions  and  glorious  history  of  your  people,  who 
in  theology,  ethics,  philosophy,  arts,  literature,  jurisprudence  and 
legislation  have  either  led  the  thought  of  the  world  or  kept  abreast 
with  it.  I  prefer  to  rest  them  upon  the  broader,  higher  and  truer 
ground,  that  these  exiles  are  men,  with  all  the  inprescriptable  rights 
that  belong  to  men  because  they  are  men,  irrespective  of  religion, 
race  or  nationality,  rights  which  governments  do  not  create  or  confer, 
so  they  cannot  rightfully  deny  or  destroy.  I  enclose  my  check  for 
the  cause  (would  it  were  more),  and  in  doing  so,  I  could  not  refrain, 
before  resting  my  head  upon  my  pillow,  to  thus  state  the  reasons  why 
I  did  it. 

With  great  respect,  I  am  as  ever, 

Very  truly  yours, 

John  F.  Dillon. 

To  Jesse  Seligman,  Esq. 


On  the  same  occasion  as  that  noted  above,  Hon.  CHAUNCEY 
M.  DEPHW  expressed  himself  as  follows: 

"We  behold  to-day  in  Russia  with  horror  the  amazing  spectacle  in 
the  nineteenth  century  of  the  whole  power  of  the  government 
brought  to  bear  upon  three  millions  of  Hebrews  to  treat  them  as 
aliens  and  enemies.  They  have  been  for  three  hundred  years  the 
subjects  and  the  citizens  of  the  Russian  Empire,  and  yet  the  whole 
power  of  the  state,  of  its  army,  of  its  civil  force,  is  brought  to  bear  to 
deprive  them  of  the  opportunities  of  employment  and  to  refuse  them, 
except  within  certain  limits,  the  right  to  live  in  the  country  where 
their  ancestors  have  lived  for  ten  to  twenty  generations.  It  is  because 
monarchical  institutions,  autocratic  institutions,  class  institutions  do 
not  possess  the  power  of  assimilation  and  of  homogeneity. 

"  In  the  past  fifty  years,  fifteen  millions  of  people  have  come  to 
this  country  from  abroad.  They  belonged  to  every  race,  they  spoke 
every  language  but  our  own.  They  worshipped  in  every  form,  under 
every  symbol  and  in  every  creed.  But  American  liberty  solved  the 
problem.  These  people  did  not  know  about  our  institutions,  or 
understand  them.  They  had  been  taught  to  believe  that  liberty  was 
license,  and  yet  the  solvent  power  of  American  liberty  made  them 
citizens  and  gave  to  the  immigrants  of  a  few  years  ago,  the  same 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  563 

rights  before  the  law  and  in  making  the  law  that  is  possessed  by  the 
descendants  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers.  These  fifteen  millions  of  people, 
under  the  operation  of  this  glorious  principle,  have  become  bone  of 
our  bone,  flesh  of  our  flesh.  They  have  aided  in  the  development  of 
the  country;  they  have  assisted  in  increasing  its  wealth,  its  power 
and  its  glory,  and  have  marched  with  equal  step  and  equal  love 
under  the  old  flag  for  the  preservation  of  the  glorious  Republic  which 
had  made  them  free." 

Following  is  an  extract  from  a  letter  written  to  Hon.  Simon 
Wolf  by  Father  Sylvester  Malone,  of  St.  Peter  and  Paul  Church, 
Brooklyn : 

I  have  listened  to  St.  Patrick's  Day  discussions  in  time  past  in 
which  your  co-religionists  were  likened  to  the  Irish.  Both  suffered 
because  of  their  holding  with  such  tenacity  to  what  was  their  belief. 
This  was  true  in  the  case  of  the  Hebrew  in  his  own  native  land  and 
in  every  other  land  whither  tyranny  forced  him  to  emigrate.  The 
Irish  have  been  the  victims  of  cruel  persecution  in  their  own  native 
laud.  Here,  however,  they  are  free,  and  are  always  successful  when 
they  do  not  by  some  fault  of  their  own  mar  their  best  hopes  of  success. 
The  Jewish  people  too  have  had  great  success  in  America,  but  the 
later  emigration,  directly  from  Russia,  has  not  been  acceptable  to 
many  of  our  citizens.  They  have  run  the  gauntlet,  as  my  countrymen 
had  to  do  some  fifty  years  ago.  They  must  learn  wisdom  and 
patience." 

As  an  instructive  conclusion  to  our  present  subject  we  add 
the  following  extract  from  the  New  York  Sun  of  September 
ist,  1894.     It  needs  no  further  comment: 

"  In  the  Jews,  Judaism  is  deeply  ingrained.  As  many  as  10,000  or 
12,000  of  the  Jewish  tailors  of  this  city  were  on  a  strike  for  higher 
wages  all  last  week  ;  and  day  after  day  they  loitered  in  the  streets,  or 
congregated  in  their  hall,  or  sat  down  any  where  to  talk  in  their 
jargon.  But  upon  the  forenoon  of  Saturday  last  the  strikers,  who  had 
been  highly  excited  the  day  before,  were  not  to  be  found  at  their 
usual  places  of  rendezvous.  Nearly  all  of  them  had  gone  to  their 
synagogues.  They  were  engaged  in  Divine  worship.  They  were  at 
prayer.  They  were  listening  to  the  voice  of  the  rabbi.  They  were 
following  a  custom  established  by  Moses,  and  kept  up  through  all  the 
ages  ever  since  his  time.  In  the  hundreds  of  garrets,  rear  halls, 
and  rickety  old  edifices  which  are  used  as  synagogues  in  what  is 
called  the  "ghetto,"  on  the  east  side  of  New  York,  the  Jews  on  strike 
celebrated  the  everlasting  name  of  "Jahveh  "  last  Saturday  forenoon, 
the  holy  Sabbath. 

"This  is  Judaism  in  New  York  and  the  world  over. 

II  Lots  of  workingmen,  who  are  called  Christians,  go  on  a  strike  from 


564  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

time  to  time,  but  who  is  there  that  ever  heard  of  any  body  of  strikers 
other  than  Jews,  giving  heed  to  the  ceremonies  of  their  religion 
during  the  heat  of  a  strike  ?  We  are  told  that  nearly  all  of  these  Jew- 
ish strikers  are  orthodox,  and  all  wore  their  hats  in  the  synagogues. 
Many  of  them,  we  are  assured,  are  familiar  with  the  Torah  and  the 
Talmud,  and  can  quote  Ben  Ezra  and  Maimonides 

"Judaism  is  in  the  bones  of  the  Jews,  and  of  all  Jews,  from  the 
equator  to  the  poles. 

11  Was  there  ever  any  crowd  of  Presbyterian  strikers,  or  of  Baptist, 
Methodist,  or  Unitarian  strikers,  or  of  Roman  Catholic  strikers,  who 
made  it  their  business  to  go  to  church  in  a  body,  for  the  purpose  of 
engaging  in  worship  and  prayer,  during  a  strike?  Let  us  ask  Rev. 
Dr.  John  Hall,  or  Bishop  Simpson,  or  that  learned  and  mirthful 
priest,  Father  Flattery,  not  to  speak  of  the  eminent  Dominican,  Father 
O'Neil,  or  our  three  Universalist  preachers. 

"  The  Jews  of  New  York,  like  the  Jews  of  all  the  rest  of  the  world, 
believe  in  Judaism,  and  are  rooted  and  grounded  in  it. 

"  Oh,  that  we  couldfsay  that  the  people  who  call  themselves  Chris- 
tians believe  in  Christianity  and  practise  it,  either  at  work  or  when 
on  strike !" 


PATRIOT,  SOLDIER  AND  CITIZEN.  565 


CONCLUSION. 

The   project   of   the   present    volume   had    contemplated    a 
lesser  number  of  pages  than  it  now  includes,  but  it  has  been 
restricted  to  its  present  bounds  only  by  eliminating  much  that 
was  germane  to  its  subject.    The  grand  fabric  of  Jewish  charity, 
whose  broad  expanse  extends  throughout  the  land,  compassing 
every  element  of  society,  responsive  to  every  call  of  humanity, 
expressive  of  every  trait  of  civilization  and  conducive  to  every 
avenue  of  culture,  has  been  adverted  to  but  incidentally.     In 
the  field  of   philanthropic  effort   the   Jewish   citizens  of  the 
American  Union  may  unhesitatingly  claim  to  have  built  for 
themselves  monuments  more  numerous  and  larger  by  far  than 
their  proportionate   share;    in  this  field  the  historic  spirit  of 
Judaism  continues  even  increasingly  to  manifest  itself.     In  this 
field  and  in  this  alone  the  Jewish  spirit  has  been  materialistic. 
Its  forces  have  been  directed  not  to  saving  souls  by  a  change 
of  creed,  but  by  bettering  the  conditions  of  human  existence. 
The  great  ideals  of  Judaism,  the  universal  fatherhood  of  God, 
the  universal  brotherhood  of  men,  and  the  direct  responsibility 
of  every  human  being  to  the  Maker  of  all,  have  steadfastly 
been  upheld,  but  its  forces  have  not  been  exerted  in  striving 
to  make  good  the  seeming  shortcomings  of  the  Divine  nature, 
but    in  striving  to  make  good    the   essential  shortcomings  of 
our  human  nature,    by  alleviating  the  distresses  arising  from 
the  constitution  of  society  and  by  lessening  the  sufferings  that 
are  inevitably  incident  to  the  conditions  of  life.    To  this  end  the 
American  Jewish  citizens  have  organized  a  widely  diversified 
system  of  relief  for  the  sick  and  the  needy,  and  while  so  doing 
have  not  restricted  their  efforts  within  denominational  bounds, 
but  have  opened  their  doors  and  stretched  out  their  hands  to  all 
humanity.     Not  alone,  however,  in  dealing  with  conditions  that 
are  inseparable  from  the  social  system,  but  furthermore  in  deal- 
ing with  such  as  are  removable,  in  educating  and  lifting  up  those 
of  the  community  who  are  in  need  of  fostering  care,  in  further- 
ing the  spread  of  intelligence  and  in  raising  the  standard  of 


566  THE  AMERICAN  JE  W  AS 

citizenship,  the  Jewish  people  have  been  unceasingly  active,  and 
especially  so  in  free  America,  where,  as  the  foregoing  pages  have, 
recorded,  they  have  stood  from  the  very  beginning  "  shoulder 
to  shoulder"  with  their  fellow  citizens  of  every  creed,  in  every 
movement  that  has  made  for  freedom  and  for  liberty,  for 
culture  and  for  charity.  And  well  they  might.  To  no  others 
of  the  Old  World  denizens  was  the  New  World  more  com- 
pletely new;  for  no  other  people  has  the  promise  of  the  Colum- 
bian epoch  been  more  completely  fulfilled  than  for  the  Jews. 

And,  therefore,  more  especially  while  the  closing  years  of  the 
nineteenth  century  have  seen  its  brilliant  promise  darkened  by 
a  broad  shadow  of  the  Middle  Ages;  while  the  ghastly  tragedy 
that  marked  in  Spain  the  opening  year  of  American  discovery 
is  being  rehearsed  in  Russia  with  all  the  effects  of  modern 
aggrandizement,  we  may  not  better  close  this  book  than  with 
the  grand  apostrophe  of  the  Columbian  year  that  has  been  left 
us  by  the  Jewish  poetess,  Emma  I^azarus: 

Thou,  two-faced  year,  mother  of  Change  and  Fate, 
Didst  weep  when  Spain  cast  forth  with  flaming  sword 
The  children  of  the  prophets  of  the  Lord. 
Prince,  priest  and  people  spurned  by  zealot  hate, 
Hounded  from  sea  to  sea,  from  state  to  state, 
The  West  refused  them  and  the  East  abhorred, 
No  anchorage  the  known  world  could  afford, 
Close  locked  was  every  port,  barred  every  gate. 
Then  smiling,  thou  unveil'dst,  O  two-faced  year, 
A  virgin  world  where  doors  of  sunset  part, 
Saying,  '  Ho,  all  who  weary,  enter  here  ! 
Here  falls  each  ancient  barrier  that  the  art 
Of  race  or  creed  or  rank  devised,  to  rear 
Grim-bulwarked  hatred  between  heart  and  heart.' 


INDEX. 


Aboab,  Ishac,  de  Fonseca,  446,  450,  451,  452,  453,  454 

Abraham,  Lewis,  two  papers  by,  53-66 

Accoignes,  Moise,  447 

Adams,  Charles  Francis,  91-96 

Adams,  Hannah,  referred  to,  462  (note  51) 

Adams,  Professor  Herbert  B.,  paper  by,  14-26 

Adams,  John,  61 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  64 

Addenda  to  Lists  of  Soldiers,  423 

Adler,  Dr.  Cyrus,  referred  to,  475  (note  78) 

Adler,  Rabbi  Liebman,  425 

Aguilar,  Moses  Raphael  de,  446,  453,  454 

Ains worth,  Colonel  F.  C,  referred  to,  11 

Alabama,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  117-122 

Alexander  I,  of  Russia,  533 

Alexander  II,  of  Russia,  528,  530,  535,  539,  540 

Alexander  III,  of  Russia,  519,  543 

Alliance,  Jewish,  of  America,  559,  560 

American  Committee  for  Ameliorating  the  Condition  of  Russian 

Refugees,  559,  560 
American  Party,  552,  553 
Antokolski,  Russian  sculptor,  536 
Appel,  Alexander  M.,  Sergeant  Major,  187 
Appleton,  William,  63 
Arias,  Isaac,  465 

Arkansas,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  123-124 
Argentina,  Emigration  to,  538,  550 

Baltimore  Jewish  Patriots,  38-40 

Bamberger,  Dr.  Ludwig,  536 

Barrios,  Don  Miguel  Levi  de,  449,  455,  456 

Beaulieu,  M.  Anatole  Leroy,  quoted,  515-522 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  quoted,  439 

Belmonte,  Benvenida,  464 

Benedix,  Robert,  quoted,  510-511 

Benjamin,  Judah  P.,  102 

Berndt,  Dr.  J.  D.,  440-441 

Bismarck,  Otto  von,  quoted,  503 


568  INDEX. 

Blaine,  James  G.,  letter  to  John  W.  Foster,  on  rights  of  American 

Israelites  in  Russia,  525-527 
Bliss,  Cornelius  N.,  quoted,  439 
Bloom,  Nathan.  429 

Blumenberg,  Leopold,  Brevet  Brigadier-General,  199-200 
Brackenridge,  H.  M.,  quoted,  67  (note) 
Brewster,  Hon.  F.  Carroll,  quoted,  506 
Brito,  Abraham  de,  465 
Bromet,  H.  L.,  460 
Brothers-in  arms,  109-111 

Cohen  (6),  North  Carolina,  109 

Jonas  (5),  Mississippi  and  Illinois,  109 

Moses  (5),  South  Carolina,  109 

Moses  (4),  Georgia,  110 

Cohen  (3),  Arkansas,  110 

Goldsmith  (3),  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  110 

Levy  (3),  Virginia,  110 

Moses  (3),  Alabama,  110 

Wenk  (5),  New  York,  111 

Feder  (3),  New  York,  111 

Levy  (4),  New  York,  111 

Emanuel  (3),  Pennsylvania,  111 

Koch  (3),  Ohio,  111 
Bryant,  William  Cullen,  quoted,  509-510 
Bunker  Hill  Monument,  63-64 
Bush,  Isidor,  429 
Bush,  Mathias,  13 

California,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  125-126 

Carey,  Henry  C,  quoted,  554-556 

Carmoly,  Dr.  E.,  refered  to,  456  (note  34),  quoted,  460  (note  47) 

Carvalho,  Isaac,  467 

Carvalho,  Sebastian,  447 

Castanho,  Isaac,  450 

Catharine  II,  of  Russia,  526,  527 

Chase,  Miss  Kate,  89 

Chase,  Hon.  Salmon  P.,  89,  97 

Chittenden,  L.  E.,  87,  90,  article  by,  91-97 

Civil  Life,  Jewish  Patriotism  in,  425-441 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  16 

Coen,  Abraham,  449,  451 

Coen,  Jacob,  449 

Cohen,  Abraham,  Captaiu,  244-245 

Cohen,  Benjamin,  44 

Cohen,  Dr.  Marx  E.,  374 

Cohen,  Brothers  (six),  374 

Cohn,  Abraham,  Adjutant,  106  (medal  of  honor);  224-226. 


INDEX.  569 

Colonies,  Jewish  Agricultural ;  in  America,  549;  in  Argentina,  550;  in 

Palestine,  549;  in  Russia,  533 
Colonization,  the  Jewish,  Association,  550 

Commission  to  investigate  condition  of  affairs  in  Russia,  524-525 
Connecticut,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  127 
Confederate  Army,  Jewish  Staff  Officers  in  the,  114-115 
Confederate  Navy,  Jewish  Officers  in  the,  116 
Continental  Armies,  Jewish  Soldiers  in  the,  44-52 
Cooper,  General,  103 
Cordoso,  Daniel,  482 
Coronel,  David  Senior,  450 
Costa,  Isaac  de,  referred  to,  449,  451  (note  20),  452  (note  21),  453  (note 

25),  458  (note  42),  460  (note  46),  461  (note  50) 
Cullum,  General  George  W.,  referred  to,  35 
Cummings,  Representative  Amos  J.,  introduces  a  resolution  about 

the  Jews  in  Russia,  543 
Curtis,  George  William,  quoted,  506-508 

Daly,  Hon.  Charles  P.,  referred  to,  33,  41,  444  (note),  446  (note) 

D 'Angers,  David,  62 

Daniels,  A.  C,  referred  to,  430  (note) 

Davidson,  Solomon,  125 

Davis,  Jefferson,  93 

Davis,  Ex-Judge  Noah,  quoted,  436—437 

De  Candolle,  Alphonse  L.  P.  Pyrame,  quoted,  490-491 

Depew,  Hon.  Chauncey  M.,  quoted  on  Russian  Jews,  562-563 

Dexter,  Franklin,  64 

Dillon,  Hon.  John  F.,  letter  on  Russian  Jews,  561-562 

District  of  Columbia,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  128 

Dyer,  Isidor,  440 

Ebron,  David,  Letter  to  Philip  II,  473-476 

Einhorn,  Dr.  David,  425 

Einstein,  Max,  Colonel,  349-350 

Eliot,  George,  quoted,  499-500 

Etting,  Solomon,  44,  67 

Europe,  Jews  in  the  Armies  of,  485-487 

Everett,  Edward,  64 

Field,  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  M.,  quoted,  494-498 

Fish,  Hamilton,  Secretary  of  State,  letter  by  him  to  Consul  General 

Peixotto,  of  Roumania,  542-543 
Florida,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  128 
Forsyth,  John,  Secretary  of  State,  letter  by  him  to  David  Porter, 

Minister  to  Turkey,  on  outrages  on  the  Jews,  541 
Frank,  Mayer,  Captain,  141 
Frankel,  Dr.  Zachariah,  referred  to,  447  (note  9),  449  (note  13),  451 

(note  20),  456  (note  36),  462  (note  51) 


570  INDEX. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  30,  65 

Franks,  David,  13 

Franks,  David  8.,  15,  27-32 

Franks,  Rebecca,  27 

Frederic,  Harold,  referred  to,  525 

Frederick  III,  of  Germany,  535 

Friedenwald,  Dr.  Herbert,  referred  to,  25,  27,  30 

Friedbeim,  Herman,  191 

Friedman,  Max,  Colonel,  351 

Fnerst,  Dr.  Julius  456  (note  34) 

Gans,  Isaac  (medal  of  bonor),  107 

Garfield,  President  James  Abram,  429 

Georgia,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  129-135 

Gibbons,  Cardinal,  about  the  Russian  Jews,  560 

Goldsmid,  Sir  Francis  H.,  referred  to,  483 

Goldsmith,  M.,  103,  104 

Gordon,  General  J.  B.,  referred  to,  11 

Gradis  Family,  enterprise  and  influence  of,  in  the  West  Indies  and 

during  the  Canadian  Wars,  476-482 
Grant,  General  U.  S.,  referred  to,  6,  429,  430; 

official  paper  by,  542 
Graetz,  Professor  Dr.  H.,  quoted,  447,  451,  452,  477  (notes  79  and  80), 

480  (notes  81  and  82) 
Gratz,  Barnard,  13 
Gratz,  Michael,  13 
Greenebaum,  Henry,  425 
Greenebaum,  Michael,  425-426 

Greenhut,  Joseph  B.,  Captain,  sketch  of  and  address  by,  143-149 
Gregoire,  Abbe,  482 

Gross,  Charles,  Ph.D.,  referred  to,  442  (note) 
Grunwalt,  Abraham  (medal  of  honor),  107 

Hackenburg,  William  B.,  referred  to,  6 

Hahn,  Dr.  A.,  referred  to,  449  (note  13),  450,  452,  453  (note  25),  461 

(note  50),  466  (note  59) 
Hancock,  John,  63 
Harby,  Isaac,  67 
Harper,  E.  B.,  quoted,  438 

Hart,  Abraham,  Captain  and  Brigade  Adjutant-General,  354-355 
Hart,  Isaac,  33-34 
Hart,  Jacob,  38 
Heilpriu,  Michael,  425 
Heller,  Henry  (medal  of  honor),  106 
Hendricks,  Herman,  35 
Herrera,  Abraham  Cohen,  450 
Hewitt,  Hon.  Abram  S.,  quoted,  438,  505-506 


INDEX.  571 

Hirsch,  Baron  Maurice  de,  535,  549 

Hirsch,  Baron  de,  Trust,  in  the  United  States,  559 

Historical  Society,  American  Jewish,  referred  to  430  (note) 

Hollander,  Dr.  J.  H.,  annotations  by,  14-26 

Horwitz,  Dr.  James,  425 

Howe,  General  William,  41,  46 

Humboldt,  Alexander  Von,  quoted,  490 

Hyacinthe,  Pere,  quoted,  492-493 

Hyneman,  Elias  Leon,  Sergeant,  sketch  of,  356-357 

Illinois,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  136-171 

Immigration,  Historical  and  Economic  Aspects  of,  544-564 ;  from 
British  Isles,  557;  Chinese,  551-552;  German,  548,  557;  Polish,  547: 
Report  of  Commissioners  on,  524,  529  ;  Sephardic-Jewish,  548  ; 
Slavic-Jewish,  519,  548 

Indiana.  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  172-186 

Iowa,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  187 

Isaacs,  Rev.  Samuel  M.,  425 

Jacobs,  Benjamin,  26 

Jacobs,  Joseph,  13 

Jamaica,  Civil  and  Military  Status  of  the  Jews  in,  482-484 

Jamaica,  List  of  Jews  appointed  to  Civil  and  Military  office  since  the 

Act  of  1831  in,  483-484 
James,  Thomas  L.,  ex-Postmaster  General,  quoted,  435-436 
Jastrow,  Professor  Morris,  Jr.,  referred  to,  27 
Jay,  John,  30 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  59-60  ;  statute  of,  62-63,  65 
Joachimsen,  Philip  J.,  Brevet-Brigidier-General,  262-263 
Josephsen,  Manuel,  58 
Jost,  Dr.  I.  M.,  referred  to,  453 
Judah,  Samuel,  34 

Kansas,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  188 

Karpeles,  Leopold,  Color-Sergeant,  106  (medal  of  honor),  204-206 

Kayserling,  Dr.  M.,  referred  to,  442,  446  (note),  449  (note  14),  450  (note 
17),  451  (note  20),  453  (note  24),  454  (note  26),  455  (notes  28  and  32), 
457  (note  42),  459  (note  44),  461  (note  49),  462  (note  52),  463  (notes  53 
and  54),  464  (note  55),  465  (Dote  56),  466  (note  58),  467  (note  60),  468 
(note  61),  473  (note  75),  474  (note  77) 

Kentucky,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  188-189 

Knefler,  Frederick,  Brigadier-General,  179 

Know-Nothing  Party,  552,  553,  557 

Koenen,  H.  J.,  referred  to,  443  (note),  444  (note),  462,  453  (note  24), 
454  (notes  26  and  27),  455  (notes  28  and  31),  456,  457  (notes  37,  38,  39, 
40,  and  41),  458  (note  43),  460  (note  46),  462  (note  52),  463  (note  53), 
464  (notes  55  and  56),  465  (note  58),  467  (note  60),  468  (note  61),  469 
(note  64),  470  (notes  65  and  67),  471  (notes  68  and  69),  483  (note  84) 


572  INDEX. 

Kohler,  Max  J.,  referred  to,  11  ;  article  by,  27-43,  480  (note) 

Kohn,  Abraham,  427-428 

Kohut,  Dr.  Adolph,  quoted,  486  (note) 

Kohut,  George  A.,  referred  to,  11,  442  ;  article  by,  443-484 

Kosciuszko,  General,  16,  547 

Kossuth,  Louis,  485,  486 

Labatt,  David  Cohen,  Captain,  195 

La  Fatte,  Gabriel  de,  469 

Lafayette,  General  de,  38,  39 

Laguna,  Daniel  Israel  Lopez,  referred  to,  464  (note  55) 

Lasalle,  Ferdinand,  536 

Lasker,  Eduard,  536 

Latin- American  Settlements,  Jews  in,  442 

Lawrence  Amos,  63,  64 

Lazarus,  Emma,  her  poem,  "  1492"  cited,  566 

Leeser,  Rev.  Isaac,  article  quoted,  40,  485-486  (note) 

Le  Monde,  quoted,  492-494 

Levi,  Leo  N.,  100 

Levis,  Chevalier  de,  32-33 

Levy,  Benjamin,  13-26 

Levy,  Benjamin,  270-271 

Levy,  Benjamin  B.  (medal  of  honor),  106 

Levy,  Eugene  H.,  referred  to,  11 

Levy,  Hayman,  34 

Levy,  Hyman,  Jr.,  13 

Levy,  Samson,  13 

Levy,  Uriah  Phillips,  Commander,  62,  63,  81,  84 

Levy,  father  and  three  sons,  sketches,  275-276 

Lichtenstein,  L.,  referred  to,  11 

Lincoln,  President  Abraham,  87,  107,  427,  429 

Lopez,  Aaron,  33 

Louisiana,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  190-199 

Loyalty,  Sketches  ef  Jewish,  etc.,  443-484 

Luria,  Albert  (Moses),  Lieutenant,  303 

Lyon,  General,  referred  to,  7 

Lyon,  Samuel,  26 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  quoted,  500-502 

Mack,  Henry,  429 

Madison,  President  James,  17,  18  (note),  25,  60 

Maine,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  199 

Malone,  Rev.  Sylvester,  letter  on  Russian  Jews,  563 

Marion,  General,  26 

Markens,  Isaac,  referred  to,  11,  39,  430  (note) 

Marquand,  Henry  G.,  quoted,  438 


INDEX.  573 

Maryland,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  199-200 

Massachusetts,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  201-209 

Maurice  of  Nassau,  Count,  445,  448,  449  (note  15)  451 

Mayer,  Daniel,  Captain,  letter  to,  395 

Mayer,  Leopold,  425 

Mayer,  William,  General,  284 

McDougall,  General,  16 

McKinley,  Governor  William,  quoted,  427-428 

Medals  of  Honor,  Jews  who  received,  106-108 

Menken,  Nathan  D.,  Captain,  364* 

Mercado,  Dr.  Abraham  de,  450 

Mexican  War,  Jewish  Soldiers  in  the,  72-75 

Michelbacher,  Rev.  M.,  102,  103 

Michigan,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  209-214 

Mississippi,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  214-220 

Missouri,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from.  220-223 

Mohammedan  Outrages  on  the  Jews,  541 

Montefiore,  Sir  Moses,  534,  549 

Morais,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Sabato,  425 

Morais,  Henry  S.,  referred  to,  11,  20,  (note  6),  430  (note) 

Mordecai,  Alfred,  Major,  78-79 

Mordecai,  Alfred,  Jr.,  Colonel,  79 

Mordecai,  Moses,  13 

Morris,  Robert,  17,  22,  30,  38 

Morton,  Governor  Marcus,  64 

Morwitz,  Dr.  Edward,  425 

Moses,  Isaac,  26 

Moses,  Isaac,  Adjutant-General,  279 

Moses,  Israel,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  74,  281 

Moses,  Jacob,  34 

Moses,  Five  Brothers,  378 

Mucate,  Jahacob,  450 

Muhr,  Simon,  441 

Myers,  Rev.  E.  M.,  referred  to,  453,  469  (note  63) 

Myers,  Isaac,  44 

Myers,  Jacob,  34 

Myers,  Nathan,  35 

Naar,  Moses,  468,  469 
Napoleon  III,  88 

Nassy,  David,  454,  463,  465,  466,  468 
Nassy,  Isaac,  469 
Nassy,  Samuel,  454-459 
Nations,  Israel  Among  the,  515-522 
Navy,  Jews  in  the  United  States,  81-86 

Negro  Revolts,  Suppression  of,  by  the  Jews  of  Surinam  (1690-1772), 
462-473 


574  INDEX. 

Netscher,  Pieter  Marinus,  444  (note  2),  445  (note  4),  446  (note  5),  447,  448 

Nevada,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  224 

New  Hampshire,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  224-226 

New  Jersey,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  226-236 

Newman,  Leopold,  Lieutenant-Colonel  and  Brigadier-General,  285 

New  Mexico,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  236 

New  York,  Jewish  Patriots,  34-35,  38 

New  York,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  236-301 

Nicholas  I,  of  Russia,  533,  540 

Nicholas  II,  of  Russia,  519 

Noah,  Manuel  Mordecai,  26,  35 

Noah,  Mordecai  M.,  14,  59,  60 

Noah,  Samuel,  35-38 

Non-Importation  Resolutions,  Signers  of,  13 

North  Carolina,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  301-305 

Obkanski,  David  (medal  of  honor),  106 

Official  dispatch  of  Ambassador  White  to  Secretary  of  State,  Gresham, 

527-540 
Ohio,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  305-344 
Osterman,  Rosanna,  440 

Pale,  the  Russian-Jewish,  523,  528,  548,  550 

Palmer,  John  \V.,  referred  to,  39 

Patriots  aided  by  Hyam  Solomon,  17 

Peixotto,  Hon.  Benjamin  Franklin,  428,  542 

Pennsylvania,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  344-372 

People,  The  Jewish,  before  the  World,  488-522 

Pereira,  Manuel,  465 

Peter  the  Great,  539 

Phillips,  Miss  Ellen,  440 

Phillips,  Henry  M.,  440 

Phillips,  Jonas,  34 

Pinto,  Isaac,  452 

Polack,  Cushman,  41 

Porter,  General  Horace,  437 

Powderly,  Terrence  V.,  quoted,  511-512 

Preble,  Rear  Admiral  George  Henry,  quoted,  426-427 

Pulaski,  General,  15,  547 

Question,  The  Jewish,  quotation,  512-514 

Rabbi,  Jacob,  448 

Randolph,  Edmund,  18  (note) 

Reese,  Michael,  440 

Regular  Army,  Jews  in  the  United  States,  76-80 

Religious  Liberty,  Statue,  65-66 

Rhode  Island,  a  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  372 


INDEX.  575 

Rosecrans,  General,  referred  to,  7 

Rothschild,  Baron  Edmond  de,  549 

Rothschild,  Baron  James  de,  534 

Rothschild,  Baron  Nathan  de,  534 

Roumania's  Oppression  of  the  Jews,  542 

Rudelson,  S.  J.,  referred  to,  472 

Russia,  Instances  of  foreign  Jews  who  were  maltreated  in,  or  expelled 

from,  525,  526,  529,  530,  531 
Russia's  Crime  Against  the  Jews  and  Civilization,  523-543 
Russian  Jewish  Refugees  in  America,  544-564 

Sachs,  Max,  Lieutenant,  184 

Salomon,  Edward  S.,  Brigadier-General,  a  Sketch,  etc.,  164-170,  425 

Salomon,  Haym,  13,  14-26,  39,  43,  87,  439,  547 

Salomon,  Haym  M.,  15,  20  (note),  21  (note),  23,  24,  25,  39 

Sarfati,  Joshua,  453 

Schurz,  Hon.  Carl,  quoted,  165,  430-435,  439,  503-505 

Scott,  General  Win  field,  36 

Seddon,  Mr.,  103 

Seixas,  David  G.,  71 

Seixas,  Isaac,  34 

Seixas,  Moses,  56 

Seligman,  Jesse,  tributes  to,  430-439 

Seligman,  Joseph,  430 

Seligman,  Professor,  537 

Sheftall,  Levi,  54 

Sheftall,  Mordecai,  40-43 

Sheftall,  Sheftall,  41 

Sherman,  General,  William  T.,  referred  to,  6 

Sigel,  General  Franz,  487 

Snowberger,  Albert  Leopold,  a  sketch,  etc.,  369 

Sola,  Rev.  Meldola  de,  27 

Soldiers  named  in  Introduction,  2-5 

Solomons,  Hon.  Adolphus  S.,  429 

South  Carolina  Jewish  Patriots,  40 

South  Carolina,  a  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  372-381 

Sparks,  Jared,  15,  54 

Spiegel,  Marcus  M.,  Colonel,  340 

Stahel,  General  J.,  letters  by,  99,  486 

Stanton,  Hon.  Edwin  M.,  167 

Statistical,  424 

Steinschneider,  Dr.  M.,  referred  to,  456  (note  34) 

Story,  Joseph,  64 

Stowe,  Harriet  Beecher,  quoted,  499 

Straus,  Hon.  Oscar  S.,  referred  to,  450  (note  16) 

Sumner,  Hon.  Charles,  62 

Sumner,  Professor,  22  (note) 


576  INDEX. 

Sun,  New  York,  about  the  Jews,  563-564 

Surinam,  defense  of  the  Jews  in,  against  the  French,  in  1689  and  1712, 

459 
Swift,  General  Joseph  G.,  36 

Texas,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  382-283 
Touro,  Judah,  63,  64,  71,  439-440,  534 

Ullman,  Captain,  371 

Unclassified  List  of  Soldiers  in  Civil  War,  410-422 
Union  Army,  Jewish  Staff  Officers  in  the,  112-113 
United  Hebrew  Charities,  of  New  York,  560 

Vale,  Fernando,  447 
Valentine,  Jacob,  Captain,  380-381 
Vermont,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  388 
Virginia,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  389-394 
Yogt,  Professor  Carl,  quoted,  491 

Wallace,  Mackenzie,  533,  538 

War  of  1812,  Jewish  Soldiers  in  the,  67-72 

Washington,  President  George,  16,  23,  26,  46,  63 

Correspondence  between  him  and  Hebrew  Citizens,  61-65 
Washington  Territory,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  394 
Watson,  Robert  G.,  referred  to,  444-445,  446  (note) 
Waul,  General  T.  N.,  letter  by,  100-101 

Weber,  J.  B.,  Chairman  of  Commission  on  Immigration,  524,  525,  529 
Webster,  Daniel,  64 
Wertheimer,  Edwin,  Captain,  299 
West  Virgina,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  395 
Wheaton,  Henry,  letter  by,  17  (note) 
White,  Andrew  I).,  official  dispatch  to  Secretary  of  State,  Gresham, 

527-540 
Wisconsin,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  396-409 
Wolf,  Simon,  8,  11,  20  (note),  22  (note),  66  (note),  89,  90,  99,  428-429  ; 

letters  to,  486,  487,  542 
Wolkonsky,  Prince  Sergius,  536 
Wood,  William  P.,  a  letter  by,  200 
Worthington,  Colonel  W.  G.,  67  (note) 
Wyoming  Territory,  List  of  Jewish  Soldiers  from,  394 


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around  the  world  contains  the  notes  of  his 
journey  from  San  Francisco  to  Brindisi,  and  records  his 
impressions  of  the  countries  and  people  of  Hawaii, 
Japan,  China,  Mallacca,  Ceylon  and  India.  The  report 
of  such  a  journey  by  so  trained  and  unprepossessed 
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IN     PREPARATION.— To    be    Published    December,    1895 

Quba  and  the  Cubans 

BY 

RAIMUNDO  CABRERA 

MEMBER   OF  THE   CENTRAL   EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE   OF  THE 
AUTONOMIST   PARTY  OF  CUBA,   Etc.,  Etc. 

Author  of  "  MIS  BUENOS  TlEMPOS,"  "  LOS  ESTADOS  UNIDOS,"  "  IMPRESIONES   DE  VlAJE  " 

Etc.,  Etc. 

Translated  from  the  Eighth  Spanish  Edition  of 
"Cuba  y  Sus  Jueces" 

By     LAURA     GUITERAS 
Revised  and  Edited  by 

LOUIS    EDWARD    LEVY 

ILLUSTRATED  WITH  91    LINE   ENGRAVINGS    OF  PORTRAITS  AND  LOCALITIES. 
AND  16   LARGER  PORTRAITS  IN   PHOTOTYPE. 

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This  translation  of  Seiior  Cabrera's  masterly  work  on  Cuba  renders  accessible  to  English 
readers  the  most  authentic,  comprehensive  and  thorough  statement  of  the  Cuban  question  that 
has  emanated  from  the  press.  It  has  the  advantage  of  presenting  the  subject  in  a  spirit  free 
from  the  rancors  of  the  present  armed  conilict  between  the  Cuban  colonists  and  the  mother 
country,  the  original  work  having  been  published  in  Cuba  and  throughout  Spain  some  years 
before  the  present  struggle  began.  It  commanded  the  universal  attention  of  the  Spanish- 
speaking  world  from  its  first  publication  in  1887,  since  which  time  it  has  gone  through  eight 
editions  in  the  Spanish,  successively  amplified  by  the  author  with  notes,  appendices  and 
illustrations. 

Sefior  Cabrera  deals  with  his  subject-matter  from  the  vantage  ground  of  an  acknowledged 
leadership  of  the  Autonomist  party  of  Cuba,  and  his  work,  although  voicing  the  demands  of 
the  Cuban  people  for  reforms  which  Spain  has  constantly  postponed  or  absolutely  refused,  has 
commanded  the  recognition  and  the  respect  of  Spanish  statesmen  of  the  first  rank. 

With  scholarly  insight  and  a  thorough  analysis,  Sefior  Cabrera  traces  the  existing  social, 
political  and  economic  condition  of  Cuba  and  its  people  with  an  impartial  pen,  in  brief  but 
effective  outlines  and  in  a  lucid  and  trenchant  style.  No  other  contribution  to  the  literature  of 
this  important  subject  compares  with  this  work  as  an  authoritative  presentation,  and  as  such  it 
appeals  to  the  attention  of  the  American  public. 

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The  Jewish  Year 

Illustrated  by  Pictures  of  Old-Time  Jewish  Family  Life,  Customs 
and  Observances.      From  the  Paintings  by 

PROFESSOR   MORITZ   OPPENHEIM 

With  Historical  and  Explanatory  Text  by 
LOUIS    EDWARD    LEVY 

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covers. 

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brated paintings,  this  sumptuous  volume  contains  a  line  repro- 
duction of  a  notable  work  by  Leopold  Horovitz,  and  the  text 
itself  is  furthermore  embellished  and  illustrated  by  numerous 
effective  relief  etchings  representing  various  incidents  and  acces- 
sories of  Jewish  religious  observance. 

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illustration  of  the  Jewish  year;  they  represent  the  successive 
festivals,  fasts  and  holidays  of  the  religious  year,  the  various 
aspects  of  the  Sabbath,  and  the  distinctive  customs  and  observ- 
ances of  Jewish  family  life. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  subjects  : — 

1.  Passover,  the  Feast  of  Unleav-      II.  Sabbath  Rest. 

ened  Bread.  tt%   n.         ._  ..    .. 

1    eu„h..,uu  tu    r      4.    *  »ai    1  ,2-  Close  of  Sabbath. 

2.  Shabuoth,  The  Feast  of  Weeks. 

3.  Tisha  B'Ab,  The  Feast  of  the      ,3-  The  Rite  of  the  Covenant  i.B'rith 

Ninth  Day  of  Ab.  Ml,ah)- 

4.  Kal  Nldre,  Eve  of  The  Day  of      ,4-  The  First  Birthday. 


Atonement. 


15.  The  Rabbi's  Blessing. 


5.  Succoth,   The  Feast  of  Taber- 

nacles. 16.  The  Examination. 

6.  Hanukah,  The  Feast  of  the  Dedi-  ,7-  The  Confirmation  (Bar  Mitzva.) 

cation-  18.  The  Wedding. 

7.  Purim,  The  Feast  of  Esther.  ,9.  Tne  village  Vender. 

8.  Beginning  of  Sabbath.  20.  The    Anniversary  of  Mourning 

9.  Sabbath  Eve.  (Minyan.) 

10.  Sabbath  Afternoon.  21.  The  Return  of  the  Volunteer. 


The  complete  cycle  of  Oppenheim's  masterly  Pictures  of 
Jewish  Life  is  included  in  this  work,  the  original  paintings  being 
reproduced  with  all  the  fidelity  and  effectiveness  of  the  most  ad- 
vanced reproductive  art. 

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of  the  historic  data  bearing  on  it,  and  by  a  consideration  of 
those  of  its  features  which  are  directly  or  indirectly  traceable 
in  their  origin  and  development.  The  various  articles  thus  make 
up  a  succession  of  historic  monographs,  each  one  presenting, 
so  to  speak,  a  different  cross-section  of  the  outline  perspective 
of  Jewish  history  which  the  text  in  its  entirety  affords. 

In  the  preparation  and  arrangement  of  this  work  the  Pub- 
lishers have  endeavored  to  maintain  for  its  various  elements, 
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urably succeeded  in  their  purpose,  and  they  bring  the  work 
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The  Jews  of  Philadelphia 

THEIR   HISTORY   FROM  THE  EARLIEST  SETTLEMENTS 
TO    THE    PRESENT    TIME 


By    Henry   Samuel   Morais 

Author  of  "Eminent  Israelites  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,"   Etc.,  Etc, 


This  work  describes  the  history  of  the  Jews  in  America  from 
their  earliest  arrival  with  Columbus,  and  their  subsequent  settle- 
ment in  Pennsylvania  and  Philadelphia ;  their  growth  in  the  chief 
city  of  the  Keystone  State  in  every  sphere  of  Congregational,  In- 
stitutional and  Communal  activity.  Every  religious  corporation 
and  society  existing  among  the  Jews  of  Philadelphia  is  traced 
from  its  beginning  up  to  the  date  of  publication  of  this  work. 
Many  rare  historic  subjects  are  introduced.  Biography  is  a 
special  feature  of  the  work. 

Part  I,  treats  of  history  and  biography.  Part  II  deals  with 
biographical  and  miscellaneous  data,  subdivided  into  sections 
as  follows:  In  Communal  Affairs;  In  Literature,  Science  and 
Journalism;  In  Art;  In  Music  and  Drama;  In  Politics;  In  Law; 
In  Medicine,  Dentistry,  etc.;  In  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
and  In  Old  Philadelphia.  Part  III  treats  of  Pennsylvania  Jews  in 
the  United  States  Regular  Army;  In  the  United  States  Navy;  In 
Pennsylvania  Volunteers  during  the  Civil  War,  embracing  Field 
and  Staff  Officers,  Company  Officers  and  Privates;  In  Other 
Regiments  and  in  European  Armies,  etc.,  etc. 

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printed  and  substantially  bound.  It  comprises  592  pages,  large 
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The  American  Jew 

as 

Patriot,  Soldier  and  Citizen 

By    HON.    SIHON    WOLF 


Edited    by   LOUIS   EDWARD   LEVY 


'"PHIS  timely  work  on  a  timely  topic,  called  forth  by  recent  magazine  discus- 
*  sions  regarding  the  position  of  Jewish  citizens  as  patriots  and  as  soldiers, 
contains  an  alphabetical  register  and  numerous  detailed  notices  of  American 
citizens  of  the  Jewish  faith  who  have  been  enrolled  in  the  armies  of  the  country 
from  the  earliest  period  of  American  history  to  the  present  time,  including  those 
in  the  Confederate  armies  during  the  War  for  the  Union. 

In  elucidation  of  this  subject  there  are  included  in  this  volume,  besides  a  pre- 
fatory introduction  by  the  author,  a  number  of  historical  papers  on  the  part  taken 
by  American  Jews  in  the  upbuilding  of  this  Republic,  and  a  special  contribution 
on  the  same  subject  in  relation  to  the  South  American  Countries,  the  West  Indies 
and  Canada.  The  book  furthermore  contains  a  carefully  collated  series  of 
articles,  discussions  and  letters  bearing  upon  the  question  at  issue,  from 
eminent  Christian  writers  and  publicists  of  Europe  and  America,  and  a  brief  but 
comprehensive  review  of  the  subject  of  the  Russian  Jewish  immigrants. 

The  various  matters  are  successively  prefaced  with  introductory  references 
by  the  editor,  and  the  book  affords  a  thorough  and  complete  refutation  of  the 
falsities  and  misstatements  regarding  Jewish  citizenship  which  have  been  put 
forth  from  time  to  time  through  ignorance,  bigotry  or  selfish  interest. 

This  work  has  been  undertaken  by  the  author  in  response  to  suggestions 
arising  out  of  recently  published  contentions  on  this  subject,  and  THE  NET 
PROFITS  OF  ITS  SALE  ARE  DEVOTED  WHOLLY  AND  EXCLUSIVELY 
TO  THE  ENLARGEMENT  OF  THE  HEBREW  ORPHAN'S  HOME,  ESTAB- 
LISHED IN  ATLANTA,  GA.,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith, 
of  which  Mr.  Wolf  is  President. 

The  work  contains 592 pages  large  octavo,  bound  in  cloth,  blue  back  and 
gray  sides,  and  is  offered  at  the  lozv  price  of  $2.00  per  copy. 
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ESQUINA   DE  SEPTIMO 


Obras  de  Raimundo  Cabrera 


CUBA   Y  SUS  JUECES 

(RECTIFICACIONES   OPORTUNAS) 

SEPTIMA     EDICION,    8    VO.      AUMENTADA    CON    NOTAS    Y    UN 

APENDICE 

Ilustrada  con  91  Grabados  en  linea,  de  retratos  y  edificios,  y  con  16  grandes 
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impresa.     320  paginas.     Si. 00 


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Diputado  a  Cortes,  1878-1893 

Discursos  Politicos  y  Parlamentarios,  Informes  y  Disertaciones.      Grande  8vo. 
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